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PICTORIAL SCHOOL HISTORY 



UI^ITED STATES; 



TO WHICH ARE ADDED 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 



QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 



/by 
JOHN J. ANDERSON. 

rniNClPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL NO. 31, NEW YORK CITY. 



NEW YORK: 

CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 

No. 5 BARCLAY STREET. 





c^yyJ^ 




STORIES OF THE UNTIED STATES, 



JOHN J. ANDERSON, 
LA.TE PEINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL No. 81, 

,^> NEW YOKE CITY. 



1. Andersoit's Introductory History of the United Slates, arrang:ed on 
the Catechetical piftii ; fully illui;trated with maps; to which are added the Declara- 
tion of Independence, and the Constitution of tlie United States with questions and 
exphinations. IGmo. 160 pages. 

The above work is intended/or P)'imaiy Classes, and those teachers that wiah 
the whole History iii a condensed shape. 

3, Anderson's School Ili-tory of the United Stntes. on the Catechetical 
plan; with over 20 illustrating maps; to which are added the Declafation of Inde- 
pendence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. 
IGnio. 320pageii. 

3. Anderson's School History, Part I., being the history of the United 
States to the close of the Revolution. 16mo. IS8 pages. 

This hook is particularlt/ intended for Junior Classes in large graded Schoain. 

4. Anderson's I'ictorinl History of the United States; to which are 
added the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the Uniled States 
wiih questions and explanations. Beautifully illustrated with 40 maps, and over If') 
portraits, vignettes, *c. 12u;o. 852 pages. 

The above work is prepared on the object-lessons plan for Grammar and high 
SchooU 

PubHslied by CLARK & MAYNARD, 

No. 5 Barclay Street, New York. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1SG3, 

By JOHN J. ANDERSON, 

In the Clerk's Ofiice of the District Court of the United States for the Southern Di3- 

trict of New York. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S66, 
By JOHN J. ANDERSON, 
In the Clerk's Oflice of the District Court of the United States for the Southern Dis- 
trict of New York. 



21 8r1p b 



PREFACE. 

The work here offered embraces several features which, it 
is thought, will not fail to recommend it to such teachers as 
desire that theii- pupils should acquire a more comprehensive 
knowledge of the history of our country than can be obtained 
from either of the author's previous and more elementary 
works. 

It has been the leading aim, in the present one, to state 
every important fact in the history in clear and concise lan- 
guage, so that the pupil may be able readily to comprehend 
it, and, at the same time, to see its connection with the events 
preceding it. No important event, it is believed, has been 
omitted, nor any of the particulars necessary to make it fully 
understood. 

The questions at the bottom of the pages are more numer- 
ous than in any other school history. This has been done as 
much for the benefit of the teacher as of the pupil; for, though 
the former may not actually need them, they will facilitate his 
labor, and secure better recitations from his pupils, by requir- 
ing greater precision, on their part, in the selection of their 
answers. In this way, the important habit of giving exact 
and explicit answers will be greatly encouraged. Discursive- 
ness in recitation may, indeed, sometimes be allowed, but 
always with great caution, so as to avoid that rambling and 
immethodical mode of thought which is so tiresome and' 
injurious. 

By the plan of this work, every fact is learned with a due 
regard to its relative importance, and all are linked together 
so as to constitute, in the mind of the pupil, a complete and 
uninterrupted chain. It may be objected, that the plan of re- 
quiring only brief answers is not calculated to encourage this 



PREFACE. 



logical connection of events on the part of the young student. 
This objection has been obviated by the insertion, at the end 
of every few pages, of a list of review questions of an entirely 
different character, and much more comprehensive than those 
at the foot of each page. 

These review questions are, in the author's estimation, one 
of the chief recommendations of the book. They directly 
call into active exercise the pupil's power of continuous 
thought, the answer to a single question very often requiring 
the substance of several paragraphs of the text. The pupil is 
thus made to perceive more clearly the connection between 
the events, and habits of thoughtful study are necessarily 
induced. 

It Avill be also observed that the work is copiously illustra- 
ted Avith maps ; that dates are inserted with great frequency ; 
and that the chronological tables of battles, the settlement 
and admission of the States, the inauguration of the Presi- 
dents, and the general events in the history of the country 
from its discovery, are given with fullness and precision. 

These maps and tables do not serve merely to enhance the 
attractive appearance of the work, but will contribute, it is be- 
lieved, greatly to its usefulness and value. Not only are they 
constantly referred to in the text, but a series of questions 
running through the book, and connecting the geography with 
the chronology, brings them forcibly before the pupil's atten- 
tion, and thus serves to give additional accuracy as well as 
permanency to his knowledge of the subject. 

The pronunciation of proper names has also been given 
more copiously than in either of the author's previous works, 
the authorities used being the gazetteer of Baldwin and the 
dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. 

While returning thanks to his fellow-teachers for the favor 
with which his fonner works have been received, the author 
submits this new one, with the hope that it may not prove less 
acceptable. 



CO T^ TENTS 



SECTION I.— Discoveries and Explorations Page 11 

Columbus (11); Amerigo Vespucci (13); John and Sebastian Cabot (13); 
Ponce de Leon (14); Balboa (15); De Ayllon (15); Cordova (16); Gri- 
.ialva (16); Cortez (16); Narvaez(17), De Soto (17); Verrazani (IS); Car- 
tier (18); Coligny (19); Melendez (20); De Gourges (20); Gilbert (20); 
Kaleigh(21); Amidas and Barlow (21); Grenville (22); Gosnold (22): Prins 
(23); Newport (25). " 

SECTION II.— Colonial History 27 

Virginia (27); Massachusetts (37. 52); New Hampshire (48); Connecticut (45); 
Khode Island (49); New York (60); New Jersey (66); Maryland (70); 
Pennsylvania (73); Delaware (76); North and South Carolina (78); Geor- 
gia (81). 



SECTION III.— The French and Indian War 86 

Events of 1753 (86); Events of 1754 (88); Events of 1755 (91); Events of 
1756 (95); Events of 1757 (96); Events of 1758 (100): Events of 1759 (103); 
Events of 1760 (106); Table of Principal Battles of the French and Indian 
War (108). 

SECTION IV.— The American Revolution 110 

Causes of the war (110); Events of 1775 (116); Events of 1776 (127); Events 
of 1777 (136); Events of 1778 (154); Events of 1779 (159); Events of 1780 
(163); Events of 1781 (174); Close of the Revolution, and events to the begin- 
ning of Washington's Administration (186) ; Table of the Names of the Ameri- 
can Revolutionary Officers (190); Table of Principal Battles of the Revolution 
(191). 

SECTION v.— From the beginning of Washington's Administration to 
the close of Jefferson's 1 94 

Washington's Administration (194); John Adams's Administration (200); 
Jetferson's Administration (203). 

SECTION VI.— Madison's Administration 210 

Causes of the Second War with England (21(»); Events of 1812 (212); Events 
of 1813 (218); Events of 1814 and Close of the War (231); Table of the Prin- 
cipal Land Battles of the Second War with England (243); Table of the Prin- 
cipal Naval Battles (244); War with Algiers (244). 

SECTION VII. — From the beginning op Monroe's Administration to 
THE close of Tyler's 243 

Monroe's Administration (248) ; eTohn Quincy Adams's Administration (253); 
Jackson's Administration (254); Van Buren's Administration (261); Harrison''8 
Administration (263) ; Tyler's Administration (264). 

SECTION VIII. — From THE BEGINNING of Polk's Administration to the 

CLOSE OF Buchanan's : Page 269 

Causes of the War with Mexico (270); Events of 1S46 (271); Events of 1847 
(278); Table of the Principal Battles of the War (284); Taylor's Administra- 
tion (;286); Fillmore's Administration (288); Pierce's Administration (289;; 
Buchanan's Administration (291). 



8 CONTENTS. 



SECTION" IX. — From the beginning of Lincoln's Administration to the 

CLOSE OF Johnson's Page 297 

Th« Great Rebellion (298); Events of 1862 (806) ; Events of 1863 (318) ; Events 
of 1864 (326); Events of 1S65 (337); Johnson's Administration (340). 

Chronological Table of the principal events relating to the History of the 

United States, from 1492 845 

A Table of the Presidents and Vice-Prcsiden ts 359 

A Table of the Settlement and Admission of the States 360 

The Declaration of Independence 

The Co.NSTiTiTTioN or the United States, with Questions and Explanations. 



m:j?l.p»s. 



PAGE 

1. First Voyage of Columbns to America , 2 

2. Discoveries and Explorations 10 

3. Discoveries of Cartier, in 1535 19 

4. GosnokVs Expedition 23 

5. Vicinity of Chesapeake Bay 24 

6. Environs of Jamestown. 29 

7. Vicinity of Massachusetts Bay 37 

8. German Ocean 39 

9. Portsmouth and Vicinity 44 

10. Vicinity of Long Island Sound 47 

11. The State of New York 62 

12. The Upper part of New Jersey, with Vicinity of Philadelphia 68 

13. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 79 

14. Map showing the location of Events in the French and Indian War . . : 85 

15. Oswego 96 

16. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Vicinity 103 

17. Boston and Vicinitv 120 

18. Part of the Sorel River 124 

19. Vicinity of Charleston 129 

20. New York Bay 131 

21. Central Part of New Jersev 136 

22. Philadelphia and Vicinitv. " 142 

23. Vicinity of Fort Schuyler 148 

24. Saratoga and Vicinity.'. 149 

25. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 164 

26. Stony Point and Vicinity 169 

27. New London and Vicinitv 183 

28. Part of the Western States 192 

29. Detroit and A'icinity 214 

30. Niagara Frontier 215 

81. State of Alabama 223 

32. Part of Virginia and Maryland 237 

33. Baltimore and Vicinity 238 

34. Mobile and Vicinitv 239 

35. Part of Florida. . . .' 257 

86. Mexico, California, Texas, tfec 268 

37. Taylor's Campaign in Texas and Mexico 271 

38. Scott's Campaign in Mexico 279 

39. Pensacola and Vicinity 295 

40. Part of the Southern and Western States 300 

41. Norfolk and Vicinity 312 

42. Vicinity of Richmond 313 

43. Part of the Southern States 320 

44. Region Southwest of Washington 330 



TO ILLUSTRATE 1!T SECTION, 
DISCOVERIES 




HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION I. 

Discoveries and Explorations. 

JXTENDINa FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO 
THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607. 



I. Christopher Columbus,* 
the discoverer of America, was 
born in the city of Genoa 
(jen'-o-a), Italy. At an early 
age he manifested a predilec- 
tion for the sea, and the most 
of his life, previous to its great 
event, was passed on the waters 
of the Mediterranean, and the 
west coast of Africa ; and he 
COLUMBUS. QYQM made a voyage towards 

Greenland, passing beyond the island of Iceland. 

II. In those days, when navigation was yet in its infancy, 
the usual route to India — the country in the southeast part of 
Asia with the adjacent islands being so called — was by way 
of Egypt and the Red Sea. Columbus, believing the earth to 
be round, concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner 

* Columbus was born about the year 1435. He died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506. 




I. Questions. — 1. By whom was America discovered? 2. "Where was Columbus 
born ? 3. How is Genoa situated ? (See map of Europe.) 4. How did Columbus 
spend the most of his time previous to his discovery of America ? 

II. 5. By what route did European travelers reach India at that time ? G. 
What part of the earth was then known as India? T. What theory did Columbus 
have as regards a more direct route to India ? 8. By m hat religious conviction was 
he also Influenced ? 



12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

reach India than by taking this route. He was also influ- 
enced by the conviction that he was commissioned by Heaveu 
to cany the Gospel to the heathen of unknown lands. 

III. His first application for aid was to the fvovernment of 
Genoa : it was i-efiised. After applying, without success, to 
the monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by 

Isabella {iz-a-hel'-lah), Queen of 
Spain, and he set sail from Palos 
{pah'-los), at the mouth of the river 
Tinto, in that country, with three 
vessels, namely : the Pinta [peen- 
tah), Santa Maria {snn'-tah ma-re'- 
ah), and Wmsi{ne'-)iah). The first 
land which he saw was one of the 
Bahama Islands, called by the 
natives Guanahani [gwah-nah- 

hah'-ne)^ by him San Salvador, now known as Cat Island ; 

and thus, in 1492,* was America discovered. 

IV. Columbus made three other voyages to the New 
World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just de- 
scribed, his discoveries were confined to the islands between 
North and South America; but in his third voyage, in 1498, 
he discovered the mainland, at the mouth of the river Ori- 

* According to a theory, advanced by a German author, there have been three diflferent discoveries of 
America; namely: — the first, during the period from one thousand to six hundred years before Christ, by 
navigators who sailed from Asia, through the Mediterranean ; the second, in the tenth century after 
Christ, by tlie Norwegians ; and the third, in 149i, by Columbus. 




III. QuEST[ONS. — 9. To whom did he first appeal to assist him in testing his the- 
ory ? 10 With what success? 11. To whom did he afterwards appeal ? 12. What 
was the result? 13. Who finally did help him? 14. Of how many vessels did his 
fleet consist? 15. Give their names. 16. From what place did he set sail ? 17. In 
what part of Spain is Palos situated? (See map, p. 2.) IS. The Island which he first 
discovered belonged to what group? 19. How are the Bahama Islands situated? 
(See map, p. 10) 20. What did the Indians call the island discovered? 21. What 
name did Columbus give to it? 22. What is the meaning of the name San Salvador? 
^n-s. — IIolij /Saviour. 23. By what name is the island now known? 24. In what di- 
rection is it from Cuba? (See map, p. 10.) 25. From St. Augustine? (See same map.) 

IV, 26. How many voyages in all did Columbus make to America? 27. What 
can you say of the first two? 28. When did he make his third voyage? 29, What 
discovery did he then make? 30. What did he accomplish in his fourth voyage ? 
81. In what conviction, touching the discovery of America, did Columbus die? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



13 



noco, in South America ; and in the fourth and last, he 
examined the coast of Daricn. He still, however, believed 
that the lands which he had discovered were a portion of 
Eastern Asia [a' -shc-a), instead of a new continent, and in this 
conviction he died, being, as intimated, entirely ignorant of the 
real grandeur of his discovery. 

V. In 1499, the year after Columbus discovered the conti- 
nent, Amerigo Vespucci* (a-ma-re'-go ves-poot'-sht), an Italian 
navigator, visited the eastern coast of South America, and, 
in 1501, made a second voyage to the same regions. He pre- 
pared accounts of these two voyages, which were published in 
Europe, in which he claimed to be the first European that 
had landed on the western continent. In consequence of the 
claim set up by him, as well as from the fact that his were the 
first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it 
was called America. 

VI. In 1497, one year before 
Columbus discovered the conti- 
nent, and two years previous to 
Amerigo's visit, John Cabot and 
his son Sebastian, while sailing 
under a commission from Henry 
VII., of England, discovered the 
coast of Labrador, and thus 
were the first to discover the 
continent of America. In a 
second voyage, made by Sebas- 
tian Cabot in 1498, the coast 




SEBASTIAN CABOT. 



♦ Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy, in 1451. He died in Seville, Spain, in 1512. 



V. Questions. — 32. When did Vespucci visit America ? 33. "What part of Amer- 
ica did he visit? 34. How did the country come to be called America ? 

VI: 35. What discovery was made in 1497 ? 36. What large island southeast of 
Labrador? (Sec map, p. 10.) 3T. Did the Cabots or Vespucci first discover the con- 
tinent? 38, Was the honor of naming this country rightly bestowed ? 39. Did that 
honor belong either to the Cabots or Vespucci, rather than to Columbus? 40. Whi-n 
did Sebastian Cabot make a second voyage. 41. Give an accountof it. 42. Of 
what special importance did the successes of the Cabots prove? 



14 ' DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay — some say to Florida — 
was explored; landings were made in several places, and 
natives were seen, clad in the skins of beasts and making use 
of copper. These achievements of the Cabots, the discovery 
and explorations, proved of momentous importance, especially 
to England, as, by reason of them, that country based her 
claim to all the region from Labrador to Florida. 

VIL Twenty years a'fter Columbus's first and great discov- 
ery, Ponce de Leon* [p6n'-tha da la-on'), an aged Spaniard, 
sailed from Porto Rico (re'-co), in search of a wonderful foun- 
tain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, 
and would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of 
its waters. After visiting several islands of the Bahamas, 
and tasting the waters of every river, lake, and fountain found, 
he turned to the northwest, and, in 1512, discovered an un- 
known land. This was thought to be an island ; and, from the 
abundance of flowers with which the forests were adorned, 
and because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which 
the Spaniards cdXX Pascua Florida {^pah'-scno-ah jlo-re'-dali)^ it 
received the name of Florida. He continued his search alonir 
the coast of Florida, and among the Tortugas Islands, but, of 
course, without finding any such fountain. 

VIII. Several years after, he made another voyage to 
Florida for the purpose of making a settlement, he having been 
appointed governor of the country upon the condition that 
he would colonize it. He effected a landing, but was met by 
the natives with determined hostility; and, in an attack made 
by them, the Spaniards were killed or driven back to their 



* Juan Ponce de Leon wa3 born in Leon, Spain. He died in 152L 

VII. Questions. — i3. In what year did De Leon make a voyage in search of a 
wonderful fountain? 44. From what place did he sail? 45. "Was he an old or a young 
man at the time? 46. What tradition then existed, in relation to the fountain? 47. 
What efforts did De Leon make to find the fountain ? 48. When did he discover FIo« 
rida? 49. Why did he call it Florida? 50. Among what islands did he search be- 
sides the Bahamas? 51. In what direction from Florida are the Tortugas Islands? 
(See map, p. 10.) 

VIII. 52. Why did De Leon go to Florida a second time? 53. What appoint- 
ment hud he received? 54. What further account can you give of him ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 

ships, and De Leon himself received a mortal wound of which 
he died in Cuba. 

IX. In 1513, Balboa,* the Governor of the Spanish colony 
at the Isthmus of Darien, the first colony established on the 
American Continent, while crossing the isthmus gained the 
summit of a mountain from which he discovered the Pacific 
Ocean. After falling upon his knees and thanking God for 
the privilege of being the discoverer of this great ocean, he 
descended to the sea-shore and took possession of the whole 
coast in the name of the Spanish crown. 

X. About the time of De Leon's defeat in Florida, De 
Ayllon [ddail'-^on), a Spanish adventurer, was engaged in 
an enterprise having for its object the procuring of a large 
number of Indians to work the plantations and mines of St. 
Domingo {<lo-ming'-go). At a place in the southern part of 
South Carolina, a great number of natives were treacherously 
captured ; but the undertaking proved unsuccessful, for of the 
two vessels employed, one was lost while on the return to St. 
Domingo, and many of the captives in the other sickened and 
died. 

XI. It was not many months after this unprofitable specu- 
lation, that De Ayllon obtained the appointment as governor 
of Chicora (che-ko'-rah), the name given to that part of 
Carolina which he had visited, and he wasted his fortune in 
fitting out an expedition to conquer the country The issue 
of this second enterprise was likewise disastrous : one of his 
ships, the largest and best, was stranded and lost ; many of 
his men were killed by the natives, in revenge for the treachery 

* Vasco Nunez de Balboa was born in Spain, in 1475. Having been gnperseded in the governorship of 
the colony at Darien, and afterwards charged by the new governor with the design of making other dis- 
coveries without authority, he was tried and found guilty. Although he persisted that he was unjustly 
condemned, he was beheaded in conformity with the sentence, in 1517. 



IX. Questions. — 55. By whom was the Pacific Ocean discovered ? 56. When was 
the discovery made? 57. What civil position did Balboa hold at the time? 5S. 
Where was he when he discovered the Pacific? 59. What ceremony did he observe ? 

X. CO. Who was De Ayllon? 61. What enterprise did he engage in ? 62. What 
was the result? 

XI. 63, What appointment did he afterwards receive? 64. What was the object 
of his second expedition? 65. What account can you give of it? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



which he had previously been guilty of ; and he himself barely 
made good his escape. 

XII. In 1517, Cordova, a Spanish navigator, sailed from 
Cuba and discovered the northern coast of Yucatan. Upon 
his return he gave such a favorable account of the civilization 
and riches of the people whom he had seen, as to awaken a 
keen desire among the Spaniards to undertake their con- 
quest. Accordingly Velasquez [va-lak'-ske'h), the governor 
of Cuba, sent an expedition under the direction of Juan de 
Grijalva [f/re-hahl'-vah)^ the result of which was very satisfac- 
tory. Grijalva, after an exploration of the southern coast of 
Mexico, returned with a large amount of treasure, obtained by 
trafficking with the natives. 

XIII. Velasquez, then de- 
termining to conquer the Mex- 
icans and get possession of 
their wealth, sent an expedi- 
tion, consisting of eleven ves- 
sels and more than six hundred 
armed men, under the com- 
mand of Fernando Cortez. 
Cortez landed, in 1519, near 
Vera Cruz {ya'-rah Jcroose), 
^'^^^'^^'^- and was at once met by 

fi-iendly deputations from Montezuma {jnon-ta-thoo' -mah), the 
Mexican emperor. By perseverance and a course of falsehood 
and duplicity, he succeeded in reaching the city of Mexico, 
the Indian capital ; and by stratagem and boldness, and with 
the aid of Indian tribes opposed to the Mexican rule, finally 




XII. Questions.— 66. When was Yucatan discovered? 67. By whom? 68? 
What cau you say of the account which he gave? 69. What expedition was sent in 
consequence of this account ? 70. What did Grijalva accomplish ? 

XIII. 71. What did Velasquez then determine upon ? 72. Who commanded the 
expedition against Mexico? 73. Of how many vessels did his fleet consist? 74. 
When did he land in Mexico? 75. At what place? 76. By whom was he met? 77. 
What account can you give of Cortcz's furthtr movements? 




DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 

completed the conquest of the people, and Mexico became a 
province of Spain in 1521. 

XIV. In 1528, Narvaez {nar- 
vah^-efh), having been appointed 
governor of Florida by the Spanish 
sovereign, sailed from Cuba to con- 
quer and possess the country. The 
attempt proved most disastrous ; for, 
of the three hundred men who land- 
ed in Florida and penetrated the 
DE SOTO. wild regions, only four, after years 

of wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement 
in Mexico. These four men asserted that Florida was the 
richest country in the world, a statement which the people 
of Spain generally believed ; but to no one was credulity more 
disastrous than to Ferdinand de Soto* (da so'-to), a brave cava- 
lier who had gained riches and military honors with Pizarro, 
in Peru. 

XV. De Soto having solicited permission to conquer Flori- 
da at his own expense, the Spanish sovereign not only granted 
his request, but appointed him governor of Cuba, and of the 
immense territory to which the name of Florida was then 
vaguely applied. With a fleet of ten vessels and a gay com- 
pany of six hundred armed men, he sailed for the New World 
in 1538. Leaving his wife to govern Cuba, he proceeded to 
Florida, landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, and, in the sum- 
mer of 1539, commenced his march into the interior, toward 
the fancied land of gold. 

XVI. After wandering for nearly three years in the wilder- 

* De Soto was born in Spainy»in 1500. He died in 1542. 



XIV. Questions. — 78. What expedition was undertaken in 1528? 79. Wliat was 
the result? 80. What opinion did De Soto entertain with regard to tlie wealth of 
Florida? 81. What successes had he previously met with ? 

XV. 82. What request did he make of the Spanish sovereign ? S3. How was the re- 
quest treated? 84. When did he sail for America? 85. Where did he leav his wife? 
86. Where did he land? 87. In what part of Florida is Tampa Bay? (See map, p. 
10.) 88. When did he commence his march? 



18 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

iicss, encoiiiitering the hostility of the natives and suffering 
disasters and disappointments, De Soto sickened and died. 
To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with 
fear, his body \vas sunk beneath the waters of the Mississippi, 
a river which he had discovered in 1541. After vainly trying 
to i-each Mexico through the forests, the remnant of his follow- 
ers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi, and along 
the coast of Mexico until they arrived at a Spanish settlement. 

XVII. In 1524, Yerrazani [va-i'at-tsah'-iu'), a Florentine 
navigator, while sailing in the service of 
France, explored the coast of North 
America from the Carolinas to New- 
foundland {iiew'-fand-lancl). To the 
whole region thus explored he gave 
the name of New France, a name which 
was afterwards restricted to the territory 

vERRAZANi. of Cauada, and which was so retained 

while that country remained in the possession of the French. 

XVIII. No other explorations were made by the French 
until 1534. In that year and the following James Cartier* 
{car-tc-a') made two successful voyages, discovered the river 
St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the 
whole country in the name of his king. Though Cartier 
and the Lord of Roberval [ro-bare-vaV), some years after, un- 
dertook to colonize Canada, the French effected no permanent 

* Cartier was born at St. Malo, France, in 1494. The time of his death is not known, though it is sup- 
posed he lived to an advanced age. 




XVL Questions.— 89. What river did he discover? 90. "When did he discover the 
Mississippi ? 91. How long did he wander in the wilderness? 92. What finally be- 
came of him? 93. What was done by his followers after his death? 

XVII. 94. Wliat exploration was made seventeen years beftjre De Soto discov- 
ered the Mississippi? 95. What name (Md Verrazani give to the region which he 
explored ? 96. To what territory was that name afterward restricted ? 9T. How 
long did Canada retain the name of New France? 

XVIII. 9S. When, after the exploration made by Verrazani, did the French 
make other exjilorations? 99. Who commanded the expeditions? 100. How 
many voyages did he make in 15:34 and 15:?5? 101. Through what strait did he 
sail? (See map, p. 10.) 102. In what 3-eardid he discover the St. Lawrence? (See 
map, p. 10.) 103. "When was Qnebec settled? 104. By whom was it settled? 105i 
»Iow is Quebec situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



19 



settlement until one was made on the site of Quebec, in 1608, 
by Champlain. 




XIX. Quebec is not, however, the oldest French settle- 
ment in America, as Port Royal, now Annapolis, in Nova 
Scotia [sco'-she-ah), was settled three years before by De 
Monts [du-mou(/), a wealthy Huguenot. Port Royal was 
then spoken of as being in Acadia, a name which, at the time, 
was applied to the whole territory now included in Novtv 
Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent islands. 

XX. More than forty years before the settlement of Port 
Royal, in Nova Scotia, the Huguenots, or French Protestants, 
undertook to establish a colony — first in South Carolina and 
afterwards in Florida — as a place of refuge for their people. 
Their expeditions were undertaken by direction and aid of 
Jaspar Coligny* {ho-leen'-ye)^ Admiral of France. The first, 
intrusted to the command of John Ribault [re-bo'), reached the 



* Colipny, or, as the 
dered at Paris, in 'i5"'.>. 



is sometimes written, Coligiii, was born in France, in 1517. He was niur- 



XIX. Questions. — lOG. Which is the oldest French settlement in America 
107. In what year was Port Royal settled? 108. How is Port Royal situated ? (See 
map, p. 10.) 109. By what name is Port Royal now known? 110. What territory 
was then called Acadia ? 



20 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

coast in 1562. The colonists 4anded at Port Royal entrance, 
selected their place of refuge, and built a fort, to which they 
gave the name of Carolina, in honor of King Charles (Caro- 
his) of France. It was thus that this country received its 
name, a century before it was occupied by the English. Ri- 
bault, leaving twenty-six men to keep possession, returned to 
France for reinforcements ; but the promised aid not ariiving, 
the colonists in despair embarked for their native land. The 
second expedition was sent out in 1564, when a settlement was 
made on the banks of the St. John's Riv^er, Florida. 

XXI. Hardly had the news reached Spain of the Huguenot 
settlement on the St. John's River than Melendez, who had been 
appointed governor of Florida upon condition that he would 
conquer the country within three years, departed on his expe- 
dition of conquest. After forming a settlement at St. Augus- 
tine {aiv-gus-ttne') in 1565, which is the oldest in the United 
States, he proceeded against the Huguenots, whom he sur- 
prised; and massacring men, women, and children, broke up 
the colony. This did not long go unavenged ; for, in little 
more than two years after, De Gourges (du-goorr/), a brave 
soldier of France, having fitted out three ships at his own 
expense, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's River, 
and hung two hundred captives upon the trees. 

XXII. The first enterprise on the part of the English for the 
purpose of planting a colony in America was undertaken in 
1579, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who sailed from England 
under a patent which had been granted by Queen Elizabeth ; 
but severe storms and Spanish war vessels compelled him to 
put back, and the scheme, for a time, was abandoned. In 

XX. Questions. — 111. Where had the Huguenots previously undertaken to es- 
tablish a colony ? 112. What object had they in view ? 113. Who aided and direct- 
ed them? 114. Who commanded their first expedition? 115. Give an account of it. 

116. In what direction from St. Augustine is Port Royal entrance? (See map, p. 10.) 

117. When was the second expedition sent? 118. Where was a settlement made? 
119. Describe the St. John's River. (See map, p. 10.) 

XXI. 120. \Vhat was the fate of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's? 121. 
When and where did Melendez make a settlement? 122. What can you say of that 
settlement? 128. How was the massacre of the Huguenots avenged? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



21 



1583 he sailed a second time for America, and landed at 
Newfoundland ; but accomplished little more than the erec- 
tion of a pillar bearing- the arms of his government. While 
returning to England, in the same year, his vessel foundered, 
and he, with all on board, perished. 

XXII I. Sir Walter Raleigh* (raw'-lt), not disheartened by 
the sad fate of his step-brother 
Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth 
an ample patent, and sent two 
vessels, under the command of 
Amidas, and Barlow. The 
voyagers arrived on the coast 
of Carolina, visited the islands 
in Pamlico and Albemarle 
Sounds, took possession of the 
country in the name of Ehza- 

RALEiGH. beth, and, after trafficking with 

the natives, returned to England. So glowing an account did 
they give of the country, that Queen Elizabeth declared the 
event to be the most glorious in her reign ; and, in memorial 
of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. Upon 
Raleigh she conferred the honor of knighthood. 

XXIV. Two attempts were afterwards made by Raleigh to 
establish a colony in America ; one in 1585, and the other in 
1587. In the first, more than a hundred persons were sent. 

* Raleigh was born at Haves, in Devonshire, a county of England, in 155-2. The death of Queen Eliz- 
abeth, in 1603, proved fatal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of high treason, convicted, 
and, after a period of fifteen years, thirteen of which he passed in confinement, he was beheaded in Lon- 
don, on the 29th of October, 1618. 




XXIL Questions. — 124. What account can you give of the first English enter- 
prise to establish a colony in America? 125. When did Gilbert sail a second time? 
12R. At Avhat place did he land? 127. What body of water is on the west of tliat 
island ? (See map, p. 10.) 128. What became of Gilbert ? 

XXIIL 129. IIow were Gilbertar.d Raleigh related ? 130. What patent did Raleigh 
obtain? 131. How many vessels did he send to America? 132. Who commanded 
them? 133. When did Amidas and Barlow reach America? (See map, p. 10.) 134. 
What exploration did they make? 135. What else did they do? 136. In what direc- 
tion is Roanoke Island from Jamestown ? (See map, p. 27.) 137. What can you say 
of the account which Amidas and B.u-low gave of the country they visited ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



These, with Ralph Lane as governor, were conveyed by a fleet of 
seven vessels, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville. 
They proceeded to Roanoke, an island on the coast of North 
Carolina, where a settlement was commenced. After a year 
of distress, they all embarked for England with Sir Francis 
Drake, who had stopped at Roanoke on his way from the 
West Indies. 

XXV. The second colony was composed of agriculturists 
and artisans with their families. Having reached Roanoke, 
and there, on the site of the former settlement, commenced 
building "the city of Raleigh," John White, the governor, 
went to England for supplies. When he returned, after an 
absence of nearly three years, Roanoke was deserted, and no 
trace of the colonists could be found. 

XXVI. The next attempt, after Raleigh's, to plant an Eng- 
lish colony in America, was made by Bartholomew Gosnold, 
in 1602. After discovering the promontory which he called 
Cape Cod, also Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the 
group known as the Elizabeth Islands, he landed on one of 
the last named, where he selected a position for a settlement 
and built a storehouse and fort. The persons chosen to re- 
main becoming alarmed at the menaces of the Indians and at 
the want of supplies, the design was abandoned, and the whole 
party returned to England. 

XXVII. Gosnold made such favorable reports of the coun- 
try, that the merchants of Bristol were induced to fit out two 



XXIV. QiTESTiONS. — 138. How many attempts did Raleigh make to establish a 
colony in America? 139. When were they made ? 140. Give an account of the first. 

XXV. 141. Of whom did the second colony consist? 142. Who was their gov- 
ornor? 143. Where did they commence to build a city ? 144. What name did they 
give to the city? 145. Why did the governor of the colony leave? 146. How long 
was he gone? 147. What did he find upon his return to Roanoke? 

XXVI. 14S. When Mas the next attempt made to plant an English colony in 
America? 149. Who c;)mmanded the undertaking? 150. What discoveries did Gos. 
n(dd make? 151. In what direction from Martha's Vineyard is Nantucket? (See 
map, p. 21.) 152. At what place did Gosnold make preparation to make a settle- 
ment? 153. What are the Elizabeth Islands now called ? (See map, p. 23.) 151, 
Why did not the settlement on Elizabeth Islands prove permanent ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



23 



vessels, under tlie command of Martin Pring, for exploration and 
trade. During the first voyage, made in 1603, the shores and 
several larcrc rivers of Maine, as well as the coast as far south 



^^; 








GV3 



,^^[-^ \<^ _,...-- ^r^ 

%$: " 




Nantucv^-^"^ 



as Martha's Vineyard, were examined, and a profitable traflic 
was carried on with the natives. Three years later, Pring re- 
peated his previous voyage, and made a more accurate survey 
of Maine. 

XXVIII. The territory which the English claimed, basing 



XXVII. QtiF.STioNS.— 155. What reports did Gosnold make of tho country which 
he had discovered and visited? 156. Give an account of Pring's first voyage. 157. 
Of his second. 



24 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



their claim, as lias been previously stated, principally upon 
the discoveries of the Cabots, extended from the 34th to the 
45th degrees of north latitude. In 1606, James I. granted 
the northern portion, from the 41st to the 45th, to an associa- 
tion of "knights, gentlemen, and merchants of the west of 
England," known as the Plymouth [pllm'-uth) Company, call- 
ing the region North Virginia. The southern portion, from 
the 34th to the 38th, called South Virginia, he granted to an 
association of " noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants, in and 
about London," known as the London Company. 




XXIX. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth 
Company sent a number of planters, who began a settlement 
at the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine ; but the in- 
tense cold of the winter, the destruction of their storehouse 



XXYIII. Questions. — 158. "What extent of territory did the English claim in 
America? 159. Upon what did they base their claim? 160. What two extensive 
grants were made of this territory ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 25 

by fire, and the death of their president, George Popham, 
discouraged them, and tlic}^ returned to England. 

XXX. The London Company were more successful. They 
sent a fleet of three vessels, commanded l>y Christopher New- 
port, and carrying more than a hundred colonists. During 
the long voyage of four months, dissensions arose among the 
leading men, and John Smith, whose genius had excited their 
jealousy, was placed in confinement. The design of the colo- 
nists was to form a settlement on Roanoke, but a storm car- 
ried the vessels farther north, into Chesapeake Bay. They 
sailed about fifty miles up a large stream which they named 
James River, and, selecting a place for a settlement, called it 
Jamestown. 

XXIX. Questions. — 161. When did the Pl^^mouth Company attempt to make a 
settlement? 162. At what place ? 163. Describe the Kennebec River. (See map, p. 
10.) 164. What else can you say of the settlement on the Kennebec? 

XXX. 1C5. Wore the London Company more or less successful? 166. Of how 
many vessels did the fleet, sent by them, consist? 167. Who commanded the 
fleet? 16S. IIow many colonists were there onboard of the three vessels? 169. 
How long a voyage did they have? 170. How was John Smith treated during the 
voyage? 171. At what place did the colonists intend to make their settlement? 
172. Why did they not do so ? 



EEYIEW QUESTIOXS. 

PAGE 

1. Give an account of Columbus previous to the year 1492 11 

2. How was India reached by European travelers at that time?. . . 11 

3. What theory did Columbus have respecting a diflerent route ? 11, 12 

4. How many and what applications did he make for aid? 12 

5. For what was he indebted to Isabella, Queen of Spain ?. 12 

G. "What fleet did he command, and whence did he sail? 12 

7. What success did he meet with ? 12 

8. Give an account of his three subsequent voyages 12, 13 

9. When and at what place did Amerigo first visit America?.. 13 

10. When and at what place did he make his second visit ? 13 

1 1. What accounts did Amerigo prepare ? 13 

12. What was afterwards done with the accounts?, 13 

13. What was the consequence, and of Amerigo's claim? 13 

14. When was the continent of America discovered? 13 

15. Was that before or after Amerigo's first visit to America? 13 

2 



26 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

IG. Give an account of the voyage made by the two Cabots 13 

17. What explorations wore made in 1498 ? 13, 14 

18. What claim was based upon the achievements of the Cabots ? 14 

19. What account can you give of Juan Ponce De Leon ? 14 

20. What of his expedition in search of a fountain? J 4 

21. What discovery was made in tlie year 1512? ] t 

22. Give an account of De Leon's second expedition 14, 15 

23. What discovery took place in 1513 ? 15 

24. Which was the first colony established on the continent ? 17 

25. Give an account of the discovery of the Pacific 15 

26. When did De Ayllon make his first expedition to Carolina ?. ... 15 

27. What was the object of the expedition ? 15 

28. Give an account of it, stating what you can of Balboa himself. . 15 

29. Give an account, in full, of the second expedition 15, 16 

30. Who was Cordova, and what discovery did he make?. 16 

31. What induced Velasquez to send the expedition under Grijalva ? 16 

32. What induced him to send the one under Cortez ? 16 

33. Of how many vessels and men did Cortez's expedition consist?. 16 

34. Give the further account of the expedition 16, 17 

35. When and whence did Narvaez make an expedition to Florida? 17 
3G. Give an account of it, including that of the four men , 17 

37. Who was De Soto, and what great preparations did he make ?. . 17 

38. Give an account of his expedition and sad fate 17, IS 

39. Who was Verrazani, and wliat explorations did he make ? 18 

40. How many voyages did Cartier make to America ? IS 

41. In his third voyage, what did he and another person undertake? 1 8 

42. When and where did De Monts make a settlement in America? 19 

43. Give an account of the Huguenot attempt to settle S. Carolina. 19, 20 

44. Of the destruction of the Huguenot settlement in Florida 20 

45. Of De Gourges's expedition of retaliation 20 

46. Of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition and sad fate 20, 21 

47. Of the expedition made by Amidas and Barlow 21 

48. Of Raleigh's first attempt to colonize America 21 

49. Of his second attempt, with some account of Raleigh himself. 21, 22 
T'O. Of the attempt at colonization made in 1602 22 

51. Give an account of Pring's first voyage to America 23 

52. Give an account of his second voyage to America . . 23 

53. What region was afterward known as North Virginia? 24 

54. What region was, at the same time, known as South Virginia ? . 24 

55. Give an account of the Plymouth Co.'s attempt at settlement. 24, 25 

56. Of the London Company's expedition, with its success 25 



27 



SECTION II. 

Colonial History. 

EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO 
THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN 

]754. ' 

VIEGINIA. 




I. The first settlement 
in Virginia was made in 
1607, at Jamestown.* 
The colony was gov- 
erned nnder a charter 
gi-an1ed by James L, the 
supreme government be- 
ing vested in a council 
resident in England, and 
the local government in 
a colonial council, the 
members of both deriv- 
ing tlieir appointment 
from the king. 

II. The first council 
consisted of seven per- 
sons, among whom were 
Bartholomew Gosnold, 
John Smith, f and John 
Eatcliffe, with Edward 

Wmglield, an avaricious and unprincipled man, for governor. 

thrarcfenttown"^""" "'^ ""^ """'"^ °^ *'''° '"' *'"'^'' ''""'^'' *"'' "'" '' "'^'■'^"'^ ''"'^ '"'■'' ""thing remains of 
evenfM°one" andTnn'liH" •" ^Y'"<'"'^hby, county of Lincolnshire, England, in 1579. His life was a most 
Uve o ■ the^wt if; took in w! *^' -^'^'l', ^t''=H ''« ^'''^^' '"« '"''^ '"'I'^^d " remarkable man. The narra- 



romance than a reality. 

Virginia.- 



Questions.—!. When was Virginia first settled? 2. At what 
place? 3. How was Jamestown situated? (See map, p. 27.) 4. In what direction 
from the Bermuda Islands was Jamestown? (See map, p. 10.) 5. How was the 
colony at first governed ? 



28 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



Smith, at first, was not permitted to take a seat in the council, 
because of a false cliarge of sedition made against him by his 
colleagues ; but they were soon compelled to restore him to 
his station. 

III. For a time the colony did not prosper. The scarcity 
of provisions, the hostility of the natives, the Avant of indus- 
trial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to 
the grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly 
fatal to its existence. Bartholomew Gosnold, the projector 
of the settlement, and a man whose influence had greatly con- 
tributed to promote harmony in the council, was among those 
who died. 

IV. Wingfield, the president, having embezzled the public 
stores, and become concerned in a plot to abandon the settle- 
ment, in a vessel belonging to the colony, was expelled from 
the council. He was succeeded in the presidency by Rat- 
chfFe ; but, in consequence of the inefficiency of the latter, 
the management of afiairs fell into the hands of Captain John 
Smith. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of 
Ratcliffe, Smith was formally elected in his place. 

V. To the efforts of the new president, almost unaided as 
they were, the salvation of the infant colony was owing. He 
made frequent excursions into the neighboring country, and 
returned with supplies of corn. He also explored Chesapeake 
Bay, ascended the James and other rivers as far as he could 
in boats, and made his knowledge, thus acquired, of great use 
in the government of the colony. 



II. QuESTioxs.— 6. Of how many persons did the council consist? 7. Name 
four of the most prominent men belonging to the first council. 8. Who was the 
first governor? 9. What was his character? 10. How was Smith at first treated by 
the council ? 

III. 11. Did the colony, at the beginning, prosper or not? 12. What were the 
causes? 13. What is said of Gosnold? 

IV. 14. Of what two crimes was Wingfield gnilty ? 15. By whom was he super- 
seded? 16. "What is said of Eatclifl'e's management? 17. What was the conse- 
quence? 

V. IS. What is said of the eftorts of Smith? 19. What of his excursions for 
corn? 20. Of his explorations? 



VIRGINIA. 




CQue9hons to de anw eredfrom the ahoi e map ) 
Name five m ers that ^io^v into Ch< .apoake Bay. What tM'o capes are at the en- 
trance of the bay? To what large body of water is Cliesapcake Bay tributary? 
Ans.~ The Atlantic Ocean. How was Jamestown situated? Into what body of 
water does the Chowan River flow ? What other river flows into Albemarle Sound ' 
IIow IS the Island of Eoanoke situated ? In what direction is it from Jamestown ? 



30 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 




JOHN SMITH. 



chief, dwelling near the fork of the York Rivei 



VI. On one of his expedi- 
tions np the Chickahoininy, in 
search of corn, he was sur- 
rounded b}^ about three hun- 
dred Indians, and, after a des- 
perate struggle, captured; In 
triumph they conducted him 
through the country, showing 
him to the various tribes on the 
Rappahannock and Potomac 
Rivers, and then took him to a 
After being 

detained for three days he was sent to Powhatan, the prin- 
cipal chief, or " emperor of the country," whose subjects 
numbered about eight thousand. Ilis residence Avas on the 
York River. The Indian warriors met in council, and, after 
a long and solemn consultation, determined that Smith should 
be put to death. 

VII. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon 
a large stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs 

to dash out his brains, Poca- 
hontas, the beloved dauo-hter 
of Powhatan, a child only 
twelve years old, rushed for- 
ward, clasped the captive's head 
in her arms, and begged that his 
life might be spared. Her 
generous and heroic conduct 
touched lier father's lieart, and 
the sentence was revoked. Smith 
was not only set at liberty, but 
an escort of twelve men was 
provided to conduct him to Jamestown. 




POCAHONTAS. 



VI. Questions. — 21. How was he captured ? 22. To whom did the Indians con- 
duct him? 23. Where did Powhatan live? 21. Describe the York Iliver. (See 
map, p. 27.) 25. What sentence was pronounced against Smith ? 

VIT. 26. How did the Indians undertake to carry out the sentence? 27. State 



VIRGINIA. 



31 



VIII. On arriving there, after an absence ot seven weeks, 
lie found every tiling in disorder. The colony was reduced to 
forty men, the strongest of whom were preparing to quit the 
country. The attempt at desertion was prevented by deci- 
sive action ; order was restored ; and a large accession to 




TlIK ATTK-MPT AT UESEllTION BUPl'KtSSED. 



their number by the arrival of Newpoi-t, who had been to 
England, revived the drooping spirits of the colonists. Smith, 
by his captivity and frequent expeditions, gained considerable 
knowledge of the language and manners of the Indians, and 
of the country and its resources, which enabled him to estab- 
lish a peaceful intercourse between the settlers and the tribes 
of Powhatnn. 



how Smith was saved. 28. Besides revoking the sentence, what else did Pow- 
hatan do for Smith ? 

VIII. Questions.— 29. What condition of things did Smith find at Jamestown 
upon his arrival there? 30. Of what value did Smith's captivity prove to James- 
town? 



32 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



IX. The administration of the affairs of Jamestown, how- 
ever, gave no satisfaction to the company in England. Be- 
lieving that under a new charter, conferring greater privileges, 
their dreams of pr<jfit would be realized, the)^ sought and ob- 
tained one, in 1609, and appointed Lord Delaware, a noble- 
man distinguished for his virtues as well as his rank, gover- 
nor for life. 

X. Christopher Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir 
George Somers, who had been appointed commissioners 
authorized to administer the affairs of the colony till the 
arrival of Lord Delaware, were dispatched to America with a 
fleet of nine vessels and more than five hundred emigrants. 
While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. One 
of the vessels, that bearing the commissioners, was Avrecked 
on one of the Bermuda Islands, and one small one foundered : 
the other seven reached the James River in safety. 

XL Although no person had yet arrived authorized to su- 
persede the president. Smith at first made no attempt to 
maintain his power ; but the disorder and disaster that ensued 
so alarmed the better portion of the colonists, that, at their 
request, he resumed his abandoned functions. While return- 
ing from a visit to one of the settlements near Jamestown 
which he had established, he was so severely injured by an 
explosion of gunpowder, that, feeling the need of the best sur- 
gical skill, he returned to England towards the close of 1609. 

XII. No yooner had Smith fairly departed than the colonists 
gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The Indians be- 



IX. Questions. — 31. When did the London Company get a second charter? 

82. Why did they ask for it? 33. What appointment Mas coj.ferred npon Lord Del- 
aware ? 84. What can you say of Lord Delaware ? 

X. 85. Who had hecn authorized to precede Lord Delaware in the management 
of the affairs of the colony? 3G. How many vessels and emigrants did they have? 
87. \^Tiat accident happened to the fleet ? 

XI. 3S. How was the colony governed after the arrival of the seven vessels? 

83. What accident happened to Smith? 40. What did he do in consequence? 

XII. 41. IIow did the colonists behave after his departure? 42. What was the 
consequence? 4'5. What was that period of time called? 44. What determination 
did the colonists finally corae to ? 45. Why was not the determination carried out ? 



VIRGINIA. 33 



caine hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and, in less than 
six months after, not more than sixty, of the five hundred per- 
sons whom he had left, remained. This period of distress 
and gloom was long remembered as the " starving-time." In 
consequence of the destitute condition to which the colonists 
were reduced, and of the gloomy prospects ahead, it was 
determined to desert Jamestowi^ entirely, and seek safety 
among the English fishermen at Newfoundland. In four ves- 
sels they embarked ; but just as they were drawing near the 
mouth of the river, Lord Delaware appeared with emigrants 
and supplies, and persuaded them to return. 

XIII. Under the administration of the wise and good Dela- 
ware, order and contentment prevailed, and the afiairs of the 
colony began to prosper ; but, unfortunately, his health failed, 
and he was compelled to return to England, leaving the gov- 
ernment to be administered by a deputy. New settlements 
were made in the vicinity of Jamestown, and notwithstanding 
the laws were harsh . and strict, the colony continued to pros- 
per. The company in England, however, with a view to 
greater advantages, obtained another charter, their third, in 
1612. A remarkable feature of the new charter allowed the 
company to hold meetings for the transaction of business, thus 
giving to the body a democratic form of government. 

XIV. In 1613 occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to a 
young Englishman named John Rolfe {rolf). This event 
proved to be of great importance, as it had the effect of es- 
tablishing a confirmed peace with Powhatan, as well as with 
the powerful Chickahominy Indians. Three years after 
her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied her husband to Eng- 
land, where she was an object of great interest to all classes 



XIII. Questions. — 46. What is said of the affairs of the colony under the admin- 
istration of Lord Delaware? 47. What, unfortunately, was he compelled to do? 
48. When did the London Company procure their third charter? 49. What re- 
markable feature did the new charter contain ? 

XIV. 50. What interesting event took place in 1613? 51. Of what importance 
did it prove? 52. What further can you state of Pocahontas ? 

2* 



;}4 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



of citizens, and was presented at court. While preparing to 
return to her native land slie suddenly died, leaving a son, 
from whom arc descended many well-known families in Vir- 
ginia. 

XY. During the year 1613 two expeditions were sent 
from yirgini:i, under the command of Samuel Argall, an 
avaricious man, who aftei^ards became deputy-governor of 
the colony. Argall's object Avas the protection of the fisher- 
men otf the coast of Maine ; but discovering a French settle- 
ment near the Penobscot, he destroyed it, and dispersed 
the inhabitants. In his second expedition he reduced and 
plundered Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. 

XVI. The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1620, 
when a Dutch vessel entered the James River with negroes, 
twenty of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. 
The culture of cotton was begun the next year. A large 
number of colonists were sent to Virginia during the year 
1620, among whom were about a hundred young women of 
good reputation, who were disposed of to the planters as 
wives, each purchaser giving one hundred pounds of tobacco, 
being the cost of the woman's passage to America. 

XVII. After the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death 
of her father, peaceful relations existed between the settlers 
and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan's successor com- 
menced a bloodv war, in one day massacring about three 
hundred and fifty men, women, and children. The settlers 
retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of the Indians and 
driving the rest into the wilderness. 



XV. Questions. — 53. "Who was Samuel Argall ? 54. Give an account of his first 
expedition from Virginia. 55. Of his second. 56. Describe the Penobscot River. 
(See map of Maine.) 57. How is Port Royal situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 

XVI. 58. IIow M-as negro slavery introduced into the English colofties in 
America ? 59. "What can you say of the commencement of cotton culture ? 60. 
How did the planters get their wives ? 

XVII. 61. How long did peaceful relations continue between the whites and 
Indians? 62. Give an account of the first massacre. 



VIRGINIA. 35 



XVIII. The affairs of the colony caused frequent meetinjrs 
of the London Company. These were hirgely attended by the 
stockholders, and exciting debates, often of a political charac- 
ter, took place. The freedoui of speech manifested on such 
occasions displeased King James, and he determined to ac- 
complish the dissolution of the company. Under the pre- 
text, therefore, that the disasters to the colony were the re- 
sult of bad guvernmeut, the dissolution was effected, and, in 
1624, Virginia became a royal province. 

XIX. The celebrated " Navigation Act," which secured to 
English ships the monopoly of the carrying trade with Eng- 
land, and seriously abridged the freedom of colonial commerce, 
was passed by Parliament in 1651. It was not at first en- 
forced against Virginia, but after its re-enactment in 1660, with 
new provisions, it was rigorously executed, despite the remon- 
strances of the colonists. In 1673, Charles IL, of England, 
granted to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, " all 
the dominion of land and water called Virginia," for the term 
of thirty-one years. 

XX. The complaints of the people grew louder and louder. 
In addition to this lavish grant, and the oppressiveness of the 
" Navigation Act," the colonists were restricted in the 
elective franchise ; were required to conform to the doctrines 
and rituals of the Church of England ; and the taxes levied 
were unequal and oppressive. They wanted but an excuse 
for appearing in arms, and it was soon found in the invasion 
made by the Susquehanna Indians. The invadei's penetrated 
Virginia from the north, and carried desolation and death to 
many a lonely plantation. 

XVIII. Questions. — 03. Wliy did the London Company have freqiu-nt meetings? 
Gt. "What can you say of the meetings ? 65. What did King James determine ui)on ? 
63. Why ? 67. When did he accomplish his purpose ? 68. What was his pretext 
for so doing ? 

XIX. 69. When was the celebrated "Navigation Act" passed ? TO. What was its 
most obnoxious feature ? 71. How did it affect the colonial commerce ? 72. What 
can you say of its enforcement ? 73. What grant of Virginia was afterward made to 
two persons? 

XX. 74. Of what did the people complain ? 75. What did they seek? 76. What 
excuse was soon found ? 77. What did the Susquehannas do ? 



36 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



XXI. The people, knowinor Governor Berkeley's measures 
for defense to be very incfRcient, demanded permission to 
arm and protect themselves ; but, being refused, tliey united 
ostensibly to repel the Indian invaders; and thus a struggle for 
popular liberty broke out in 161 6, known as Bacon's Rebel- 
lion. Nathaniel Bacon, from whom the movement took its 
name, was at once pointed out as the leader. His social po- 
sition was good ; he was eloquent and courageous. 

XXII. With a force of five hundred men he marched 
against the Indians, whom he met and defeated ; and though 
Berkeley issued a proclamation declaring those in arms rebels, 
no notice was taken of the fulmination. The success against 
the Indians inspired the insurgents with confidence. They 
made demands which Berkeley consented to grant; but it 
soon becoming evident that he was acting treacherously, a 
desultory civil wry broke out, in the course of which James- 
town was burned to the ground. 

XXIII. Just as the success of the rebellion seemed to bo 
established, and plans in respect to a new government were 
about to be adopted. Bacon suddenly died. The governor 
then j^ursued vigorous measures, and, regaining his former 
power, caused twenty-two of the insurgents to be hanged. 
Fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced his adminis- 
tration until he was recalled by the king, in 1677. 

XXIV. Berkeley's successor was Lord Culpepper, to whom 
and the Earl of Arlington the country had been granted in 
1673, as previously stated. Virginia then became a pro- 



XXI. Questions. — 7S. What demand did the people make of the governor? 79. 
"Who was the governor? 80. How did he treat their demand ? 81. What was the 
consequence ? 82. Who was the leader of the insurgents ? 

XXII. S3. Relate the incidents of the rebellion. 

XXIII. 84. What misfortune befell the iuburtrents? 85. Wliat was Berkelej's 
conduct afterwards towards them? 

XXIV. 8G. W'ho succeeded Berkeley as governor of Yirgiaia? 87. What 
change was then made in the character of the government ? SS How long did Vir- 
ginia continue as a proprietary government? 89. What can you say of the subse- 
quent government? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



prietaiy government. Culpepper continued to rule until 
1684, when, in consequence of his mismanagement, the king 
revoked the grant made to him and Arlington, and deprived 
him of his office. Virginia thus became a royal province 
again, and so remained till the Iwevolution. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW 
ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643. 



vzcurrEx: or 
MASSACHUSETTS BAY 



iUrattlc'lJora 



.TViicAxisett) 



s 



Tit* 



J / iin, Ifiir. 

rotfsmouLh. 
Whartforo) 









i5Kii!(ii''Li_;'l.' 




I. Captain John Smith, who had performed so creditable 
a part in the settlement of Mrginia, set sail from London in 
1614, with two ships, for the purpose of trade and discovery 



Massaoufsetts.— r. Questions.— 1. W^hon do wc next hear of Captain John 
Smith? 2. With how many vessels did he sail from England? 8. Where did he 
intend to go? 4. What was his object? 5. What did he accomplish? 6. What 
wrong was perpetrated upon the Indians? 



38 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



in the region of Cape Cod. He reached the American coast, 
examined the shores from the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, 
a'.id prepared a map of the country, to which he gave the 
name of New England. The luster of the expedition, unfor- 
tunatelv, was very much dimmed by the act of Thomas Hunt, 
who commanded one of tlie ships : by liim twenty-fonr of the 
natives were captured and taken to Spain, where they were 
sold into slavery. 

^,\^.^_ . IX. The original Ply- 

mouth Company having 
been superseded by an- 
other, called the Coun- 
cil of Plymouth, King 
James granted to the 
latter, in 1620, absolute- 
ly and exclusively, all the 
territory between the 
40th and 48th parallels 
of north latitude, ex- 
tending from the Atlan- 
tic to the Pacific. It 
was not, hoMCver, under 
the direction of this 
council, or with the aid 
of the King, that the first 
permanent settlement in 
New England was made, 
but by a small band of 
Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who fled 
from their own country to find an asylum from religious per- 
il. QiESTioNS.— T. What company superseded the Plymouth Company? 8. 
What grant was made to the new comi)any ? 9. Through which Atlantic State 
does the 40th [)aralk-l of north latitude run ? (See map of United States.) 
10. Through what large island does the 4Sth parallel run ? (See map of 
North America.) 11. By whom was the first jiermanent settlement made in 
New England? 12. What direction and aid should they have had? 13. Why 
did the Pilgrims leave England ? 




MASSACHUSETTS. 



39 



secution. The sect to which they belonged were known in 
England as Puritans. 

III. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence 
they removed to Lcyden [ll'-den.) At Leyden they lived in 
great harmony for about eleven years, under the pastoral care of 
John Robinson ; but, frpm various causes, they became dis- 
satisfied Avith their residence in Holland, and desired to plant a 
colony in America, where they might enjoy their civil and reli- 
gious rights without disturbance. After much solicitation they 
obtained a grant of land from the London Company, and, being 



G E RM A N 
O C EAN 

.4^ 




III. Questions.— 14. To what place did they first ffo after leaving England ? 15. In 
whatdirection from London is Amsterdam ? (See map. p. 39.) 16. To what place did 
they remove? 17. How long were they at Leyden? IS. Who was their pastor at 
Leyden? 19. Why did they leave Holland? 20. From whom did they obtain a 
grant of land ? 21. What arrangement did they make with some merchants ? 



40 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

without moans, formed a contract with some London mer- 
chants, who furnished the capital for the undertaking. 

IV. As many as could be accommodated embarked on 
boai-d a vessel called the Speedwell, but the larger portion re- 
mained at Leyden with Robinson. The ship sailed to South- 
ampton, England, where she was joined by another ship, 
called the Mayflower, with a body of Puritans from London. 
The two vessels soon set sail, but had not gone iav before 
the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered the 
port of Dartmouth, England. They started a second time, 
but again put back, this time to Plymouth, where the Speed- 
well was abandoned as unseaworthy. 

Y. Then, after permitting those who chose to abandon the 
enterprise, the Mayflower set sail alone, with one hundred and 
one persons, — men, women, and children, — the most dis- 
tinguished of whom were John Carver, William Brewster, 
Miles Standish, William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. 
After a boisterous passage of sixty-three days, they reached 
the American coast, and in two days after were safely moored 
in Cape Cod Bay. In the cabin of the Mayflower, before 
they landed, they agreed to and signed a solemn compact, by 
the terms of which they were to be ruled, and immediately after 
they unanimously elected John Carver governor for one year. 

VL Several days were spent by exploring parties in search- 
ing for a favorable locality to commence the settlement. At 
length, on the 21st of December, 1620, they all landed at a place 
which they called Plymouth, in memory of the hospitalities 
which had been bestowed upon them at the last English port 

IV. Questions.— 22. Did they all leave Holland? 23. Who remained? 24. On 
board of what vessel did they sail ? 25. To what place did the Speedwell first go ? 
2G. What accession was made to the company at Southampton ? 2T. What 
then took place ? 28. What further can you state of the Speedwell ? 

v. 29. From what place did the Mayflower set sail alone ? 80. With how many 
persons? 81. Who were the most distinguished of them? 82. What kind of a 
passage did they have ? 33. What did they do before leaving the ship ? 

TI. 34. In what Avay were several days spent ? 85. When did they land ? 
36. At what place? 37. Why did they call it Plymouth? 38. What can you say 
of their sufferings ? 39. What befell Carver's family ? 40. Who succeeded him as 
governor ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 41 

from which they had sailed. The winter was severe, and in less 
than five months nearly half of that Pilgrim band died from 
the effects of exposure and privations, — Governor Carver and 
his wife being among the number. William Bradford was 
thereupon <?lected to fill the vacancy, and dnrinsf thirty years 
he continued to be a prominent man m the colony. 

VII. In April, of 1621, a treaty of friendship was made 
with Massasoit (mas-sas'-so-it), chief of the Wampanoags 
{wom-pa-no'-ogs), which was sacredly kept for more than thirty 
years. Canoniciis, the great chief of the Narragan setts, who 
regarded the English as intruders, kept the colonists in fear 
for awhile; but the decided course of Bradford eventually 
compelled him tosue for peace. 

VIII. In the mean time other influences were at work to ex- 
tend the range of settlements. A company composed of gen- 
tlemen who were interested in the fisheries and trade of New 
England, having purchased a tract of land, sent out an ex- 
pedition of a hundred persons, under the charge of John En- 
dicott. These reached Salem in 1628, and made a settle- 
ment, thus laying the foundation of the Massachusetts Bay 
Colony. The proprietors soon after obtained a charter from 
the king, under the incorporated title of " The Governor and 
Company of Massachusetts Bay, in New England." 

IX. Accessions were rapidly made to the new colony, and 
settlements at Charlestown and other places were made. An 
important change took place in 1629, by which the govern- 
ment of the company was transferred from London to New 
England. This induced men of fortune and intelligence to 
become interested, among whom was John Winthrop, who 

VII. QuKSTiONS. — 41. What important treaty was made ? 42. For how long a 
time was the treaty observed ? 43. What can you say of Canonicus ? 

VIII. 44. What settlement was made in 162S? 45. In what direction from Ply- 
mouth is Salem ? (See map p. 87.) 46. Wliat led to the settlement of Salem ? 
47. When Avas Salem settled ? 4S. What charter was afterward obtained by the 
proprietors of Salem ? 

IX. 49. What can you say of the growth of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ? 50. 
What induced Winthrop and others to join <Jie colonists? 51. When was Eoston 
settled? 52. By whom was it settle*' ? . 



42 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

was afterward elected governor, and who set sail for the col- 
ony in the beginning of April, 1630. Winthrop* was accom- 
panied by about three hundred families, mostly Puritans, 
who settled at Boston and adjacent places, in 1630. 

X. The banishment of Roger Williams, in 1635, was an 
event not only important in itself, but also On account of the 
principle it enunciated. Though a Puritan, Williams de- 
nounced the religious intolerance practiced in New England, 
for which, as well as certain opinions touching civil matters, 
he was banished. Nor was this the only banishment. A 
Mrs. Hutchinson, f who persisted in holding meetings of her 
own sex, and promulgating peculiar views, was also compelled 
to leave. 

XI. An act of the " General Court" at Boston, in 1636, by 
which about two thousand dollars were appropriated for the 
purpose of founding a public school or college, led to the es- 
tablishment of what is now the oldest literary institution in 
America. In 1638, the Hev. John Harvard bequeathed up- 
wards of three thousand dollars to it, which, in honor of the 
benefactor, was named Harvard College. Its location is at 
Cambridge (kdme'-b7'ij), about three miles from Boston. 

* John Winthrop was born in Groton, county of Suffolk, England, in 158S. He was re-elected sovernor 
of Massachusetts every year until 1634. With the exception of two or three years, he was afterwards 
deputy governor or governor until his death, which occurred in 1649. 

t Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, upon being sentenced to banishment, at first went to Rhode Island. After 
the death of her husband, which occurred in 1645, five years later, she removed with her children to New 
Netherlands. The Indians and the Dutch were then at war, and. in an attack made by the former, her 
house was set on fire, and she and all her family, except one child, either perished in the flames or were 
massacred by the savages. 



X. Questions. — 53. What intolerance was shown towards Roger Williams? 54. 
What towards a woman ? 

XL 55. Give an account of the establishment of Harvard College. 5(5. How is , 
Cambridge situated? (See map, p. 100.) 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



43 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 




I. The Council of Ply- 
mouth, it will be recol- 
lected, in 1620 obtained 
a grant of land including 
the whole of what is now 
known as New England. 
In 1622, a portion of this 
grant — that extending 
from the Merrimac to the 
Kennebec — was ceded by 
the council to Ferdinand 
Gorges (r/or'-jes) and 
John Mason, two of its 
most active members. 
Gorges and Mason called 
the territory which they 
thus obtained Laconia, 
andjin the spring of 1 62.'>, 
sent emigi-ants who made settlements at Little Harbor, near 
Portsmouth, and at Dover. These, then, were the first settle- 
n)ents in New Hampshire. 

II. In 1629, the Rev. John Wheelwright and others, who 
evidently did not consider the gi-ant to Gorges and Mason as 
of much value, purchased of the Indians all the territory bc- 



New Hampshire.— I. Questions. — 1. How did the Council of Plymouth dispose 
of a portion of their lands in 1622? 2. Describe the Merrimac Ptiver. (See map 
p. 37.) 3. Describe the Kennebec. (See map, p. 10.) 4. What name did Gorges 
and Mason give to their country? 5. What rivers liounded Laconia? G. How is 
Portsmouth situated? (See map, p. 44.) 7. In what direction from Portsmouth is 
Dover? (See map, p. 44.) 

II. 8. What purchase of territory was made in 1629? 9. How did this purchase 
conflict with the claims of Gorges and Mason? 10. Into what body of water does 
the Piscataqua flow? (See map, p. 44.) 11. What grant did Mason obtain in 1629? 
12. What name did he give to the country? 



44 



COLONIAL HISTORY 



tween the Mcrrimac and Piscataqua. In the same year 
Mason obtained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, 
of tlie country which Wheelwright had purchased, and to 
this he gave the name of New Hampshire. 

III. The different settlements of New Hampshire in time 
came to be governed by different proprietors ; but the people, 
believing their interests would be promoted by a change, in 
1641 formed a nnion, and placed themselves under the pro- 
tection of Massachusetts. This privilege was enjoyed for 
a [)eriod of nearl}' forty years, when, in 1680, the tw^o colo- ■ 
nies were separated by order of the king, and New Hampshire 
became a royal province. 

IV. In the following year a vex- 
atious controversy began, as to the 
proprietorship of the lands, which 
continued for a number of years. 
This dispute grew out of the claims 
which the heirs of Mason had laid to 
all the territory between the Mcrri- 
mac and Piscataqua, and it was not 
terminated nntil they relinquished 
all the unoccupied portions of the 
province. During the wars known as King Philip's and King 
William's, the settlers of New Hampshire suffered severely 
from the incursions of the Indians. In one case, the attack 
upon Dover in the latter war, twenty-one persons were killed, 
and others were captured and taken to Canada. 

V. The district of New^ Hampshire was several times con- 
nected with Massachusetts, — the first from 1641 to 1680, as 
previously stated ; but, in 1741, it became a separate prov- 
ince, and so continued till the Revolution. 




P0ET8M0UTH AND VICINITT. 



III. Questions. — 13. What change in the gOTcrnment of the New Hampshire 
settlements took place in 1G41? 14. Give a fm-ther account of the political con- 
nection between New Hampshire and Massachusetts. (See. also, paragraph Y.) 

IV. 15. "What controversy respecting lands began in lOSl? IG. Give some ac- 
count of it. 17. How did the wars of King Philip and King "William affect the set- 
tlements of New IlaniDshire? 



CONNECTICUT. 



45 



co]sr:^rECTiciTT. 




I. In 1630 the Coun- 
cil of Plymontli ceded 
to the Earl of AVarwick 
the soil of Connecticut ; 
and this grant, in the 
following year, was trans- 
ferred to Lord Say-and- 
Seal, Lord Brooke, and 
associates. 

IL As the Dutch, at the 
time, laid claim to all the 
territory thus ceded, they 
resolved to prevent any 
settlements being made 
within the limits of the 
new grant. According- 
ly, they proceeded from 
New York, sailed up the 
Connecticut lliver to 
where Hartford now 
stands, and there erected a fort. The structure was hardly 
completed when Captain William Holmes and a company from 
Plymouth sailed up the river, and, though forbidden by the 
Dutch, who threatened to fire upon them if they attempted to 
pass the fort, the English kept on unhurt, and commenced 
the settlement of Connecticut, at Windsor [win'-zer), by 
erecting in that year, 1633, a trading-house there. 

III. In the autumn of 1635, a company of sixty men, 

CoNNKCTicuT.— I. QuKSTiONS. — 1. What grant of land was made in 1G30? 2. 
What, in 1631? 

II. 3. What resolution did the Dutch determine upon? 4. What action did they 
accordingly take ? 5. When and where was Connecticut first settled ? 6. Describe 
"Jie Connecticut Elver. (See map of New England.) 



46 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



women, and cliildren journeyed from Massachusetts through 
the wilderness, and settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Weth- 
ersfield. At about the same time a colony was commenced 
at the mouth of the Connecticut, which, in honor of Lord 
Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, was called Saybrook. But 
the migration conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 
1636, was one of the most important to Connecticut. AVith 
about a hundred persons he departed from the vicinity of 
Boston, and, after a toilsome journey thi-ough swamps and 
forests, arrived in the valley of the Connecticut. His people 
settled mostly at Hartford. 

IV. It was at this time that difficulties with the Indians 
began to arise. The Pequods, a warlike tribe inhabiting the 
southeast part of Connecticut, committed many acts of hos- 
tility, and sought an alliance with the Narragansetts in an 
effort to exterminate the colonists ; but, through the exer- 
tions of Roger Williams, the league was prevented. The 
Indians, however, continuing their murderous depredations, 
a court, summoned at Hartford, in 1637, formally declared 
war against them. 

V. Soon a force of eighty colonists, with about the same num- 
ber of Mohegan Indians, started against the foe. The expedi- 
tion, commanded by Captain John Mason, sailed down the 
Connecticut and along Long Island Sound, and landed at a point 
in the southwestern part of Rhode Island. Here it was join- 
ed by other Indian allies, until the whole force amounted to 
not less than five hundred men. Mason proceeded by quick 
marches, and surprised the chief fort of the Pequods, situatc<l 



III. QUESTtoxs. — 7. "What account can you give of Ihe settlements made in the 
autumn of 1G:35? 8. Of tlie colony at the mouth of the Connecticut? 9. Of th(i 
migration conducted by Hooker? 

IV. 10. Who were the Pequods? 11. What alliance did they try to bring about? 
12. How was it prevented? 10. When and by whom was war declared against th". 
Pequods ? 

V. 14. What expedition was sent against them ? 15. Give an account of the 
movements of the expedition. 16 At what ])lace was the chief fort of the Pequods 
situated ? 17. How is New London situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 18. What was the 
result of the expedition ? 



I 



CONNECTICUT, 



47 



on the Mystic River, eight miles northeast of New London. It 
and the wigwams were burned, an<l more than six hundred 
men, women, and children perished by fire or were slain. 

VI. The Pequods never recovered from their great loss. 
The severe blow dealt them was promptly followed by viiror- 
ous measures, until finally the survivors, about two hundred in 
number, suri-endercd in despair, and were sold into captivity 




•vrciirirr or 

LONG ISLAND SOUND 



or incorporated with other tribes. So complete was their 
overthrow that the very name of Pequods was no longer 
heard. 

VII. A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 
1038, called the New Haven colony. The land was bought 
of the Indians, and under the guidance of the Ptev. John 
Davenport and Theophilus Eaton, a colony, remarkable for the 

VI. Questions.— 19. What effect did the blow have upon the Pequods? 20. 
What further account can you give of the Pequods? 

VII. 21 When was a third colony established in Connecticut? 22. By whom? 
23. At what place? 24. How is New Haven situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 



48 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



religious spirit that marked its laws, was planted and 

flourished. 

VIII. It will be seen that three colonies were established 
in Connecticut, namely : the Connecticut colony, embracing 
Windsor, ILutford, and AVeth'crsfield, the inhabitants of 
which acknowledged the authority of Massachusetts ; the Say- 
brook colony ; and the New Haven colony. The one at the 
mouth of the Connecticut, Saybrook, maintained its separate 
existence until 1644, when it was annexed to the Connecticut 
colony. Then there were only two. These were unired in 
1005, under a royal charter granted by Charles II., king of 
England. This charter was exceedingly liberal, and contirm- 
cd in every particular the constitution which the people had 
adopted at Hartford, twenty-six years before. 

IX. For a number of years the colonists of Connecticut en- 
joyed com.parative freedom from anxiety and molestation ; 
but, in 1687, Sir Edmund Andros, who had been appointed 
royal governor of New England, appeared before the As- 
sembly, then in session at Hartford, and demanded the sur- 
render of their charter. A discussion at once arose which was 
protracted till evening, when the charter was brought in and 
laid upon the table ; but just as Andros was stepping forward 
to take it, the lights were suddenly extinguished. When the 
candles were relighted, the document could not be found : it 
had been carried away by Captain Wadsworth, and hid in the 
hollow of a tree which was afterward known as the Charter Oak. 

X. Andros, notwithstanding his inability to procure the 
charter, assumed the government, and administered it in his 
own name until he was {seized at Boston, in 1689, and sent to 
England, for trial on a charge of maladministration of public 
affairs. The people then received the charter from its hiding- 
» 

VIII. Questions.— IIow many colonics, in all, were established in Connecticut? 
2C. Give their names. 2T. What settlements did the Connecticut colony embrace? 
28. What became of the Saybrook colony? 29. What union afterward took place? 

IX. 30. What demand was made of the (%)nnccticut people in 16S7? 31. Give an 
account of the proceedings that followed. 

X. 32. What further can you say of Andror; ? 83. Of the charter ? 



RHODE ISLAND. 



49 



place, and Connecticut again assumed lier position as an in- 
dependent colony. 



RHODE ISLAND 



I. Upon the "banish- 
ment of Roger Williams* 
from Massachusetts, he 
remained several months 
Avith the Nai-ragansetts, 
and then fixed his habi- 
tation on the spot where 
the city of Providence 
now stands. This was 
in the year 1636. The 
place selected by him for 
settlement was purchased 
of the Indians, and to it 
he gav^ the name which 
it still bears, to com- 
memorate " God's merci- 
ful providence to him in 
his distress." Williams 
was prompt to proclaim 
religious toleration in his new home, and the rules governing 
the colony were made by a majority of the inhabitants ; con- 
sequently immigrants came in great numbers, mostly from the 
oppressed of the neighboring colonies. 

II. A year after, William Coddington, who had become dis- 




Roger Williams was born in Wales, in 1606. He died in Rhode Island, in 16S3. 



E IK IDE Island.— I. Questions.— 1. When was Khode Island settled ? 2. At what 
place? 3. By whom? 4. How did Williams procure the land? 5. AVhr 
was Providence so called? 6. W'hat induced immigrants to flock to Rhode 
Island ? 

II. 7. What settlement was made by Coddington? 8. Why did he leave Bos- 
ton ? 9. "What was Coddington's settlement afterward called ? 10. W^bat was 
Williams's afterwards called? 

3 



r.o 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



satisfied uitli liis residence in Boston, in consequence of the 
church opposition to which he had for a long- time been sub- 
jected, accepted an invitation from Williams, and, vvitli 
eio-liteen otliers, purchased from the Indians the island of 
Rhode Island, and settled there. This settlement was after- 
Avards known as the Rhode Island Plantation, and that of 
AVilliams as the Providence Plantation. 

III. It was claimed on the part of Plymouth, and the as- 
sumption was supported by Massachusetts, that the lands 
whereon Williams and Coddington had settled belonged to 
Plymouth, and that consequently the two settlements were 
under the jurisdiction of that colony. Rather than acknowl- 
edge this claim, Williams went to England and obtained from 
Parliament a free charter of incorporation, whereby the two 
settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, under one 
government, as the Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 
IV. After Charles II. ascended the 
throne of England, Rhode Island, in 
1663, obtained a new charter. When 
Andros assumed the government of 
New England, operations, under the 
charter, were for the time necessarily 
suspended ; but immediately after 
his seizure at Boston, as elsewhere 
stated, the charter again became the 
fundamental law of the colony, and 
was the only constitution of the State 
till 1842. 




UUGEU WILLIAMS. 



III. Questions.— 11. What claim did th« colonies of Plymouth and Massachu- 
setts set up? 12. What did Williams do in consequence? 13. When were the two 
plantations united? 14. Under what name ? 

IV. 15. By whom was anew charter granted to Rhode Island? 16. When was it 
{rranted? 17. What can you say of it? 18. AVhat interruption to its operation was 
for a time suffered? 19. When was the administration of affairs under the charter 
resumed? 20. Till what year did the charter then continue in operation ? 21. How 
many years passed from the time it was granted till its final supersedure? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 51 

REVIEW QUKSTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. When, where, aud by whom was Yirginia settled? 27 

2. What misfortunes did the colony for a time encounter? 28 

3. Give an account of Edward Wingfiekl 27, 28 

4. State how Smith attained to the presidency 28 

5. What excursions and explorations did ho make ? 28, 30 

6. What misfortune befell him while up the Chickaliominy ? 30 

7. What parade and show did the Indians make of him? 30 

8. What then did they determine to do with him? 30 

9. Who was Pocahontas, and how did she save Smith ? 30 

10. How many men did Smith find at Jamestown upon his return?. 31 

11. What selfishness were some of them contemplating ? 31 

12. How was a change in the condition of the colony effected?. ... 31 

13. How long did the London Company hold their first charter?. . . 32 

14. Whom did the company appoint governor for life ? 32 

15. How long did Smith remain in the colony, and why did he leave ? 32 

16. Give an account of the "Starving Time" in Virginia 32, 33 

17. What change took place in the affairs of Virginia in 1612 ?. . . 33 

18. Give an account of Pocahontas after she saved Smith's life. . 33, 34 

19. Give an account of Argall's expeditions from Virginia 34 

20. What additions were made to the Virginia colony in 1620?. ... 34 

21. What change took place in the affairs of Virginia in 1673?. . . . 35 

22. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion 35, 36 

23. What account can you give of Virginia after the Rebellion?. 36, 37 

24. What of Captain John Smith after he left Virginia? 37, 38 

25. What grant of land was made to an English company in 1G20?. 38 

26. Give an account of the settlement of Massachusetts 38, 39, 40 

27 What can you say of Massasoit and Canonicus ? .:.,.. 41 

28. How was the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded? 41 

29. What took place in 1029 and 1630, in relation to that colony?. 41, 42 

30. What intolerant spirit was shoAvn by the colony in 1635'?. ... 42 

31. What joint grant of land was made to Gorges and Mason ? 43 

32. What two settlements were made in 1623 ? 43 

33. What two grants of the same land were made in 1629? . . .43, 44 

34. What further can you state of the colonial history of New 11. ? 44 

35. How did Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke get Connecticut? 45 

36. Give an account of the settlement made at Windsor 45, 46 

37. Give an account of the Sa3^brook colony 46, 48 

38 Give an account of the Pequod War. . . , 46, 47 

39. Give an account of the New Haven colony 47, 48 

40. State how the three colonies of Connecticut were united 48 

41. Give an account of the two settlements made in Rhode Island- 49, 50 



52 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 
1643, TO "the FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." 

I. In 1643 a union was formed by the four colonies of 
Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, the 
object being to secure mutual protection against the encroach- 
ments of the Dutch and French, and for better security against 
the hostility of the Indians. When, five years after, Rhode 
Island desired to be admitted to the confederacy, the re- 
quest was not granted, because she refused to be incorporated 
Avith Plymouth, as part of that colony, and thus lose her 
separate existence. The general affairs of the union were 
managed by a board of commissioners, consisting of two 
from each colony ; and, in this way, the confederacy ex- 
isted for nearly fifty years. When, at last, it was destroyed, 
by the loss of their charters, the colonists still cherished a de- 
sire for union. 

II. In 1656 a lamentable trouble commenced, growing out 
of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from Eng- 
land. A report, which represented them to be a people of 
peculiar opinions and conduct, had preceded them, and those 
who first arrived were consequently sent back at once. Shortly 
after, a law was passed, intended to prohibit their coming into 
the united colonies at all ; but this failing of its object — the 
Quakers still continuing to come — another law was enacted, 
decreeing the punishment of death upon all who returned from 
banishment. 



Massaciivsktts.— I. Questions.— 1. What union M-as formed in 1043 ? 2. What 
request did Rhode Island make ? 3. Why -svas it not granted ? 4. llow were the 
general afFaiis of the union conducted ? 

II. 5. What arrival took place in 1656? 6. What was done with those who first 
arrived ? 7. Why were they sent back ? S. Did this course keep the Quakers from 
coming ? 9. What severe law was thereupon enacted ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



53 



III. This also failed of its object. Many of the banished re- 
turned, four were executed, some were publicly whipped, and 
others were cast into prison. The great severity of the law 
finally caused a general feeling of condemnation ; a wide- 
spread sympathy for the accused began to be felt, and, after 
five years of trouble, the atrocious act was repealed. 

KING Philip's war. 

IV. During the life of Massa- 
soit, the treaty of friendship 
made between him and the 
people of Plymouth was faith- 
fully kept. After his death, 
his two sons, Alexander and 
Philip, were looked upon as 
being unfriendly to the whites ; 
and when, upon the death of 
the elder brother, Philip be- 
came chief, trouble began to be king rmLii>. 
anticipated. 

y. It w^as evident to the Indians that the spreading settle- 
ments were fast reducing their domains and breaking up their 
hunting-grounds ; and they saw plainly, in the growing power 
of the whites, their own inevitable extinction. Nothing short 
of a combination of all the New England tribes for the ex- 
termination of the colonists, it was thought, could arrest the 
tide against them ; and Philip, so it was alleged, was the lead- 
ing spirit in plotting the combination. A converted Indian, 
who had been sent as a missionary among his people, was the 
principal informer against the chief. This man was after- 
ward found murdered. The execution by the whites of 




III. QxjESTiONS. — 10. What effect did the law "have ? 11. Howwere the Quakers 
then punished ? 12. What farther can you say of the troubles ? 

IV. 13. Who was Alexander ? 14. Philip ? 15. To what position did Philip at. 
tain? 

V. 16. What became evident to the Indians ? 17. How did the Indians suppose 
they could be saved from extinction ? IS. Who was supposed to be the leading spirit 
in plotting an Indian combination ? 19. Who informed against Philip ? 



54 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



three Indians, who had been arrested, tried, and convicted of 
the murder, may be considered as the immediate cause of the 
war. 



' -^'7-. 




t 



. ~«if ' ' 




INDIAN WAEFAEE. — THE SUEPKISE. 



YI. The first attack was made by Philip, in 1G75, upon 
the people of Swanzey, a village thirty -five miles southwest 
from Plymouth. The alarm was given, and he was pursued, 
by a force consisting of Plymouth troops and volunteers 

QiiKSTiONS. — 20. What bccanie of the informer ? 21. What was the immediate 
canse of King Philip's war ? 

VI. 22. Give an account of the attack upon Swanzey. 23. To what place was 
Philij) pursued ? 24. Where is Mount Hope situated? (See map, p. 37.) 25. What 
can you snv of the war that followed ? 



MASSACEIUSETTS. 55 



from Boston, as far as his home at Mount Hope, which he 
was forced to abandon. He soiif^ht safety in a swamp. Here 
he was besieged for a number of days, but at length made his 
escape, with the most of his warriors. The war that followed 
was of the most desolating character. The savages, grown 
desperate, burned village after village, and carried death and 
destruction throughout the country for miles around. 

VIT. Although a treaty of peace had been made with the 
Narragan setts, they proved unfaithful to their obligations, and 
became the allies of Philip. This becoming known, a stron<T 
force was sent against them, and, in an immense swamp in 
the southern part of Rhode Island, they Avere defeated with 
great loss. Yet they continued their depredations till the 
death of Philip, which occurred in 1676. The shot of a 
faithless Indian terminated the life of the wily chief. 

VIII. A controversy, which had been going on for a num- 
ber of years, between the heirs of Gorges and Mason and the 
Massachusetts colony, concerning the province of Maine, was, 
in 1677, decided by judicial authority in favor of the heirs, 
and Massachusetts then purchased their interest. Three 
years after, a separation of New Hampshire from Massachu- 
setts was declared, and the former became a royal province 
— the first in New England ; but the title to Maine was re- 
tained by Massachusetts until the year 1820. 

IX. The English Parliament, with a view to monopolizing 
the trade with the colonies, passed the " Navigation Act.''' 
The opposition to this, as well as to other obnoxious laws, as 
shown by Massachusetts, displeased the king, James II., and 
he therefore deprived that colony of her charter. Sir Ed- 
mund Andros, who, by his subsequent career, made himself 

VII. Questions.— 26. How did the Narragansetts behave ? 27. What followed ? 
23. What became of Philip? 

VIII. 2y. What controversy was settled in 1677? 30. How was it settled? 
31. What took place three years after? 32. Till what time was Maine a part of 
Massachusetts ? 

IX- 33. Why was the " Naviixation Act"" passed? 34. IIow was the l?-w treated 
by Massaehiisotts? 35. What did the king then do? 



56 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

infamous, on account of his unjust and oppressive government, 
was sent to govern New England. 

X. These proceedings on the part of the king rendered 
him exceedingly unpopular, — so much so, that when the news 
of the English Revolution and James's dethronement reached 
Boston, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and the most ob- 
noxious of his officers were seized and sent to England, and 
the former mode of government was again established. 

KING William's war. 

XI. James fled to France, and William, Prince of Orange, 
and Mary, his wife, the eldest daughter of James, were called 
to the English throne, as king and queen of that country. 
The cause of the fugitive king was earnestly espoused by the 
French monarch, and this, principally, led to a contest between 
the two powers, known in history as King William's War, in 
which the respective colonists became involved and suffered 
terribly. 

XII. During the early part of the contest, which lasted 
from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick (riz'-wick), in 1097, the 
French and their Indian allies made expeditions against Do- 
ver, Schenectady (skc-nek'-ta-de), and other settlements in the 
northern colonies, and committed barbarities of the most 
shocking character. To check these incursions, an expedition, 
under Sir W^illiam Phipps, was dispatched by Massachusetts 
against Nova Scotia. The capture of Port Royal was easily 
accomplished, and Phipps returned to Boston with a large 
amount of booty. 

XIII. A second undertaking, of greater magnitude, was 

X. Questions. — 36. What made James II. unpopular in Massachusetts ? 37. 
What, consequently, caused great rejoicings there ? 3S. What treatment was meted 
out to Andros '? 

XI. 39. To what place did James retreat? 40. Who then was made king of 
England ? 41. Who, queen ? 42. What was the principal cause of King William's 
War? 

XIL 43. How long did the war last? 44. What places did the French and In- 
dians attack ? 45. How is Dover situated ? (See map, p. 44.) 46. How is Schenec- 
tady situated? (See map, p. 62.) 47. Give an account of Phipj)S"s expedition against 
^Tova Scotia. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



57 



planned by the New England colonies and New York, hav- 
ing for its object the conquest of Canada, though tlie pros- 
pect of plunder gave to it all the vitality it possessed. A 
large naval force, under Sir William Phipps, left Massachusetts, 
while a land expedition proceeded from New York ; but the un- 
dertaking proved a signal failure. The land troops reached the 
head of Lake Charaplain, and then, because no means of trans- 
portation were provided, turned back. The expedition by Avater 
was pushed with no more energy and dispatch, and it too failed. 

XIV. Phipps, after his return, was sent to England, for the 
purpose of procuring aid in the further prosecution of the war, 
and also to obtain for Massachusetts a restoration of the 
charter which King James had taken away. His mission, as 
regards the first purpose, was unsuccessful : as regards the 
second. King William refused to restore the old charter, but, 
instead, he gi'anted a new one, which united Massachusetts, 
Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia in one royal government, 
and upon Phipps was conferred the office of governor. 

XV. One of the very first acts of the new governor was 
the formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who 
were accused of witchcraft, the belief in which, at the time, 
prevailed among the people of Salem and neighboring towns. 
Twenty persons were put to death, more than fifty were tor- 
tured or frightened into a confession, and many suflfered im- 
prisonment. The delusion, which lasted more than six months, 
was finally dispelled, and the most of those who had partici- 
pated as prosecutors in the unrighteous work confessed their 
error; still there were some, the most prominent of whom was 
Cotton Mather, an eccentric but influential minister, who de- 
fended their course to the last. 

XIII. Questions. — iS. What second undertaking was planned? 49. "What gave 
to it its vitality ? 50. Give an account of the land expedition. 51. Of the expedition 
by water. 52. How is Lake Champlain situated ? (See map, p. 62.) 

XIV. 53. Why was Phipps sent to England ? 54. How successful was he ? 

XV. 55. What was one of the first acts of Governor Phipps ? 56. How is Sa- 
lera situated? (See map, p. 37.) 57. How many persons were put to death? 58. 
How many were tortured or frightened into a confession ? 59. What lurther ac- 
count can you give of the delusion ? 

3* 



58 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



XVI. King William's War continued to afflict the colo- 
nies, extending over a period of about eight years, till it was 
brought to a close, as before stated, by tiie treaty of 1697. 

QUEEN ANNe's WAR. 

XVII. Upon the death of James 11., which occurred in 
France, in lYOl, the French monarch acknowledged his son, 
who was then in exile, to be the lawful heir to the English 
throne. This tended to produce a spirit of resentment in 
England, where the crown had been settled upon Anne [an), 
the second daughter of James. While the English were mak- 
ing preparations for war, King William died, and Anne became 
sovereign of England. The interference of France in the mat- 
ter of tlie succession to the English crown, in connection with 
other causes, led to a war between England on the one side, 
and France and Spain on the other, which is known in Amer- 
ica as Queen Anne's War, but, in Europe, as the War of the 
Spanish Succession. 

XVIII. In consequence of a treaty of neutrality which the 
confederated tribes of Indians, commonly known as the Five 
Nations, had made with the French in Canada, New York did 
not suffer from any invasion from the north, the Five Nations 
occupying lands within that colony. The weight of the war, 
therefoi'e, fell upon the people of New England. Bodies of 
French and Indians made incursions from Canada, fell upon 
the defenceless villages, and murdered or carried into captivity 
the helpless inhabitants. 

XIX. The capture of Port Royal, in 1*710, after an unsuc- 
cessful attempt made three years before, was the most impor- 
tant event of the war. The name of the place was thereupon 



XVIL QtrKST;oN8.— 60, "W'hat cqursc (\\d the French monarch pursue, upon the 
death of James II. ? j51. How did this aflfect the English people ? 62. While prei)a- 
riftions were being made for war. what occurred? 63. What were the causes of 
Queen Anne's War? 64. By wh-at other name was the contest known ? 

XVIII. 65. How did New York escape invasion during the war ? 66. Where was 
the weight of the war felt? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 59 



changed to Annapolis, in honor of the English qnecn, and 
xVcadia was permanently annexed to the British realm. The 
contest continued about eleven years, hostilities having com- 
menced in 1702, and closed b^^ the treaty of Utrecht (u'-tirkt), 
in 1713 

KING George's war. 

XX. A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which was 
broken during the reign of George II., by King George's War. 
This contest had its origin in European dispntes, relating, prin- 
cipally, to the kingdom of Austria, and, for that reason, is 
known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succession. 

XXI. War having been declared between England and 
France in 1744, the colonial possessions were at once involv- 
ed. The most important event was the capture of Louisburg 
{loo'-c-bur[i), by a force, mostly of Xcw England troops, under 
William Pepperill, aided by an English fleet, commanded by 
Commodore Warren. The contest between the two nations 
continued about four years, and was terminated by the treaty 
of Aix-la-chapelle (dkcs-la-sha-peV), in 1748, by which all ac- 
quisitions of territory which had been made by England and 
France during the war were mutually restored. 

XIX. Questions. — 6T. What was the most important event of the war? 63. 
When was Port Royal captured? 69. What change took place in the name? 70. 
Why was the name so changed? 71. What permanent annexation was made to the 
British realm? 72. How long did the war continue? 

XX. 73. How long did peace continue after King William's War? 74. What 
war then broke out? 75. What was the cause of King George's War? 76. By 
what other name is it known ? 

XXI. 77. When was war declared? 7S. What was the most important event 
of the war? 79. How long did the war continue? 80. By what treaty was it termi- 
nated ? 81. What provision did the treaty make as regards acquisition of territory ? 



(JO 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



^^EW YOr.K 



I. Until most of the 
large bays and rivers on 
the eastern side of North 
iVmerica had been explor- 
ed, it was generally sup- 
posed that there existed 
a more direct and less 
dangerous passage by 
water, from the Atlan- 
tic to the Pacific, than 
the route around Cape 
Horn. Among those 
who entertained this be- 
lief was Henry Hud- 
son,* an English naviga- 
tor, who, actuated by the 
desire to become the for- 
tunate discoverer of such 
a passage, if any existed, 
made four voyages to the 
coast of America. 
H. In his third vovao-e, made in 1609, while sailinor in the 
service of " The Dutch East India Company," he discovered 
the river which now bears his name. Having sailed up the 
stream to the head of ship navigation, and explored it in a 
small boat for some miles further, probably as far as iVlbany, 
he returned to Europe. 

* Hudson made his fourth voyage in 1610. While in Hudson's Bay, a mutiny occurring among his men, 
he, with eight who remained ftiitht'ul to him, was put into an open boat and abandoned. Two ships were 
afterwards sent from England to malie search for him, but no tidings of the bold navigator could ever be 
gaiued. 




I. New York. — Qukstions.— 1. Who was Henry Hudson? 2. How many voy- 
ages did he make to the coast of America ? 3. What was his object ? 

II. 4. When did he discover the Hudson ? 5. In whose employ was he at the 
time? 6. How far np the Hudson did he proceed? 7. What was his object? 8. 
Who was the discoverer of the Hudson River? 



NEW YORK. 



61 




HENRY HUDSON. 



III. The Dutch, claiming 
that Hudson's discovery gave 
them a title to the country, in 
1614 built a fort on Manhat- 
tan or New York Island, and, 
in the following year, built a 
pecond fort, at Albany, which 
they called Fort Orange. Their 
claim to tcri'itory included the 
whole region from Cape Cod 
to the southern shore of Dela- 
ware Bay, though that part in their possession was the only 
portion known as New Netherlands. 

IV. The actual colonization of the country did not com- 
mence until 1623. In that year, under the auspices of a new 
organization, called "The Dutch West India Company," two 
settlements were made ; one at Fort Orange, the site of Al- 
bany, and the other on Manhattan Island, to which the name 
of New Amsterdom was given. The company offered a laro-e 
tract of land and certain privileges to every individual who 
would form a settlement of fifty persons^ This led, more than 
two centuries afterward, to very serious disturbances, known 
as the " anti-rent difficulties." 

V. New Netherlands had, in the course of time, four Dutch 
governors, the first of whom was Peter Minuits : he was suc- 
ceeded by Wouter Van Twiller, during whose administration 
a controversy was begun, occasioned by the alleged encroach- 
ments of the English on the eastern end of Long Island and 
on the Connecticut River. Sir William Kieft {keeft), the third 



III. Questions.— 9. What claim to territory did the Dutch make ? 10. When 
and where did they build two forts? 11. How is Albany situated ? (See map, p. 
62.) 12. What territory was known as New Netherlands ? 

IV. 13. When was New York first colonized by the Dutch ? 14. What settle- 
ments were then made? 15. What inducements were offered to settlers? 16. 
What difficulties followed, a long time after? 

V. 17. Give in order the names of the four successive Dutch governors of New 
Netherlands. 18. What occurred during Van Twiller^s administration? 19. What 
during Kieff s ? 20. What was Kleft's fate ? 



(j2 



COLONIAL HISTORY 



governor, involved the colony in a strife with the Swedes of 
Delaware, whose settlements he considered as encroachments 
upon New Netherlands. He also, by his unwise and inhu- 
man conduct, brought on a disastrous war with the In- 
dians, After an administration of about nine years, the West 
India Company deprived him of his office. On his return to 
Europe, the ship in which he sailed was wrecked, and the 
guilty man perished. 




VI. Peter Stuyvesant, the fourth and last of the Dutch 
governors, arrived in 1647, when he commenced a vigorous 
though often arbitrary rule. He conciliated the Indians, 
made a treaty settling boundary disputes with the English, 



VI. Questions.— 21. What did Stuyvesant accomplish ? 22. What was the con- 
sequence? 23. What (lid the pcitple desire? 24. What did they demand? 25. 
How was their demand treated? 



NEW YORK. 



63 




PETER STUYVESANT. 



gained by conquest the Swedish settlements on the Delaware, 

and by judicious regulations did 
much to encourage commerce. 
The consequence was, that many 
immigrants came from the op- 
pressed, the discontented, and 
the enterprising of other colo- 
nies and European nations ; and 
soon a body of people were 
gathered together who, notwith- 
standing all their privileges, de- 
sired other and greater ones. 
They even demanded a share in 
the government ; but Stuyvesant resisted, and his conduct was 
afterwards approved by the home government. 

yil. In 1664 Charles II., in entire disregard of the claims 
of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the 
whole region from the Connecticut River to Delaware Bay, 
and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, was sent to take possession 
of the territory. In the mean time, all that portion no^v 
known as New Jersey was sold by the duke to Lord Berke- 
ley and Sir George Carteret. 

VIII. The appearance of the English fleet before New Am- 
sterdam convinced Stuyvesant, when too late, of the impru- 
dence of his conduct in refusing the demand of the colonists. 
They, hoping to enjoy more freedom under English rule, de- 
termined to comply with Nicolls's summons to surrender; 
but Stuyvesant, faithful to his employers, the Dutch West 
India Company, declined to sign the articles of capitulation 



VII. Questions.— 26. Who was the Duke of York ? 27. From Avhom did he re 
ceiva an extensive grant? 28. When did he receive it? 29. What region was 
granted? 30. What was done to i)rooiire possession of the territory? 31. What 
disposition did the duke make of a portion of liis grant? 

VIII. 32. What mistake had Stuyvesant made ? 38. How did it prove to be a 
mistake? 34. What can you say of Stuyvesanfs subsequent conduct? 35. Wliat 
changes in names took place ? 36. Who was the first English governor of New 
York' 



04 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



until the town was actually in the possession of the English. 
The new occupants changed the name of New Amsterdam to 
New York, a name which was afterward applied to the whole 
territory under the control of the duke ; and Fort Orange 
was called Albany. Nicolls was the first English governor. 

IX. In 1673, during a war between England and Holland, 
the Dutch regained possession not only of New York, but of 
New Jersey and the settlements on the Delaware. Their 
hold, however, proved of brief duration; for, by the treaty of 
peace, made a few months after, the whole territory was re- 
stored to the British crown. To remove all doubts concern- 
ing the Duke of York's title to the lands, a new charter, con- 
firming the former grant, was given by the king, and under 
it Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor. When 
Charles II. died, his brother, the Duke of York, ascended the 
throne as James 11. But, in consequence of the arbitrary 
conduct of James, a revolution took place, the king fled to 
France, and William and Mary were proclaimed joint mon- 
archs of England. 

X. The intelligence of these proceedings in England w^ as- 
received in New York with demonstrations evincing the satis- 
faction of the people. Jacob Leisler [lice'-ler), aided by sev- 
eral hundred armed men, and with the approbation of the 
citizens generally, took possession of the fort in the name of 
the new sovereigns. Although never ofiicially recognized as 
governor, Leisler continued at the head of aftairs, managing 
with prudence and energy, for more than two years, his son-in- 
law, Milborne, acting as his deputy. Upon the arrival of 
Governor Sloughter {slaw' -lev), bearing a commission direct 



IX. Questions. — 37. What occurred in 1673? 38. How lonjr did the Dutch keep 
possession? 39. What grant was then given a second time? 40. Who succeeded 
Charles IL as king of England ? 41. What can you say of James's rule? 42. What 
was the consequence? 

X. 43. How was the news of the English revolution received in New York ? 44 
What did Leisler do? 45. How long was he the acting governor? 46. Who was his 
deputy? 47. When did Leisler surrender his authority? 48. Did this satisfy the 
enemies of LcisUr or not ? 49. What was the fate of Leisler and Milborne ? 



NEW YORK. 65 



from the English sovereigns, Leisler surrendered all authority 
into his hands. This would not satisfy the enemies of Leis- 
ler: they were bent upon his destruction. So he and Mil- 
borne were arrested, tried on a charge of treason, and con- 
demned to death. Sloughter, while drunk at a feast, signed 
the death-warrant, and both were executed. 

XI. In 1741 the Dutch church and other buildings in the 
city of New York were burned, and a house was robbed by 
slaves. Witnesses testified that the negroes had conspired to 
burn the city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a govern- 
ment of their own. An intense excitement among all classes 
followed, and before it was allayed more than thirty persons, 
condemned as having been engaged in the plot, were exe- 
cuted, and others were transported to foreign parts. Doubt- 
less a plot of some kind had existed, though the accounts of it 
were evidently greatly exaggerated, and many innocent per- 
sons were made to suifer. 

XII. The history of Nevv^ York during the next few years, 
and till the commencement of the French and Indian War, 
contains no events of much importance. During King 
George's War, which commenced in 1744 and continued near- 
ly four years, the Indians, in alliance with the French, made 
frequent incursions into the territory between Albany and 
Crown Point, and a number of skirmishes took place ; but in 
the great final struggle for territory between England and 
France, which had its beginning in 1754, New York took no 
inconsiderable part. 



XI. Questions. — 50. What took place ia 1741 ? 51. What testimony was pro- 
duced ? 52. What followed ? 53. What punishments were inflicted ? 

XII. 54. When did King George's War commence ? 55. By what name is tliat 
war known in Europe ? Ans. — As the '•'■War of the Austrian Succef<sion.'^ 50. How 
did New York sufler during King George's War? 57. How is Albany situated? 
(See map, p. 6-2.) 58. How, Crown Point? (See same map.) 59, What war broKe 
out in 1754? Ans.— The French and Indian War. 



1)6 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



NEW JEESEY. 




I. The territory of 
New Jersey was included 
ill the Dutch province of 
New Netherlands. The 
precise date of the first 
settlement within its lim- 
its is not ascertained : it 
is I'inown, however, that 
the Dutch had a trading 
settlement at Bergen as 
early as 1622 ; and, in 
1623, they built Fort 
Nassau, on the east side 
of the Delaware River, a 
few miles below Philadel- 
phia; but the settlement 
made at Elizabeth, in 
1664, by emigrants from 
Long Island, is considered 
as the beo-innino: of colo- 
nization in New Jersey. 

II. As stated in the colonial history of New York, the 
Duke of York, to whom the English king had granted, in 
1664, the whole province of New Netherlands, in the same 
year sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Car- 
teret. Philip Carteret, brother of Sir George, was the first 
governor ; and, by settling at Elizabethtown, now called 
Elizabeth, made it the first capital. 



New Jersey.— L Questions.—!. In what province was the territory of New 
Jersey included ? 2. "Where, at an early period, did the Dutch have a trading set- 
tlement 3. When did they build Fort Nassau ? 4. llow was the fort situated ? 
5. When was New Jersey first colonized ? 6. At what place? 7. By whom? 

II. 8. How did Berkeley and Carteret acquire New Jersey ? 



NEW JERSEY. Qfj 



HI. The liberal constitution published by the proprietors 
by which it was provided that no rents for the use of lands 
would be required for the space of five years, induced manv 
persons to settle. The attempt to collect the rents, after the 
five years, produced a great deal of ill feeling, especially 
among those who had purchased lands of the Indians they 
asserting that a deed from the aborigines was superior to 
any other title. After disputing about two years, the settlers 
revolted and elected James Carteret, a dissolute son of Sir 
George, governoi*. 

IV. After the Dutch had resigned possession of New Neth- 
erlands by treaty stipulations, in 1674, New Jersey, a portion 
of the territory so given up, was again granted to the Duke of 
York In disregard of the rights of Berkeley aud Carteret, 
the duke appointed Andros governor over the entire reunited 
province, but afterward agreed to restore New Jersey to the 
ngh^tful proprietors. This promise he only partially per- 

V. Berkeley having sold his interest in the proprietorship 
of New Jersey to Edward Byllinge (bir-lin^e), an English 
(c^uaker, the purchaser, in consequence of pecuniary en^bar- 
rassment, made an assignment to William Penn and two other 
Quakers. The proprietors then divided the whole territory 
into two portions, Carteret taking the eastern, which there- 
after was known as East Jersey, and the Quakers takin^r the 
^vestern, known as West Jersey. In 1682 New Jersey be- 
came the exclusive property of Quakers, William Penn and 
eleven of his brethren having, in that year, purchased the 
eastern division. 

as the consequence When an atten.pt was n.ade to collect therenis' 11 I u 
disputing two years, what did the people do ? ' 

timl; Is W?T ''' ''v ,''"''' "' ^^""' ^'' possession of New Jersey a second 
Zl' ^^^*^---'-l'<l the duke then perpetrate? U Did he perLt in the 

V 15 What did Berkeley do with his interest in New Jersey? U Wlrxt did 
B3 l.nge do with his? IT. What division was then „.ade of the territly s 
^ hat was the condition of things, as regards ownership, in 16S2 ? 



68 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 




YI. When the Duke of York, as James II., ascended the 
throne of England, in seeking to annul the colonial charters, 
he placed New Jersey under the jurisdiction of Andros ; but 
the revolution in England, and the expulsion of the tyrannical 
2;overnor from America, put an end to the obnoxious rule. 
The Jerseys were in an unsettled condition until the proprie- 
tors, in 1*702, surrendered their powers of government to the 
crown. The two provinces were then united, and for thirty- 
six years New Jersey was a gubernatorial dependency of New 
York, with a distinct legislative assembly of its own. In 1 Yo8 
the connection was severed forever, and from that time to the 
Revolution New Jersey was a separate royal province. 

VI. Questions. — 19. How did the Duke of York, as James II., act towards New 
Jersey? 20. What proceeding put an end to the obnoxious rule? 21. What can 
you say of the subsequent condition of New Jersey? 22. What connection after- 
ward existed between New York and New Jersey? 23. What can you say of the 
subsequent colonial history of New Jersey? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 69 

RBYIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGK 

1. When did the New England colonies form a union ? 52 

2. Which of the colonies was not admitted to the union ?. 52 

3. Give an account of the troubles thai commenced in 1656. . . 52, 53 

4. What were the names of Massasoit's two sons? 53 

5. What led to the conflict known as King Phihp's War? . , . , . .53, 54 

6. When and how was the war begun ? 54 

7. Give an account of Philip's subsequent career, 54, 55 

8. Give the colonial history of Maine 55 

9. In what did the conduct of Massachusetts displease King James ? 55 

10. What appointment did Andros receive from the King ? 55, 56 

11. What war of European origin broke out in 1689? 56 

12. How did the French carry on the war in America ? 56 

13. IIow did the English, under Phipps, retaliate ? 56 

14. Give an account of the attempt to conquer Canada 56, 57 

15. On what mission was Phipps afterwards sent?. 57 

16. What was the result of his efforts in England ? 57 

17. Give an account of the "witchcraft delusion" 57 

18. When and by what treaty was King William's War closed?. 56, 58 

19. In how many years after did the next war break out ? 58 

20. What were the causes of Queen Anne's War ? 58 

21. What important capture did the English make in 1710? . . . .58, 59 

22. What country was then called Acadia? 19 

23 When did Queen Anne's War begin and end ? 59 

24. By what war was the peace of the colonies next disturbed?. ... 59 

25. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg 59 

26. When did King George's War begin and end ? 59 

27. What did the English do with Louisburg at the close of the war? 59 

28. When and by whom was the Hudson River discovered ? 60 

29. What was Hudson's object in exploring the river?. 60 

30. By what right did the Dutch claim the region explored? 61 

31. When did the Dutch commence to colonize New Netherlands?. 61 

32. What can you state of Peter Minuits ? 61 

33. By whom was he succeeded iu the office of governor? 61 

34. What account can you give of Kieft's rule and fate ? 61, 62 

35. By whom was Kieft succeeded in the office of governor ? 62 

36. Give an account of what occurred in 1664 63, 64 

37. Give an account of the Leisler and Milborne troubles 64, 65 

38. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey 66 

39. What connection did Ponnhave with the history of New Jersey ? 67 

40. During what period were New York and New Jersey united?. 68 

41. When afterward was New Jersey a separate province? 68 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



MAEYLANI). 

I. By the ciiarter 
granted to the London 
Company in 1G09, the 
limits of Virginia were ex- 
tended, and embraced all 
the territory now forming 
the States of Maryland, 
A^'irginia, and Xorth Caro- 
lina. The dissolution of 
the company having been 
effected in 1624, the 
whole region became the 
property of the crown. 

II. In 1631, William 
Clayborne obtained from 
Charles I. a license to 
traffic with the Indians. 
Under this authority, 
which was afterward con- 
firmed by the Governor of Virginia, he established two trad- 
ing-posts : one on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, and the other 
at the mouth of the Susquehanna; but the permanent settle- 
ment of Maryland was accomplished by other agencies. 

III. Influenced by a desire to provide an asylum for Catho- 
lics, then persecuted in England, Sir George Calvert, a Roman 




Makylanp.— I. Questions.— 1. Was Maryland once a part of Virginia ? 2. What 
other State Avas also a part ? 3. When and how did they become such? 4. When 
and by whom was the right to make divisions of the whole region afterward ac- 
quired ? 

II. 5. What license did Clayborne obtain ? 6. What did he do under its authority ? 
7. How is Kent Island situated? (See map, p. 24.) S. Describe the Susquehanna 
Iliver. (See map, p. 85.) 9. "What large city is situated southwest from the mouth 
of the Susquehanna? (See same map.) 

III. 10. Who was Sir George Carteret ? 11. For what did he apply to the king? 
12. What desire influenced him? 13. Why was the charter issued to his son ? 



MARYLAND. 



71 




Catholic nobleman, whose title 
was Lord Baltimore, applied for a 
charter to establish a colony in 
America. King Charles re'adily 
jigreed to make the grant, but be- 
fore the document received the 
royal seal, Calvert died. It was 
then issued to Cecil [se'-sil) Cal- 
vert, son of Sir GeorgC, who, by 
the death of his fatlier, inherited 
the title of Lord Baltiuiore. 

TTT rni • 1 i. J.1 J LORD BALTIMORE (SECOND). 

IV. ihis charter was the most 
liberal one, in every respect, that had thus far been granted 
by the English crown. It secured to emigrants equality in 
religious rights and civil freedom, and made the government 
of the colony independent of that of England. It also pro- 
vided that no tax should be levied upon the colonists by the 
crown, and that no law should be established without the 
sanction of the freemen or their deputies. The province was 
called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. 

Y. The first body of emigrants sent by Lord Baltimore con- 
sisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman Catholics. 
Leonai'd Calvert, brother of the lord proprietary, who con- 
ducted them from England, became the first governor. They 
arrived in 1634, and at once commenced a settlement, which 
they anticipated would become a great city, calling it St. 
Mary's.* 

VI. Clayborne, from the first, claimed Kent Island, and re- 
fused to submit to the authority of the governor. Having 
determined to defend his claim by force of arms, a severe 
skirmish took place, in which his party suffered defeat. Clay- 



trace of the settle 



3w remains. 



IV. Questions.— 14. Whut is said of tlie charter ? 15. Name four of its pro- 
visions. 16. What is said of the colony's name ? 

V. 17. When, where, and by whom was Maryland settled? 

VI. 18. What claim did Clayborne insist upon ? 19. Give an account of the skir- 
mish that followed. 20. What further account can you give of Clayborne ? 



2 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



borne himself had fled to Virginia just previous to the battle, 
but the Maryland Assembly having declared him guilty of 
treason, the Governor of Virginia sent the fugitive to England 
for trial. 

VII. His claim was refused ; but, being acquitted of the 
charo-e of treason, he returned to Maryland, and, in 1645, in- 
cited a rebellion, in the course of which lie made himself 
complete master of the province, and compelled the governor, 
in his turn, to fly into Virginia. In the following year, how- 
ever, Calvert appeared at the head of a military force and 
recovered possession. 

VIII. After the governor's resumption of office, the assem- 
bly enacted a law known as the " Toleration Act," which 
secured the free exercise of religious opinions to all persons 
professing belief in Jesus Christ. Although, by the terms of 
the charter, religious freedom was guaranteed to every indi- 
vidual, yet, by the passage of this act, the guarantee received 
the sanction of law. 

IX. During the supremacy of Cromwell and the Puritans 
in England, Parliament appointed commissioners, of whom 
Clayborne was one, to administer the government of the 
colony. An act of the assembly declared that Catholics were 
not entitled to the protection of the laws of Maryland : this 
led to a civil war between the Catholics, who adhered to the 
proprietor, and the Protestants, who sided with Parliament. 
After Cromwell's death the rights of Lord Baltimore were 
restored, and, for nearly thirty years, the colony enjoyed re- 
pose. 

X. Upon the death of the second Lord Baltimore, his son, 
Charles Calvert, inherited his title and became the proprietor 
of the province. He retained possession until 1691, when 

YII. Questions. — 21. Give an account of "Claybornc's Eebellion." 
VIIL 22. Of the Toleration Act. 

IX. 23. How did Cla3^b()rne get to be a commissioner to administer the affairs 
of Maryland? 24. Give an account of the civil war. 25. What change took placa 
after the death of Cromwell ? 

X. 26. What further can you state of the colonial history of Maryland ? 



PENNSYLVANIA. 73 

King William constituted Maryland a royal province, in 
which condition it continued for a space of more than twenty 
years. Finally, in 1 7 1 5, the proprietor's rights were restored 
to his infant heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland 
remained a proprietary government from that time till the 
Revolution. 



PEJSrjsrSYLYANIA. 



part 



I. In the early 
of 1681, William Penn^ 
whom we have already 
spoken of in the liistory 
of Xew Jersey, actuated 
by a desire to found a 
colony where civil and 
religious liberty would be 
enjoyed, and where the 
people might dwell to- 
gether in the bonds of 
peace, obtained from 
Charles IL, in payment of 
a debt due to his father, 
a grant of all the territory 
within the present limits 
of Pennsylvania. The 
permanent settlement of 
the colony dates from 
the founding of Philadel- 
phia,! in 1682, by Penn, 




^^♦^ William Penn was born in London, in 1614 He died at Rusrombe, Berkshire County, England, in 

t Philadelphia, signifying brotherly love, though the name of a city in Asia Minor, was so called hy 
1 cnn because of its nitnnsic s o-nificanrft. ' ^ 



itrinsic significance 



Pennsylvania.— I. Questions.— 1. What j::rant of laml was made in 16S1 ? 2. 
What was Penn's ruling desire ? 3. Wlien was Pennsylvania settled? 4. At what 
place ? 5. Where and by whom had previous settlements been made ? 

4 



14: 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



thongli small settlements of Swedes had been previously made 
on the Island of Tmicum and on the ^vestern bank of the 
Delaware. 

II. In addition to the grant from King Charles, Penn be- 
came, by purchase and grant from the Duke of York, the 
proprietor of all that section now constituting the State of 
Delaware: this, he called the "Territories" or the "Three 
Lower Counties on the Delaware." As the natural conse- 
quence of these two grants being made to the same party, all 
the territory embraced in both was united under one govern- 
ment. 

III. Penn's arrival in America was greeted by the settlers 
of Delaware, and those whom he had sent to Pennsylvania 
in the previous year, 1681, with great enthusiasm; and, after 
several meetings for conference with the Indians, he made his 
famous treaty with the " red men" beneath a wide-spreading 
elm, at a place now called Kensington, a suburb of Philadel- 
phia, and paid them for their lands. This treaty was " never 
sworn to and never broken." 

IV. His treatment of the 
Swedes on the Delaware was 
also marked by a spirit of liber- 
ality. To them he gave assu- 
rances that they should not be 
molested in their religion or 
laws. The wisdom of his 
course toward the Indians, as 
well as of his government gen- 
erall}^ was soon apparent, for 
the colony had a more rapid 
and peaceful growth than any other in America. 

II. Questions. — 6. What territory was added to Penn's j urisdiction ? T. How 
was it so added? 8. What name did Penn give to the territory acquired from the 
Duke of York ? 

III. 9. How was Penn received in America? 10. Wliat took place at Kensing- 
ton ? 11. Where is Kensington ? 12. What statement is made respecting the treaty ? 

IV. 13. How did Penn treat the Swedes? 14. What assurances did he give them ? 
15, What was soon apparent? 16. How was it made apparent? 




WILLIAM 



PENNSYLVANIA. V5 



V. After devoting himself zealously for two years to his 
duties, he intrusted his government to a council, and, termi- 
nating his first visit to America by sailing for England, left 
a. prosperous colony behind of seven thousand persons. After 
a lapse of fifteen years he made a second visit to Pennsylva- 
nia ; but during his absence the " Three Lower Counties on 
the Delaware" had become dissatisfied and withdrawn from 
the union. In England he had been imprisoned on account of 
his supposed adherence to the cause of James II., the deposod 
king, and the government of his province had been conferred 
upon Colonel Fletcher, the Governor of New York, who re- 
united Delaware to Pennsylvania. 

YI. Penn found his colonists discontented and clamorous for 
greater political privileges. He thereupon offered them a new 
frame of government, more libei'al than the former one, which 
the people of Pennsylvania gladly accepted ; but the Delaware 
colonists declined it, declaring that they preferred to exist as 
an independent colony. Their preference was so far acquiesced 
in, as to allow them an assembly of their own. 

YII. Penn directed his attention to various reforms, havino; 
reference, especially, to the condition of the Indians and ne- 
groes ; but his plans were arrested by tidings from England of 
a ministerial project for abolishing all the proprietary govern- 
ments in America. Deeming his presence in England neces- 
sary to the defeat of the project, he sailed from the colony in 
1701, and never visited it again. 

A^III. Upon his death, which occurred in l7lS, he left his 
American possessions to his three sons, who continued to ad- 
minister the government, most of the time by deputies, until 
the Revolution, when their claims were purchased by the com- 
monwealth of Pennsvlvania. 



V. Questions.— 17. What was the lonirth of IVnii's first visit to America? IS. 
How many colonists were there then in Pennsylvania? 19. When did he again 
visit Pennsylvania? 20. What had occurred during his absence? 

VI. 21. How did Penn find his colonists? 22. What did he offer them? 23. Did 
they accept his offer? 24. What was done as regards Delaware ? 

VII. 25. To what did Penn direct his attention? 26. What arrested his plans ? 
27. What followed ? VIII. 28. Give the subsetjuent colonial history of Pennsylvania. 



V6 



COLONIAL HISTORY, 



DEL A WAEE 




X. The settlement of 
Delaware may be said to 
have its origin in the de- 
sire of Gustavus Adol- 
pliiis, the renowned king 
of Sweden, to found a 
free colony in the Xew 
World for all persecuted 
Christians. His death 
occurring before the pro- 
ject was undertaken, a 
delay of several years fol- 
lowed; but finally a char- 
ter was granted by the 
government of that coun- 
try to the Swedish AYest 
India Company. 

II. In 1638 a body of 
about fifty emigrants, 
sent out by the com- 
pany, arrived at Cape Ilenlopen. After purchasing of the In- 
dians all the lands from the Cape to the Falls of the Delaware, 
at Trenton, they erected a fort and commenced a settle- 
ment on Christiana Creek, near Wilmington. The territory 
thus purchased they called New Sweden, and, under the di- 
rection of Peter Minuits, a former governor of New Nether- 
lands, settlements were multiplied and contentment prevailed. 
III. The Dutch of New Netherlands were far from lookinor 



Delaware. — I. Questions. — 1. What was the origin of the settlement of Dela- 
ware ? 2. What charter was granted ? 

II. 3. When was Delaware settled ? 4. What purchase of lands did the Swedes 
make? 5. How is Cape Henlopen situated? (See map, p. 24.) 6. In what part of 
Delaware Is Wilmington situated ? (See map, p. 24.) 7. What did the Swedes call 
their territory ? 8. Who was the first governor of New Sweden ? 



DELAWARE. 77 



upon these proceedings with favor. They protested against, 
what they considered, the intrusion upon their teri'itory, and 
menaced the settlements with destruction ; but the Swedes, 
anxious to retain their possessions, heeded neither protest nor 
menace. On Tinicum Island, situated a few miles below Phila- 
delphia, they built a fort, and there established the capital of 
the pi'ovince. A fort which the Dutch afterward constructed, 
near their settlement on Christiana Creek, they destroyed. 

IV. In revenge for these defiant measures, Stuyvesant, then 
governor of New Netherlands, with a force of more than six 
hundred men, proceeded, in 1655, against the Swedes, sub- 
jected them to the authority of Holland, and thus put an end 
to Swedish power in America. 

V. The Dutch retained possession of Delaware till they, in 
turn, were overpowered by the English, in 1664. From that 
time till 1682 it was connected with the province of New 
York. By the grant made to William Penn, in 1682, Dela- 
ware was joined to the government of Pennsylvania, and the 
connection existed, with more or less closeness, until the Revo- 
lution. 



III. Questions.— 9. How did the Dutch look upon the Swedish settlements ? 10. 
What can you say of their protests and menaces? 11. What did the Swedes do at 
Tinicum Island ? 12. How is Tinicum Island situated ? (See map, p. 68.) 

IV. 13. What did Stuyvesant do ? 14. When was the colony of New Sweden 
broken up ? 

y. 15. How long did the Dutch retain possession of Delaware? IG. What further 
account of the colony can you give ? 



V8 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

I. The earliest at- 
tempts to settle Xorth 
Carolina, as l)ef(jro de- 
scribed, were made by 
parties of English emi- 
grants, sent ont by Sir 
Walter Raleigh, in 1585 
and 1587. The whole 
region extending from 
Albemarle Sonnd to the 
St. John's River in Flori- 
da, and designated as 
Carolina, was granted, in 
1630, to Sir Robert 
Heath ; bnt as he made 
no attempts at coloniza- 
tion, or at least none that 
were snccessfal, the grant 
was subsequently declar- 
ed forfeited. 

II. In 16G3 this same territory was granted by Charles 11. 
to Lord Clarendon and seven other noblemen of England. 
Previous to this, in or about 1650, a number of emigrants 
from Virginia had made a settlement upon the Chowan River, 
near the present village of Edenton, which was afterward 
called " The Albemarle County Colony." After the grant to 
Clarendon and his associates had been made, it was discover- 




NoRTn AND South Carolixa.— I. Questions. — 1. When and by whom were the 
first attempts made to settle North Carolina ? 2. What grant was made in 1630? 
3. Why was it aftt^rward declared forfeited ? 

II. 4. What grant was made in 16G;3'? 5. When, where, and by whom was North 
Carolina settled ? 6. Describe the Chowan River? (See map, p. 79.) 7. How is 
Edenton situated? (See same map.) 8. Whieh colony was called the "Albe- 
marle County Colony ?" 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 



79 



ed that the settlement upon the Chowan was outside of the 
northern boundary of the province : a new grant was therefore 
given, by which the limits of Carolina were extended from 
Virginia to the middle of Florida. 




Savamialj. 
Sunhurv 



III. A second settlement was made in Xorth Carolina, pre- 
vious to the grant to Clarendon and otlicrs, by a band of New 
England adventurers. This was near Wilmington ; but as it did 
not prosper it was soon abandoned. In 1665 a company of 
planters, from Barbadoes, founded a permanent settlement not 
far from the site of the former one near Wilmington, which 
was afterwards called " The Clarendon County Colony." 

IV. As it was anticipated by Clarendon and the other 
proprietors that Carolina would become a powerful empire, 



III. Questions. — 9. What is saul of a second settlement in Noith Carolina? 
10. Of the " Clarendon County Colony ?" 

IV. 11. What anticipation did Clarendon and his associates entertain? 12. 
What, therefore, did they decide upon ? 18. What accordingly was done? TL Haw 
did the constitution work ? 



80 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



they decided to have a form of government adequate to the 
grandeur of their anticipation. Accordingly, a constitution 
was prepared by the Earl of Shaftesbury, a statesman of 
abihty, and John Locke, the eminent philosopher ; but, as 
might have been expected, it proved unsatisfactory to the 
colonists, not being suited to their circumstances ; and, after a 
strife of more than twenty years, it was repealed. 

Y. The earliest at- 
tempt to plant a colony 
iu South Carolina was 
made by the Huguenots 
at Port Royal entrance, 
as before stated, in 1562. 
In 1670, more tlian a 
century after, a colony 
was founded on the west- 
ern bank of the Ashley 
River, near its mouth, 
which, in honor of one of 
the grantees of Carolina, 
was called " The Carteret 
County Colony." In the 
course of time most of 
" The Clarendon Coun- 
ty " settlers removed to 
the southern colony, and 
thus, as only two colonies 
remained in Carolina, the northern one was designated as 
North Carolina, while the other was known as South Caro- 
lina. 

VI. The people of the southern colony, in a few years, came 
to the conclusion that the site of their settlement had not 




V. Questions.— 15. What was the first attempt to settle South Carolina? 16. 
"When, where, and by -vvhoin was South Carolina settled ? 17. What name was sriven 
to the colony ? IS. What took i)lace in the course of time ? 19. IIow did North 
and South Cai-olina come by their names ? 



GEORGIA. 81 



been well chosen, and that a location at the junction of the 
Cooper and Ashley Rivers would give them better facilities 
for commerce. Acting upon this conviction, they abandoned 
their first settlements, after an occupancy there of ten years, 
and, in 1680, laid the foundation of their new town, calling it 
Charleston, in honor of Charles II., King of England. 

VII. In 1729 Carolina was sold to the King of England, 
and then sepai'ated into North and South Carolina. From 
that time till the Revolution they were royal provinces. 



GEOKGIA. 



I. The territory of Georgia, it will be recollected, was in- 
cluded in the grant of Carolina, made in 1663, to Clarendon 
and others. After a period of sixty-six years it again became 
the property of the crown, at which time it was still a wilder- 
ness, unoccupied except by savage tribes. 

IT. Though claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, the 
English king, George IL, disregarded the claim, and, in 1732, 
granted to a corporation of twenty-one trustees, for twenty- 
one years, all that tract between the Savannah and Altamaha 
{cd-ta-ma-haw') Rivers, which, in honor of the king, was called 
Georgia. The object of the corporation was to provide an 
asylum in America for the destitute of England, the grant 
being " in trust for the poor." 

YI. Questions. — 20. "What did the people of the southern colony conclude upon, 
in the course of time ? 21. How long did they stop at the first place settled ? 22. 
When was Charleston settled ? 23. How is Charleston situateii ? (See map, p. 79.) 

YII. 24. What took place in 1729 ? 25. What is said of tho subsequent colonial 
history of the two Caroliuas ? 

Georgia. — I. 1. In what grant was the territory of Georgia at first included ? 
2. How long did it remain as a part of that grant? 3. AVhat did it then become ? 

II. 4. What claim was set up by Spain ? 5. Notwithstanding the claim, what was 
done by the English king? 6. Describe the Savannah River. (See map, p. 79.) 
7. The Altamaha. (See map of Georgia.) 8. Why was Georgia so called ? 9. What 
was the object of the corporation ? 

4* 



82 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



III. The first settle- 
ment was made in 1733, 
the year after the grant, 
by one hundred and 
twenty persons, under 
the guidance of James 
Oglethorpe ^ {o'-gl- 
thorp)^ a member of the 
British Parliament, one 
of the trustees, and gov- 
ernor of the colony. On 
a high bluff overlooking 
a river, the foundation of 
a town was laid, which 
received the name of 
Savannah. 

lY. The colony made 
rapid increase in num- 
bers, but, owing to the 
poverty of the settlers, 
and to their being unac- 
customed to habits of industry, as also to the impolitic regu- 
lations established by the trustees, it did not grow much in 
wealth. Oglethorpe made two visits to England : in the first, 
returning with about three hundred emigrants ; and in the 
second, with a regiment of six hundred men for the defense 
of the southern frontier, which was threatened by the Span- 
iards. 

V. In consequence of the conflicting claims to territor}^ 




General James Oglethorpe was born in England, in 1688. He died there in 1785. 



III. Questions.— 10. "When and where was Georgia settled? 11. Who was Ogle- 
thorpe? 12. How is Savannah situated? (See map, p. 79.) 

IV". 13. What is said of the colony's growth in population ? 14. Of its growth in 
wealth? 15. How many visits did Ogk-thorpe make to England? 16. AVhom did 
he bring with him on his first return to the colony? 17. Whom, on his second? 
18. Why did he bring the regiment? 



GEORGIA. 



83 




and daring a war between Eng- 
land and France, the colonists be- 
came involved in hostilities with 
their Spanish neighbors. An ex- 
pedition, under Oglethorpe, in- 
vaded Florida to go against St. 
Augustine, but returned unsuc- 
cessful. In 1742, two years after, 
this invasion was retaliated, and a 
Spanish fleet, with a large number 
of men, appeared at the mouth of 
the Altamaha River. The troops 
landed, captured one fort, and were proceeding against another, 
situated on St. Simon's Island, when, by a stratagem conceived 
by Oglethorpe, they became alarmed, retreated to their ship- 
ping, and sailed for Florida. 

VI. Peace was soon after restored ; but, thouofh the colonists 
were free from one source of trouble, they were not satisfied 
with the rule of the corporation. This state of things, never- 
theless, existed until 1752, when, wearied with their trouble- 
some charge, the trustees surrendered their charter to the 
crown, and Georgia became a royal province. 



JAMES OGLETHORPE. 



V. Questions. — 19. What was the cause of the hostility between the people of 
Georgia and Florida? 20. Give an account of the expedition against St. Augus- 
tine. 21. How is St. Augustine situated? (See map, p. 9 ) 22. Give an account of 
the retaliativeexpedition. 23. How is St. Simon's Island situated? 

VI. 24. How did the colonists feel after the war? 25. How long did the trustees 
continue to rule ? 26. What took place then ? 



REYIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give the history of Maryland previous to 1631 70 

2. What tradmg ports did Clayborne establish? 70 

3. Give some account of Sir George Calvert 70, 71 

4. What grant was made to Cecil Calvert? 71 

5. What liberal provisions did the charter contain? „ 71 

6. Give an account of the first settlement 71 



84 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

"7 "What trouble did Clayborne give to the colon j ?...., ^l 

8. Give an account of Clayborne up to the year 1G45 11, 72 

9. What success did he have against Governor Calvert? 72 

10. "What liberal act was passed by the Maryland Assembly? 72 

11. What intoleration was shown by a subsequent assembly ? 72 

12. Give a history of the ownership of Maryland 70, 71, 72, T3 

13. "What grant of land did Charles II. make to William Penn ? . . . 73 

14. Was the grant a gift, or did Penn pay for it ? 73 

15. What settlement was made in the year 1 682 ? "73 

IG, What people had previously settled in Pennsylvania? '74 

17. How did Penn acquire the territory of Delaware ? 74 

18. By what two names did Penn call Delaware ? 74 

19. How did Penn treat tlio Indians, as regards their land ? 74 

20. What treatment did tiio Swedes receive at his hands? 74 

21. What was the consequence of his righteous course ?..... 74 

22. What did Penn do after being two years in America? 75 

23. How many years did he remain from his colony ? 75 

24. What had caused him to remain away so long? 75 

25. Why did he leave the colony again in 1701 ? . . , 75 

26. After Penn's death, to whcm did he leave his colony? 75 

27. How were the claims of Penn's heirs afterward disposed of?... 75 

28. Who was Gustavus Adolphus ? , 76 

29. What desire, with reference to colonization, did he have ? 70 

30. When was his desire carried out ? 76 

31. What account can you give of Peter Minuits ?..... 61, 76 

32. Where did the Swedes settle, and locate their capital ? 76, 77 

33. Give an account of the expedition against the Swedes 77 

34. What can you tell of the subsequent history of Delaware?. ... 77 

35. What were the first attempts to settle North Carohna?. .21, 22, 78 

36. Give an account of "The Albemarle County Colony." 78, 79 

37. Give an account of " The Clarendon County Colony." 79 

38.' AVhat was done to make Carohna a powerful empire ? 79, 80 

39. Give an account of the first attempt to settle South Carolina. . . 20 

40. Give an account of " The Carteret County Colony." iO 

41. What change was made in the South Carolina Colony in 1G80?. 81 

42. When was Carolina separated into two provinces? 81 

43. During what period did Georgia belong to Clarendon & Co. ?. . . 81 

44. During what subsequent period did it belong to the king? 81 

45. What can you say of the grant made in 1732 ? 81 

46. In what year was Georgia first settled ? 82 

47. Who was the leading man in the settlement of Georgia ? S3 

48. Give an accoimt of Oglethrope's expedition southward 83 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



So 



AlillltLliUl- 



SHOWINGTHE LOCATION 

Ojr SOME OF THE 

MOST ItWPORTANT EVENTS 

Of TKE 

FRENCH fir !NDI AN WAR 

1%. 




{Questions to he cvmivered from the ahove map.) 
How is Williamsburg situated ? Wliere was Fort Le Ba?uf? In what diruction 
did Washington travel, in going from Williamsburg to Fort Le Bojuf '? What two 
rivers, uniting, form the Ohio ? Where did Fort Duquesne stand ? What two fortf; 
were on Lake Champlain? Where was Fort William Henry ? Fort Oswego ? Fort 
Niagara? Fort Schuyler? FortEdM-ard? Fort Venango? Fort Necessity ? 



86 



SECTIOlSr III. 

THE FEE^^CH AND INDIAN WAE. 

1- Although the boundaries between the British and French 
possessions in iVmerica had been, for more than a quarter of a 
century, a subject of dispute, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
made in 1748, left them still undefined. 

II. The English, basing their title upon tlie discoveries 
made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from New- 
foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pa- 
cific. The French claimed all the interior portion adjacent to 
the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and their tributaries, 
upon the ground that they had been the first to explore and 
occupy it; and, the better to secure their claim, they erected 
forts at various places through this region, so as to make a 
complete chain of defenses from Nova Scotia to the month 
of the Mississippi. 

III. In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war broke 
out between England and her colonies on the one side, and 
France and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the 
other, which is generally known as " The French and Indian 
War," or " The Old French War." It was a contest for ter- 
ritory and dominion in America. 

EVENTS OP 1753. I 

I. The first hostile act, it was alleged, was perpetrated by 
the French. They seized three British traders, whom they 

French amd Indian War. — I. Questions. — 1. When was the treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle made? 2. W^hat had been for many years previous a subject of dispute? 
3. In what condition did the treaty leave the boundaries ? 

II, 4. What territory did the English claim ? 5. What, the French? 6. Upon 
what did the English base their claim? 7. What was the ground of the French 
claim ? S. What measures did the French adopt in order to secure their claim ? 

III. 9. What was the cause of the French and Indian War? 10. By what other 
name is the war also known? 11. What was the war a contest for? 

Events of 1753. — I. 1. By whom was the first hostile act of the war committed ? 
2. Give an account of it. 3. How is Erie situated ? (See map, p. 86.) 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



87 



rco-arded as intruders upon their territory, and im- 

. 1753 
prisoned them at Presque Isle [pres keel), now Erie, 

situated in the northwestern extremity of Pennsylvania. 

II. At the time of this event, there was in existence an 
organization which had been chartered in 1749, four years 
before, by the name of " The Ohio Company. ^^ This associ- 
ation consisted of gentlemen, principally Virginians, who had 

obtained from the Kino- of EnMand a o-rant of six hundred 

o o o 

thousand acres of land, on and near the Ohio River, for the 
purpose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians and of 
settling the country. 

III. The French saw, in the formation of the Ohio Corn- 
pan}^, a systematic scheme, the first, perhaps, in a series of 
similar ones, to deprive them of their possessions, and, as a 
consequence, of their traffic and inilnence among the Indians: 
hence their seizure and imprisonment of the three traders ; 
hence, too, the vast preparations for hostile contingencies 
which they began to make, not the least of which was the 
erection of forts between the Alleghany River and Lake Erie. 

IV. The Ohio Company, on learning of these hostile meas- 
ures, laid their complaints before the lieutenant-governor of 
Virginia, Robert Dinwiddle. As the grant to the company 
was within the original charter limits of Virginia, and as, per- 
haps for no less a reason, the lieutenant-governor was a stock- 
holder in the concern, the complaints were listened to with a 
willing ear. 

V. It was at once determined to send a letter to the French 
commander, remonstrating against the aggressive acts of his 



II. Questions. — 1. Give an account of the origin, composition, and purposes 
of the Ohio Company. 

III. 5. How did the French regard the Ohio Company ? 6. How then did the 
French justify their seizure of the three traders? T. Where did they erect forts to 
oppose the Ohio Company ? S. What three forts were erected between the Aile- 
ghtmy River and Lake Erie? Ann. — One at Presque Isle, and (for the other two see 
map, p 85.) 

IV". 9. To whom did the Ohio Company complain ? 10. Why did the governor 
listen to their complaints? 



88 FRENCH AND INDIAN \yAR. 

men, and demanding their withdrawal from the territory. This 
message was intrusted to George Washington, then a young 
man not twenty-two years of age, who had, by the manner in 
which he had discharged the duties of adjutant-general of one 
of the districts of Virginia, acquired a reputation for prudence 
and ability. 

VI. Washington set out on his mission on the last day of 
October, 1 753, from Williamsburg, then the capital of Virginia. 
After a difficult and dangerous journey of four hundred miles, 
more than half of which was through a wilderness inhabited 
by hostile Indians, he reached Fort Venango (ve-nang' -go) , 
whence he ^vas conducted to Fort Le Boeuf (buf). Here he 
found St. Pierre (pe-are'), the French commander. 

VII. St. Pz^rre's reply was also by letter. He stated, in 
substance, that he could not leave the territory, as he was act- 
ing by the orders of his superior officer, the Marquis du Quesne 
{Jcane), Governor-general of Canada, whose head-quarters were 
at Montreal {inont-re-auV). 

EVENTS OF 1754. 
I. After an absence of eleven weeks, during which he en- 
countered on his journey severe hardships, amid snow, icy 
floods, and hostile Indians, Washington reached Williams- 
burg and delivered St. Pierre's letter to Dinwiddie. This 
document, and the report which Washington made of the ex- 

V. Questions. — 11. What did Dinwiddie at onco determine upon? 12. To 
whom was the message intrusted ? 13. How old was Washington at the time '? 14. 
What military position had he held? 15. How had he discharged its duties? 

VI. 16. When and from what place did Washington set out? 17. Give an account 
of the journey to Fort Le Boeuf. IS How was. Fort Venango situated? (See map, 
p. 85.) 19. What village now occupies the site of Fort Venango? Ans. — Franklin. 
20. How is Fort Le Bauf situated? (See map, p. 85.) 21. What village now occu- 
pies the site of Fort Le Boeuf? Am.— Waterford. 22. Where did he find the 
French commander? 23. What was the commander's name? 

VII. 24. Did St. Pierre return a verbal or written reply? 25. What did he state 
in the letter? 26. How is Montreal situated? (See map, p. 85.) 

Events of 1754. — I. 1. How long was Washington absent on his mission? 2. 
Give an account of his homeward journey. 3. What report did he make ? 4. Of 
what were Dinwiddie and his council convinced? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 89 

tensive warlike preparations he had discovered on ^ 
his journey, convinced the lieutenant-governor and 
his council that the French were intending to penetrate the 
territory of Virginia and take military possession. No time 
was therefore to be lost. 

II. At the confluence of the x\lleQ;hany and Monongahela 
Rivers the Ohio Company commenced the consti'uction of a 
fort; and an expedition, of which Washington, at first second 
in command, soon became chief, was sent to protect the work- 
men, assist in the building, and afterwards to garrison the 
place. 

III. But the French were too quick for the English : before 
the fort was half completed, a strong force, augmented greatly 
by Indians, had come from Venango and summoned the men 
there to surrender. What could the English do? Less than 
forty in number, they capitulated and withdrew. The French 
completed the works, and called the place Fort Duquesne. 

IV. Washington, it will he seen, did not reach the fort. 
Learning that it had fallen into the hands of the enemy, and 
that a strong force was marching to intercept him, he fell back 
and took a position in a place called the Great Meadows. 
Here word came to him that a detachment of the French had 
advanced to within a few miles of his position, where they were 
skulking, evidently with hostile intent. With the determination 
of forestalling their design, he sallied forth, came upon the 
foe by surprise, and, in the contest that followed, killed or 
captured all but one,— their conunander, Jumonville (zhoo- 
mong-vecl'), being among the slain. 



II. QtrESTiONS. — 5. "Where did the Ohio Company commence to build a fort? G. 
Describe the Alleghany River. (See map, p. 85.) T. Describe the Monongahela Eiver. 
(See same map.) 8. What expedition did Washington have the command of? 

III. 9. How much of the "nevvforf' did the English succeed in building? 10. 
What then took jilace ? 11. What name did the French give it? 

IV. 12. Did Washington reach the fort or not? 13. Why not? 14. Where were 
the Great Meadows? (See map, p. 85.) 15. What word came to him at the Great 
Meadows? 16. Describe the battle that followed. 17. By what name is the battle 
known? Ans. — The 'battle of the Greut Meadoics. 



90 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

^^^^ V. This battle, fought on the 28th of May, 1754, 

was Washington's first, as it was also the first of the 
war. Though the numbers engaged in it were small, its ef- 
fects in the grand contest, of which it was the precursor, were 
by no means unimportant. 

yi. AVashington's first care was in relation to the prisoners. 
These he sent, without delay, to Dinwiddle, and at once be- 
gan to make preparations to resist the strong force coming 
against him. At his position in the Great Meadows, a fort 
which he had previously commenced was completed : and, 
owing to the pinching famine that prevailed during its con- 
struction, he named it Fort Necessity. 

VTI. Here he was attacked by a force of fifteen hundred 
French and Indians, commanded by De Viliiers {yil-le-dre'). 
After a brave defense of ten hours, continued till near mid- 
night, while a violent rain-storm prevailed, he capitulated 
on the following morning, July 4th, 1754; and, before noon, 
marched out of the fort with the honors of war. 

yill. Although war as yet had not been formally declared 
between the two nations, England and France, the British 
ministry, in anticipation of that event, recommended the 
colonies to unite in some plan for their common defense. In 
conformity therewith, a congress, held at Albany, made a 
treaty with the Indians of the Six Nations ; and adopted a 
plan of union, which had been prepared by Dr. Franklin, a 
delegate from Philadelphia. 

IX. The plan, however, Avas never carried into effect : the 
colonial assemblies rejected it because it gave too much power 

v. Questions.— IS. When was the battle of the Great Meadows fought? 19 
What further can you say of it ? 

VI. 20. What was Washington's first care ? 21. What did he do with them ? -22. 
What preparations did he then begin to make? 23. What fort was built? 24. 
Vrhat name was given to it, and why ? 

VII. 2.5. Give an account of the battle that took place there ? 

VIII. 26. What recommendation did the British ministry make ? 27. What was 
accordingly done ? 

IX. 28, What further can you say of the plan ? 29. What was then determined 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



91 



1754. 



to the crown, while, singularly enough, the crown 

also rejected it because it gave too much power to 

the people. It was then determined that the war should be 

carried on with British troops, and such auxiliary forces as 

the colonial assemblies might voluntarily furnish. 



EVENTS OF 1755. 

I. The disaster at Fort Necessity, together with the hostile 
attitude of the French government, aroused the attention of 
the British ministry, and preparations, on an extensive scale, 
were speedily made for aggressive operations in America. 

II. Four expeditions were ac- 
cordingly planned for 1755 : one 
to expel the French from Nova 
Scotia ; another against Crown 
Point, to be led by Sir William 
Johnson; the third against Nia- 
agara, to be commanded by Gov- 
ernor Shirley {shur'-le)^ of Massa- 
chusetts ; and the fourth against 
Fort Duquesne. General Brad- 
dock,'''^ an officer of distinction, 

who had been sent to America as commander-in-chief of all 
the royal forces in the colonies, took the immediate charge of 
the expedition against Duquesne. 

III. Colonel Monckton {monk'-tun), commanding the first 
expedition, landed at the head of the Bay of Fundy, where 
he was joined by General Winslow, a New Englander, with 




GENERAL BRADDOCE. 



* General Edwjvrd Braddnck was born in Perthshire County, Scotland, about the year ni5._ Before he 
raiiie to America he had been forty years in the British nriiiy, and had served with credit in the wara 
agaiust Spain, Portugal, and Germany. 



Events of 1755.— I. Questions.—!. What aroused the attention of the British 
ministry? 2. What preparations followed? 

II. 3. How many expeditions were planned for the year? 4. What were they? 
5. What part was assiijned to Braddock ? 

III. 6. Who commanded the expedition against Port Royal? 7. Give an ac- 
count of it. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



-.Ht-r about three thousand troops from Massachusetts. 
The two forts of the French situated there were 
captured in June, l7o5 ; the settlements of the Nova Scotians 
were wantonly destroyed ; a beautiful and fertile country was 
reduced to a solitude, and the inhabitants, by thousands, were 
driven on board the English ships, and scattered among the 
colonists of New England and other places. 

IV. Of the four expeditions planned for the year's cam- 
paign, Washington became enlisted in the one against Fort 
Duquesne, and, during the memorable and disastrous battle 
that occurred, distinguished himself by his courage and pres- 
ence of mind. Braddock, who was arrogant and conceited, 
marched his troops through the wilderness with great formality, 
as if against a foe of European tactics, in disregard of the 
suggestions of Washington, who was acting as his aide-de- 
camp, and who was well acquainted with the mode of warfare 
practiced by the Indians. The result was, that when within 
ten miles of the fort he fell into an ambush, and was defeated 
with great loss. 

V. The British troops retreated in great disorder until they 
reached the Great Meadows, a distance of forty miles, where 
Braddock, who had been mortally wounded in the engage- 
ment, died. This battle, sometimes called the battle of the 
Monongahela, occurred on the 9th of July, 1755, a little more 
than a year after Washington's capitulation at Fort Necessity. 

YI. By the death of Braddock, Shirley became the com- 
mander-in-chief of the royal forces in America. His expedi- 
tion, though less disastrous than the one against Duquesne, 
was also a failure. His troops, assembled at Oswego, were de- 
layed for months ; the disaster of the Monongahela para- 

IV. Questions. — S. In which expedition did Washington take part? 9. What 
is said of his conduct in the battle that occurred? 10. What was Braddock''s char- 
acter? 11. What illustration of his character is given ? 12. What was the result? 

V. 13. What was Braddock's fate? 14. When did the battle occur? 15. By 
■what name is it sometimes known ? 

VI. 16. Who succeeded Braddock as commander-in-chief? 17. What account 
can you give of his expedition? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



93 



1755. 



Ivzedhis efforts; the Indian allies deserted; and, finally, 
the expedition was abandoned. 

yil. The expedition nndcr Johnson, though not resulting 
in the capture or destruction of Crown Point, was a success- 
ful one. The troops employed were mostly from Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. At the " carrying- 
place," between the Hudson Iliver and Lake George, a force 
of about six thousand men assembled under Genei-al Lyman, 
and constructed a fort, which was at first called Fort Lyman, 
but, owing to the jealousy of Jidinson, was subsequently 
named by him Fort Edward. Upon the arrival of the com- 
mander of the expedition, he moved forward with the main 
body of his men to the head of Lake George, fifteen miles 
from Fort P^dward. 

VIIL While encamped here, the Indian scouts brought 
word that the enemy, French and In- 
dians, two thousand strong, were on 
their march to attack Fort Edward. 
They were commanded by the Baron 
Dieskau (de-es-ko'), who had proceeded 
from Montreal [mont-re-aul') to Crown 
Point, and thence to the head of Lake 
Champlain. Losing no time, Johnson 
sent Colonel AVilliams with a thousand 
New England troops, and the renowned 
chief Ilendrick, with two hundred In- 
dian warriors, to intercept the enemy. 

IX. But Dieskau changed his plan. 
As he approached the fort, his Indian 
allies, fearful of its cannon, refused to 




HENDRICK 



VII. Questions.— 18. From what places did the men of Johnsot's army cf mc? 
19. Where did a large force assemble? 20. Who. at first, commanded them there? 
21. What building did they construct? 22. Where was Foi-t Kdwani situated? 
(See map, p. 85.) 23. Upon Johnson's arrival what did he do? 2i. In whit direc- 
tion from Fort Edward is Lake George? (Sec map, p. 85.) 

VIIL 25. What word was brought to Johnson? 2G. By whom was the invading 
force commanded ? 27. What route had Dieskau taken ? 28. What did Johnson at 
once do ? 



94 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



proceed to the attack : he therefore took another di- 
1755. . . 

rcction to go against the army at the lake, and, in so 

dohig, took the road by which the forces sent out by John- 
son were inarching. Tlirough his Indian scouts he soon heard 
of the approaching enemy. The res lit was, that the Eng- 
lish and their allies were drawn into an ambush, on the 8tri 
of September, and, after being defeated with signal slaughter, 
losing among their killed both Williams and Hendrick, they 
fled back to Johnson's camp, pursued by Dieskau. 

X. From behind a hastily formed breastwork of trees 
Jolmson fired upon the assailants, but, being slightly wounded 
early in the action, retired to his tent. The defense, wh'cli 
was most gallantly kept -up by the New England troops, w^as 
turned into an attack upon the timely approach of Lyman, 
with a body of meu from Fort Edward ; and the French and 
their allies were routed with great slauo-hter. 

XL Dieskau was found by the pursuers, wounded and 
alone, leaning against the stump of a tree. As they approached, 
he felt for his watch, to insure kind treatment by delivering it 
up : a soldier, thinking he was feeling for his pistol, shot liim, 
inflicting an incurable wound. He was conveyed a prisoner 

to the English camp, and subse- 
quently sent to Europe. After 
suffering for ten years, he died 
of the injuries which he had re- 
ceived. 

XIL Johnson, instead of fol- 
It^w^ing up the victory, as he was 
urged to by li's officers, loitered 
away the autumn, doing nothing 
except building a useless fort of 
wood near his encampment, 
which received the name of Fort 




SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON. 



IX. Questions.— 29. What change took place In Dieskau's movements? 80. 
Describe what followed. 

X. 31. Grive an account of the battle at Johnson's camp. 

XI. 32. Give the subse(iueut history of Dieskau. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95 

William Henry. This he garrisoned, as also Fort ^ 
Edward, and then, as winter approached, he retired 
to Albany. Though General Lyman was the real hero of 
the campaign, Johnson* received the thanks of Parliament 
for the victory, was voted £5,000, and created a baronet of 
Great Britain. 



EYENTS OF 175G 

I. Shirley's career as conmiander-in-chief of the royal forces 
in America drew to a close in the spring of 1756, when he 
was superseded by General Abercrombie, who was appointed 
to act until the arrival of Lord Loudon. Dieskau's successor 
as commander-in-chief in Canada was the Marquis de Mont- 
calm (mont-kam'). 

IL Although for a long time hostilities had been carried on 
in America between England and France, yet no formal dec- 
laration of war was made until May of 1756, when England 
proclaimed hostilities against France, and, soon after, the 
latter power issued a declaration against England. 

III. The plan of the campaign for 1756, adopted by a con- 
vention of colonial governors held at iVlbany, did not differ 
much from that of the preceding year — Crown Point, Niag- 
ara, and Fort Duquesne being the places aimed against. Xo 
part of it, however, was carried out, nor, beyond some tardy 
preparations, even attempted. iVbercrombie, deeming the 
forces under his command inadequate, waited for the arrival 
of Loudon, and the earl, when he came, effected nothing. 



* Sir William Johnson was born in Ireland, in 1715. He died at his residence near Jobnstown, Fulton 
Countv, New York, in m4. 



XII. Questions.— 33. What should Johnson at once have done? 34. What did 
he do instead? 35. How was he rewarded? 36. State why the reward was not 
justly bestowed. 37. IIow is Fort William Henry situated? (See map, p. S5.) 

Events CF 1T5G. — 1. 1. What changes took place in the commanders of the re- 
spective forces? 

II. 2. What is said of the declaration of war? 

III. 3. What is said of the plan of operations for 1T56? 4. Was the plan carried 
out or not ? 5. State the cause. 



96 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



T7 56 ^^' ^^^ ^^ ^^^ French. In an expedition against 

Oswego, which was then defended by two forts, Mont- 
calm laid siege to the place, drove the garrison out of one 
of the forts into the other, killed 
the commander. Colonel Monroe, 
and compelled the English to sur- 
render. Foui'teen hundred prisoners 
and a large amount of stores and 
money fell into the hands of the vic- 
tors. After demolishing the forts, 
to allay the jealousy of the Indians, 




OSWEGO. 

Montcalm left Oswego a solitude, and returned to Canada. 

V. The defeat of Braddock, in 1'755, left the western fron- 
tier in a defenseless condition. Incited by French emissaries, 
the tribes of the Ohio commenced the work of desolation, and 
killed or carried into captivity about a thousand of the inhab- 
itants. It was theref(.>re evident that the inroads of the sav- 
ages must be checked, or, in a short time, not a single white 
man, friendly to the English, would remain in that region. 

VI. A party of less than three hundred men, commanded 
by Colonel Armstrong, undertook to destroy Kittaning, the 
chief town of the perfidious tribes. The march through the 
forest was long and perilous, but the stronghold was reached, 
thirty or forty warriors were killed, and Kittaning was left a 
smoking ruin. 

EVENTS OF 1757. 
I. Loudon's plan of operations for 1757 was limited to an 
expedition against Louisbiirg [loo'-e-burj). He sailed from 

IV. Qu.ESTioNS. — 6. Give an account of Moutcahn's success against Oswego. 7. 
What did he do there after the victory? 8. How is Oswego situated? (See maj', 
p. 90.) 

V. 9. What induced the tribes of the Ohio to become hostile to the English set- 
tlers? 10. What deeds of wrong were they guilty of? 11. What became evident? 

VI. 12. Give an account of the e.\peditiou against Kittaning? 13. IIow is Kittan- 
ing situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 

Events of 1757. — I. 1. Give an account of Loudon's operations during 1757, 
2. IIow is Halifax situated? (See map, p. 103.) 3. How Is Louisburg situated? 
(Sec same map.) 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



97 



1*757. 



New York with about six thousand men, and, at 
Halifax, was joined by a powerful naval armament 
and land force from England ; but, learning that the French 
were prepared for defense, he abandoned the enterprise and 
returned to New York. 

II. This, like the previous year, through the energy and 
ability of Montcalm, showed a marked superiority to the 



French arms. In the besrinnino; of Aun;ast that commander, 
with nine thousand men, two thousand of whom were Indians, 
laid siege to Fort AVilliam Henry. For six days, its com- 
mander. Colonel Monroe, kept up a vigorous defense, trusting 
to receive aid from General Webb, who, at the time, was in 
command of a large force at Fort Edward. 

III. At length, learning that no assistance would be sent, 
and being entirely without ammunition, he was compelled to 
surrender on the 9th, capitulating that his men should have a 
safe escort to Webb's quarters. Notwithstanding this stipu- 
lation, the English had hardly 
left the fort before the Indian 
allies of Montcalm, incited by 
the hope of plunder, attacked 
them and massacred a large 
number. Fort William Henry 
was demolished by order of 
Montcalm ; and thus the year 
1757 passed, like its pre- 
decessor, without a single 
advantaofe to the Engflish. 

lY. In consequence of the 




WILLIAM I'll 



II. Questions. — 1. How did the operations of 1757 compare with those of the 
previous year? 5. When and by whom was Fort William Henry besieged? G. 
Who commanded the fort? 7. What is said of his defense ? 

III. 8. What unwelcome infoimation reached Colonel Monroe? 9. How was 
he not in a condition to make a further defense ? 10. Give an account of tlie mas- 
sacre. 11. What became of the fort? 12. Where did it stand? (See map, p. 85.) 

IV. 18. What change took place in the British Government? 14. What ar re- 
gards the command of the royal forces in America? 

5 



98 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

disgraces of the American campaigns a new adminis- 
tration of the Britisli government was formed, with 
William Pitt,* afterward Lord Chatham, as prime minister.. 
Loudon, who by his inactivity had disappointed the anticipa- 
tions of the people, was recalled, and preparations were made 
to carry on the war with greater vigor. 

* WiHiam Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, was born at Westminster, England, in 1708. At the beginning 
of the American Revolution he was opposed to the measures of the British ministry in the American 
colonies; but, at the close of a speech, made in 1778 in Parliament, in which bespoke against a motion to 
acknowledge the independence of America, he fell in an apoplectic fit, and was borne home, where he 
died in a few weeks afterward. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What treaty was made in the year 1748 ? 86 

2. What war did that treaty close ? 59 

3. How long had France and England disputed about lands in Am. ? 86 

4. What did the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle omit to settle ? 86 

5. What claims to territory were made by Frnnce and England?. . 86 

6. By what right or title did they make the claim ? 86 

1. What did these conflicting claims lead to ? 86 

8. Give an account of the first hostile act of the war 86, 87 

9. What was the Ohio Company, and what were its purposes ? . . . 87 

10. Why did the French seize the traders and erect certain forts?.. 87 

11. What course was then pursued by the Ohio Company ? 87 

12. Why did Dinwiddle respond with so much promptness ? 87 

13. On what mission was Washington sent? 87, 88 

14. Give an account of his journey 88 

15. What was St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddie ? 88 

16. What report did Washington make in addition? 88, 89 

17. What effect did the letter and report have ? 88, 89 

18. What measures for protection did the Ohio Company adopt ?. . . 89 

19. On what expedition was Washington sent? 89 

20. In what way did the French interfere with the Enghsh? 89 

21. How many men surrendered to the French ? 89 

22. What did the French do with the fort captured by them? 89 

23. Did Washington reach the fort, or not? 89 

24. What did he learn while on his march thither ? 89 

25. AYhat then did he deem it prudent to do ? 89 

26. What did he learn after reaching the Great Meadows? 89 

2 7. How did he forestall the intention of the French ? 89 

28. What battle was fought on the 2Sth of May, 1754?- . . , 90 

29. In how many battles had Washington previously participated? 90 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 99 

PAGE 

30. Was tliat battle the first, second, or third, of the war? 90 

31. To whom did Washington send his prisoners ? 90 

32. Wliat was then done by him in anticipation of an attack? 90 

33. Who commanded tlie force that attaclied him ? 90 

34. How large a force did De Yilliers have at the time ? 90 

35. For how long a time did Washington defend himself? 90 

36. When did he capitulate ? 90 

37. At w^iose instigation Avas a congress held at Albany? 90 

38. Why had the ministry made the recommendation ? 90 

39. What man, afterward distinguished, w^as at the congress ? 90 

40. What measure, prepared by FrankHn, was adopted ? 90 

41. Why was the plan rejected by both the colonies and the king? 90, 91 

42. What then did the British government determine upon ? 91 

43. How many and what expeditions were planned for 1755? 91 

44. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the royal forces ? . . . 91 

45. Give an account of the expedition against Nova Scotia 91, 92 

46. What two forts did Moncktou capture? (See map, page 103.) 

47. Who commanded the expedition against Fort Duquesne? 91 

48. What person, afterward eminent, was his aide-de-camp? 92 

49. What suggestions did Washington make to Braddock ? 92 

50. In what disaster did the expedition terminate? 92 

51. When did the battle of the Monongahela take place? 92 

52. To what position did Governor Shirley succeed? 92 

53. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara 91, 92, 98 

54. What preparations did Lyman make against Crown Point ? . . . . 93 

55. What movement was made by Johnson from Fort Edward? ... 93 

56. What movement was made by Dieskau towards Fort Edward?. 93 

57. Give an account of the battle between Dieskau and Williams . . 93, 94 

58. Give an account of the battle fought at Lake George 94 

59. What further account of Dieskau can you give ? 94 

60. Who succeeded Shirley as commander-in-chief? 95 

61. When was war declared between France and England? 95 

62. Give an account of Montcalm's expedition against Oswego. ... 96 
03. Why did the Enghsh attack and destroy Kittaning? 96 

64. What was done by Loudon during the year 1757 ? 96, 97 

65. When did Montcalm lay siege to Fort William Henry? 97 

66. What command did Monroe hold at the time ? 97 

67. How long did Monroe hold out against Montcalm? 97 

68. When and why did he at last surrender ? 97 

69. Give an account of what took place after the surrender 97 

70. What can you state of the further history of Fort Wm. Henry ? 97 



100 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

EVENTS OF 1758. 

I. The carnpaign of 1758 opened, on the part of the Eng- 
lish, with fifty thousand men in the field. These forces were 
divided into three distinct bodies : one, under General Am- 
herst, for the subjugation of Louisburg, and the Island of Cape 
Breton {brit'-on) ; another, under Abercrombic, who had suc- 
ceeded London as commander-in-chief, was to proceed against 
Ticondcroga and Crown Point; and the third, under General 
Forbes, was to undertake the reduction of Fort Duquesne. 

II. Amherst made Halifax, in Nova Scotia, his rendezvous, 
from which place he embarked in the fleet of Admiral Bos- 
cawcn. A landing was efi'ected near Louisburg, then defend- 
ed by the strongest fortress in America, and a siege, mem- 
orable for its length and desperate resistance, commenced. 
At length, on the 26th of July, the French surrendered by 
capitulation, and, with the town, the whole Island of Cape 
Breton, as well as that of St. John's, fell into the hands of the 
British. 

III. During the siege two per- 
sons particularly distinguished 
themselves by their courageous 
conduct. These were James Wolfe 
and Richard Montgomery {mont- 
(/nm' -er-e) ; the first, the real hero 
of the enterprise, was slain at 
Quebec in the following year, while 
fighting for his king ; and the other, 
Montgomery, was also slain at 

Events of 1T58. — I. Questions.— 1. What was the plan of the campaign for 
175S ? 

II. 2. Where did Amherst rendezvous ? 3. On whose fleet did he embark his 
troops? 4. Where did he land his troops? 5. How is Louisburg situated? (See 
map, p. 103.) 6. How was Louisburg defended ? T. What was the result of the ex- 
pedition ? 8. In what direction from Cape Breton Island is the Island of St. John's? 
(See map, p. 103.) 

III. 9. Give the names of the persons who distinguished themselves during the 
siege of Louisburg. 10. What is said of the further history of Wolfe and Mont- 
gomery ? 




JAMES WOLFE. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 

Quebec, but several years later, wbile contending 
for the cause of liberty. 

IV. While success was crowning the arms of the British 
at the east, Abercrombie Avas slowly making his way north- 
ward. At the head of about sixteen thousand men, he de- 
scended Lake George, and, debarking at its northern extremity, 
commenced a march through the dense forests towards Ticon- 
deroga,* then commanded by Montcalm. 

V. An advance force suddenly coming upon a detachment 
of the French, on the 6th of July, a severe coniiict ensued, 
in which, though the enemy were routed, Lord Howe, an 
officer greatly beloved by the army and the American people, 
was killed. 

YI. The death of Howe, who was the leading spirit in the 
expedition, was keenly felt. For awhile it put a complete 
check upon operations, and the most of the army fell back to 
the landing-place at the foot of the lake ; but, on the 8th of 
July, an advance was made in full force, and the fort was 
assaulted. The British fought gallantly, though fruitlessly. 
After losing nearly tw^o thousand of their number in killed 
and wounded, they withdrew once more to the landing-place; 
whence, fearing an attack from the enemy, on the following 
morning, they re-embarked for the head of the lake. 

Vn. The failure of this expedition was somewhat relieved 



* Fort Ticonderoga was built by the French in 1T55. It was then called Carillon (chime of bells), 
in allusion to the music of the waterfalls in the outlet of Lake George, near it. 



IV. 11. What was Abercrombie doing while Loudon was operating in Nova Sco- 
tia? 12. In what direction from Albany is Lake George? (See map, p. 85.) 13. On 
what lake is Ticonderoga situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 

V. 14. Describe the action of the Gth of July. 

VI. 15. What effect did the death of Howe have ".pon the expedition ? 16. De- 
scribe the action of the Sth of July. 17. What movement did the British make 
after their defeat ? 

YII. 18. How was the failure of the expedition against Ticonderoga relieved? 
19. What was Bradstreet's object in his enterprise ? 20. In what direction from Lake 
George was Fort Frontenac? (See map, p. 85.) 21. What city is situated where 
Fort Frontenac then stood? (See map, p. .) 22. What route did Bradstreet 
take? 23. Why was the blow a severe one to the French? 24. How did Bradstreet 
dispose of his captures? 



102 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

^ by the success of an enterprise conducted by Colonel 

Bradstreet, an officer under Abercrombie. While the 
main army was wasting away the season at the head of Lake 
George, Bradstreet obtained permission to go against Fort 
Frontenac, situated where Kingston now stands, on the north 
side of the entrance of Lake Ontario. Proceeding by way of 
the Mohawk and Oswego, he crossed the lake, and, on the 27th 
of August, captured the fort, the garrison having either fled or 
surrendered at discretion. This was a severe blow to the 
French, as the place, besides being in a commanding position, 
contained a vast amount of military stores intended for Fort 
Duquesne, and in the harbor were several armed vessels. 
Bradstreet, after sending two of the vessels, laden with the 
spoils, to Oswego, destroying the others, and dismantling the 
fort, returned to Lake George. 

VIIL Li the third expedition planned for the year, that 
against Fort Duquesne, Washington held an important com- 
mand under Forbes. Listead of advancing by the old road 
which Braddock had taken in 1755, it was decided, against the 
judgment of Washington, that a new one farther east should 
be opened for the expedition. As was to have been expected, 
the progress made was exceedingly tedious. Winter was fast 
approaching, and yet Forbes was many miles from Duquesne. 
A feeling of discouragement pervaded the troops, which was 
augmented by a defeat, and loss of three hundred men, sus- 
tained by Major Grant while leading an advance detachment. 

IX. In this strait Forbes called a council of war, the result 
of which was a determination to abandon the expedition. 
Before, however, the order to return was given, intelligence 
of an encouraging character was received. The march was 

VIII. Questions. — 25. In whicli expedition did Washington hold a command? 
26. By what road was the advance against Duquesne made? 2T. What was the 
result ? 23. What check was experienced by Grant ? 

IX. 29. What was determined upon in a council of war? .SO. Why was not the 
determination carried out? 31. What success finally rewarded the efforts of the ex- 
pedition ? 82. Why had the French abandoned the fort ? 83. What did the English 
do M'ith the fort? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



10.' 



therefore resumed, and when, towards the latter part -.1-^0 
of November, Duquesne was reached, it was found in 
ruins. The French had set fire to it and retreated down the 
Ohio. The destruction of Frontenac had cut off all hope 
of reinforcements and supplies ; their savage allies, when des- 
titution and danger threatened, had deserted — hence the ruin 
and abandonment of tlie fort. The English at once repaired 
and garrisoned the place, and, in honor of their illustrious 
statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. 
EVENTS OF 1159. 
I. The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the re- 




duction of Canada ; and General Amherst, who had gained 
great favor by his success at Louisburg, was appointed corn- 

E VENTS OF 1759.— Questions. -I. 1. What was the object of the campaign of 
1T59? 2. What change took place in the commanders? 3. What was the plan of 
operations ? 



104 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

mander-in-chief, to succeed Abercrombie. By the 
plan of operations, General Wolfe was to lay siege to 
Quebec ; Amherst ^vas to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown 
Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; Avhile a third divi- 
sion, under General Prideaux [pre-d(/), after capturing Niag- 
ara, was to proceed against Montreal. 

II. Early in July, Prideaux reached Niagara, and at once 
commenced a siege, during which he was unfortunately killed 
by the bursting of a shell. Sir William Johnson, l)aving suc- 
ceeded to the command, defeated a force of twelve hundi-ed 
French and Indians who were advancing to the relief of the 
place, and compelled the besieged to capitulate. Instead, 
however, of proceeding against Montreal, according to the 
plan of operations, he garrisoned the fort which he had taken, 
and then made his way to Albany. 

III. In the mean time Amherst had reached the vicinity of 
Ticonderoga. As he advanced, the Fi-ench fled fiom both 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point without striking a blow, and 
retired to an island in the Sorel Ptiver. Neglecting to follow 
up his successes as he should have done, he allowed the sum- 
mer to pass before he made any attempt at pursuit. Then a 
succession of storms damaged his fleet ; and the cold w^eather 
approaching, he went into winter quarters at Crown Point, 
and thus failed to co-operate against Quebec. 

IV. Of the three expeditions, that under Wolfe can be said 
to have been the only one completely successful. With an 



II. QiTESTiO'S. — i. What is said of Prideanx's operations and fate? 5. Who suc- 
ceeded him? G. What success did Johnson meet with? 7. In what respect did 
he deviate from the original plan of oi)erations? 8. How is Niagara situated ? (See 
map, p. 85.) 

III. 9. How far had Amherst proceeded, in the mean time ? 10. ITow are Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point situated? (See map, p. 85.) 11. Of what lake is the Sorel 
Eiver the outlet? (See same map.) 12. By what other name is the Sorel some- 
times known? (See mai), p. 124.) 

IV. 13. With how many men did Wolfe advance against Quebec ? 14. What 
route did he take ? 15. On what small island did he land his men? 16. In what 
direction from Quebec is that island ? (See map, p. 103.) 17. Where is Point Levi ? 
IS. What did Wolfe do at Point Levi? 19. With what success? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



105 



army of eiglit thousand men, lie ascended the St. 
Lawrence River as far as the Isle of Orleans, where, in 
the latter part of June, he landed his whole force in safety. 
Taking possession of Point Levi, opposite Quebec, he estab- 
lished a battery there, which, though it destroyed the build- 
ings near the river's edge, did but little damage to tliat part 
of the city situated on the promontory. 




TUB ST, LAWRENCE, IN 1759. 

y. Becoming convinced that the battery was not near 
enough to accomplish the reduction of the place, he deter- 
mined upon a bold attack. Accordingly, on the 31st of July, 
an attempt was made upon the enemy's iiitrenchments, but it 
resulted in defeat and the loss of nearly five hundred men. 
This contest is known as the battle of the Moutmorenci. 



Y. Question. — 20. Give an account of the battle of the Montmoreuci. 



106 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

yi. Not discouraged by the disaster, AVolfe resolved 
upon another plan. During the night of the 12th of 
September his troops effected a landing, at a place about two 
miles above the city, and, climbing by a nai-row path the 
steep bank of the St. Lawrence, at daylight, on the following 
morning, they stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array. 
YII. Montcalm, who was in command of the French, re- 
fused at first to believe that the force on the Plains was any 
thing more than a small foraging or marauding party, such 
confidence did he feel in the unapproachableness of the place 
in that direction. But, becoming convinced of his error, he 
abandoned his intrenchments, and led his troops against the 
enemy. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which resulted 
in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the moment of 
victory, and Montcalm,* mortally wounded in the action, ex- 
pired soon after. The French, fearing a famine, and dreading 
the horrors of an assault, surrendered the city five days after 
the battle. 

EVENTS OP 1760, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 

I. Although the British had captured Quebec, the reduc- 
tion of Canada, which was the object of the campaign of 
1759, was not yet accomplished. This failure undoubtedly 
was owing to the want of activity on the part of Amherst. 
His long stay, too, at Crown Point, gave De Levi, Montcalm's 
successor, an opportunity to make preparation for the recov- 
ery of Quebec. 



* Montcalm was born in France, in 1712. At the close of the battle in which he was mortally wound- 
ed, on being toid that he could not live long, " So much the better," he said ; " 1 shall not live to see the 
surrender of Quebec." He died on the morning of the 14th of September. 



YI. Questions. — 21. What plan did Wolfe then' determine upon ? 

YII. 22. How was Montcalm surprised? 23. Give an account of the battle that 
followed. 24. Bywhatnameis that battle known ? A7is. — The battle of the Plains 
of Abraham. 25. On what day did it occur? 26. When did Quebec surrender ? 

Events of 1760. — I. 1. Why had not the British completed the reduction of 
Canada before the close of 1759? 2. What, beside, was the result of Amhersfs inac^ 
tivitv? 3. Who succeeded Montcalm in the command of the French ? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 107 

II. As soon as the St. Lawrence was free of ice, De Levi 
proceeded to besiege the city. The British, instead of await- 
ing the approach of the enemy, and defending themselves 
from the strong position which they occupied, marched about 
three miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 
1760, was fought one of the most desperate battles of the 
war. After losing a thousand men or more, the British were 
compelled to fell back to the defenses which they had unwisely 
abandoned. The opportune arrival of a British fleet, some 
days after, changed the scene completely ; and the French 
lost no time in raising the siege and retreating to Montreal. 

III. It was not till September that Amherst, taking the 
indirect route by way of Oswego, made his way into Canada 
and invested Montreal. The French governor, unable to re- 
sist, signed a capitulation, by which not only Montreal, but 
the whole of Canada, was surrendered into the hands of the 
English. 

IV. On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace be- 
tween Great Britain and France was signed at Paris. France, 
by the terms of the treaty, ceded to Great Britain all her 
American possessions east of the Mississippi, north of the Iber- 
ville River, in Louisiana {J.oii-e' -zc-ah' -na^ . At the same time 
a treaty was made by which Spain ceded her possessions of 
East and West Florida to Great Britain. Thus, it will be 
seen, the French and Indian War lasted more than eight 
years. The first gun was fired in Washington's engagement 
with Jumonville, in 1754, and the contest was brought to a 
close by the treaty of Paris, in 1763. 

V. Among the dependencies which were surrendered to 

II. Questions. — 4. Give an account of De Levi's operations. 5. How was Que- 
bec saved to the English ? 

III. 6. By what route did Amherst proceed against Montreal ? T. How is Quebec 
situated? (See map, p. 103.) 8. How, Montreal ? (See map, p. 85.) 

IV. 9. By what treaty was the war brought to a close ? 10. What territory did 
Great Britain acquire? 11. What other treaty was made at the same time? 

V. 12. What stations or posts were included in the surrender of territory to the 
English? 13. What is said of this transfer? 14. Of what did the Indians soon 
make themselves masters? 



108 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Great Britain by the treaty, were several stations or posts 
between the lakes and the Ohio, and in the vallev of that river. 
The transfer of these places from the French, with whom the 
Indians had been on friendly terras, to the English, whom they 
disliked, greatly exasperated the savages in that region, and 
they, in a short time, made themselves masters of all the posts, 
except those of Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit ; and hnndreds 
of families were butchered or driven from their homes. 

VI. Detroit was besieged for six months, but was finally re- 
lieved. The Indians at last were compelled to sue for peace, 
though Pontiac (pon'-te-ak), their principal chief, from whom 
the war takes its name, refused to submit. He wandered 
towards the Mississippi, endeavoring to stir up the western 
tribes against the English, till his career was terminated by 
the hand of one of his own people. 

PRINCIPAL BATTLES OP THE FREXCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



DATKS. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


VICTORS. 


Enojlish. 1 French. 


1754. 

May 28, 
July 4, 
1755. 
June 16, 
June 17, 
July 9, 

Sept. 8 • 

1756. 
Aug. 14, 

1757, 
Aug. 9, 

1758. 
July 6, 
July 8, 
Julv 26, 
Sept. 21, 

1759. 
July 25, 
July 31, 
Sept. 13, 

1760. 
Apr. 28, 


Great Meadows 

Fort Necessity 


Washington 
Washington 


Jumonville . 
De Villiers. 


English. 
French 


Fort Beausejour 

Fort Gasperau 

Monongahela 

Near Lake George. . . 
Head of Lake George.. 


Monckton. . 
Monckton. . 
Braddock . . 
Williams . . 
Johnson. . . 


De Yergor. 
De Villerai. 
Beaujeu. . . . 

Dieskau 

Dieskau. . . . 


English. 
English. 
French. 
French. 
English. 

French. 


Oswego . . . 


Mercer .... 


Montcalm . . 




Fort William Henry. . 


Monroe. . . . 


Montcalm. . 


French. 


Near Ticonderoga. . . . 
Ticonderoga 


Howe 

Ab'rcromlne 
Amherst. . . 
Grant 


De Trepesee 
Montcalm . . 
Drucourt. . . 
Aubry 


English. 
French. 
Enghsh. 
French. 


Louisburg 

Near Fort Duquesne.. 


Fort Niagara 

Montrnorenci 

Plains of Abraham. . 


Jolmson . . . 

Wolfe 

Wolfe 


Aubry .... 
Montcalm . . 
Montcalm . . 


Enghsh. 
French. 
English. 


3 piiles above Quebec. 


Murray. . . . 


De Levi. . . . 


French. 



YI. 15. What is said of the siege of Detroit? 16. By what name is the war 
known? 17. What is said of the closing career of Pontiac? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 109 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. How many troops did tho English have ia the field iu l7r)S ?. . 100 

2. What was the object of the division under Amherst ?......... 100 

3. Give an account of Amherst's operations and success 100 

4. What was the object of the division under Abercrornbie ? 100 

5. Give an account of Abercrombie's operations 101 

6. What was the object of the division under Forbes ?. . . , 100 

t. Give an account of Forbes's operations 102, 103 

8. Give an account of the expedition against Frontenac. 102 

9. Why did the French abandon Fort Duquesne, in 1758 ? 103 

10. What further can you give of the history of that fort?. . . . 103, 108 

11. In what year did the English determine to take Canada? 103 

12. Who succeeded Abercrornbie as commander-in-chief? 103, 104 

13. What part against Canada was assigned to Wolfe ? 104 

14. Give an account of Wolfe's operations until July ... 104, 105 

15. What part against Canada was assigned to Pndeaux? 104 

16. Give an account of his operations and fate 104 

17. What was done and also omitted by his successor ? 104 

18. What part against Canada was assigned to Amherst? 104 

19. Give an account of his march and tardy operations 104 

20. What was done against Quebec by Wolfe, in July, 1759? .... 105 

21. What was done by Wolfe on the night of the 12th Sept., 1759? 106 

22. When did the battle of the Plains of Abraham occur? 106 

23. What were the memorable words of the dying Montcalm?. . . . 106 

24. When did the French surrender Quebec to the English ? . . . 106 

25. Why did they not hold out longer before surrendering ? 106 

26. What was the great object of tlie English campaign of 1759?. 103 

27. Did the English accomplish the object during that year? 106 

28. By whom was Montcalm succeeded in command of the French? 106 

29. What was the consequence of Amherst's inactivity? 106 

30. When did De Levi commence operations against Quebec?. ... 107 

31. What mistake did the British make ? 107 

32. Give an account of the battle fought near Quebec 107 

33. What prevented the French from recovering the city ? 107 

34. How did the English get Montreal and the rest of Canada?. . 107 

35. What took place on the 10th of February, 1763 ? 107 

30. What territory did the French surrender to the Englisli?. . . . 107 

37. What stations or posts were included in the surrender ?. . . .107, 108 

38. What was the consequence of surrendering them? 108 

89. Who was then the principal Indian chief in that section? 108 

40. How was the " Pontiac War" brought to a close ? 108 



110 



SECTION IV, 

THE AMEEICA:R EEYOLUTIOISr.— causes 
OF THE WAR. 

I. The expenses which Great Britain had incurred in the 
French and Indian War had increased her national debt more 
than three hundred milUons of dollars. The English minis- 
try, asserting that this had been done in defending the 
colonies, declared that the Americans ought of right to share 
in the burden ; and, accordingly, it was proposed by the min- 
istry, George Grenville being at its head, that a direct revenue 
should be drawn from the colonies by a system of taxation. 
It was also affirmed that, regardless of the manner in which 
the national debt had been contracted or augmented, or even 
in the absence of any debt whatever. Parliament possessed the 
inherent rig-ht to tax America. 

II. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colonies 
had been founded at their own expense ; and that they had 
already contributed more than their fair proportion in defend- 
ing themselves, while the advantages accruing from their 
preservation were shared by England in common with them- 
selves. The colonists also maintained that they could only 
be justly taxed by a legislature in which they were repre- 
sented. Inasmuch, therefore, as they were not allowed to send 
representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no 
right to impose upon them any taxes whatever. 

III. Beside, the policy of Great Britain towards her Ameri- 
can colonies, from the very beginning of their existence, as 

Catjsks of the Revolution. — I. Questions. — 1 How much did the French and 
Indian War add to Great Britain's debt? 2. What assertion did the British ministry 
make? 3. What declaration did they deduce therefrom? 4 What proposition was 
accordingly made ? 5. What strong affirmation was made? 

II. 6. What was maintained by the Americans, as regards the founding of their 
colonies? 7. What, as regards their contribution for defense In connection with the 
advantages? 8. What, as regards the principle of taxation ? 

III. 9. What is^said of the policy of Great Britain? 10. What were the "■ Writs 
of Assistance?" 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Ill 



shown in the "Navigation Act," with the oppressive measures 
that preceded and those that succeeded, even down to the au- 
thorization of the "Writs of Assistance," in 1761, had been 
unjust and iUiberal, and calculated to incite a rebellious spirit. 
These "Writs of Assistance" were general search-warrants, 
which empowered custom-house officers to break open ships, 
stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise which, 
it was suspected, had paid no duty; and the writs also empow- 
ered the officers to compel sheriffs and others to assist in the 
odious task. 

lY. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed 
by Parliament in 1765, reached America, intense indignation 
was produced throughout the country. By the provisions of 
the act, all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and 
notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, etc., 
were to be executed on stamp- 
ed paper, to be purchased from 
the agents of the British gov- 
ernment. 

V. The first burst of opposi- 
tion appeared in the legislature 
of Virginia, where Patrick Hen- 
ry* distinguished himself by his 
bold and manly eloquence. In 
Massachusetts too the opposition 
was fearless, and, upon the re- 
commendation of her Assembly, 
a Colonial Congress, composed 

• Patrick Henry waa born in Virginia, in 1736. He died i 




PATRICK HENRY. 



1799, the year of Washington's death. 



IV. Questions.- 11. When was the Stamp Act passed ? 12. How was the news of 
its passage received in America ? 13. Fhat was exacted by the provisions of tiie Act ? 

v. 14. What is said of Patrick Henry ? 15. Of the opposition in Massachusetts ? 
IG. What recommendation did the Massachusetts Assembly make? 17. How many 
colonies were represented in the Congress? 18. Who was the presiding officer of 
the Congress ? 19. Where was the Congress held ? 20. What was the result of their 
deliberations? 



112 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



of delegates from nine colonies, with Timothy Ruggles,* of Mas- 
sachusetts, for president, was held in New York, to consult 
with reference to the genei-al safety. The result of their de- 
liberations was the adoption of a Declaration of Rights, a 
Petition to the King, and a Memorial to both Houses of Par- 
liament. 

VI. So intense was the popular indignation against the 
Stamp Act, as also against the officers appointed to distribute 
the stamps, that when the day came on which the obnoxious 
law was to go into effect, there were no officials courageous 
enough to carry it into execution. All the stamped paper was 
either destroyed or concealed ; and, for a time, all transactions 
requiring stamps were entirely suspended. 

VII. At length business resumed its previous course, being 
conducted without stamps. In addition to this general oppo- 
sition, the merchants of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and 
other places, agreed to import no more British goods while the 
Stamp Act remained a law. A change in the British ministry 
occurring, William Pitt and others exerted themselves in 
opposition to the obnoxious measure, and it was repealed in 
1766, the year after its enactment. 

VIII. The news of the repeal caused great rejoicing through- 
out America, but, as the sequel proved, without adequate 
cause ; for, notwithstanding the repeal of the Stamp Act, Par- 
liament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, passed, at 
the same time, another law, called the Declaratory Act, which 



affirmed the right claimed, in all its length and breadth. It 

» Notwithstanding the patriotic stand taken by Ruggles before the hostilities of the Revolution actu- 
ally commenced, he soon headed a body of loyalists and fought against the Americans. At the close of the 
war he went to Nova Scotia, and there resided till his death. 



VI. Questions.— 21. What was the effect of the feeling against the Stamp Act? 
22. What was done with the stamped paper? 23. W^ hat was the consequence, for a 
time, as regards transactions? 

VII. 24. How did business afterward shape itself ? 25. In what way did the mer- 
chants show their opposition to the Stamp Act? 26. Give the closing history of 
the act. 

VIII. 27. How was the news of the repeal received in Anaerioa ? 28. How did it 
appear that the cause for rejoicing was illusory? 29. How was the asserted right to 
tax the colonies shown in 1767? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



113 



was attempted to exercise the right so claimed by the passao-e 
of a bill, in the following year, 1767, for levying duties on 
glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea, imported into the colo- 
nies. Two other obnoxious acts were also passed during the 
same year. 

IX. The intelligence of these enactments produced a revival 
of the feelings which had been caused by the passage of the 




FANEUIL HALL, IN 1776.* 

Stamp Act. Non-importation associations were formed, the 
members of which were pledged not to import or use any ar- 
ticles of British production, subject to duty. The Massachu- 
setts Assembly issued a circular to the other Colonial Assem- 
blies, asking their co-operation in efforts to obtain redress : 
in response, the most of them adopted resolutions protesting 
ao-ainst the odious enactments. 



* Faneuil Hall, in Boston, was used by the patriots durin"; the Revolution, and, for that reason, is often 
called the "Cradle of American Liberty." The origjinaf buildin;;, comprising a market-place on the 
ground floor, a town-hall, and other rooms, was erected by Peter Faneuil, permission having been previ- 
ously granted by the authorities of Boston. In 1761 it was'destroyed by fire, but in 1768 it was rebuilt at 
the expense of the town, and when the British occupied Boston, in 1775, they vised the hall for a theatre. 
In 1SU5 the building underwent considerable alteration, when it was also enlarged. 



IX. Questions. — 30. How did the irnvs of these enactments affect the colonists? 
81. What organizations were formed? 32. What was done by the Massacliusetts 
Assembly ? 33.S. How did the other colonies respond ? 



114 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

X. The people of Boston were particularly decided in their 
opposition to one of the enactments known as the " New Rev- 
enue Law ;" and, in consequence, repeated collisions took 
place between them and the custom-house officers. For the 
purpose of overawing the Bostonians, the Governor of Massa- 
chusetts requested General Gage, the commander-in-chief of 
the British forces in America, to station troops in the city. 
In compliance therewith, two regiments arrived from Halifax, 
in September, 1*768; but their presence still more exasperated 
the people, and affrays ensued, in one of which, called the 
" Boston Massacre," the soldiers fired upon the populace, kill- 
ing three men and wounding others. 

XI. Before the news of the " massacre" reached England, an 
act was passed by Parliament, revoking all the duties laid in 
1767, excepting that of threepence per pound on tea. As, 
however, the people of America were contending, not against 
the amount of taxes imposed, but against the principle of tax- 
ation without representation, the concession was by no means 
satisfactory. The Non-importation associations continued, 
but, of course, only as against the importation and use of the 
article upon which a duty was still laid. The tea for New 
York and Philadelphia was sent back to London, without being 
landed ; in Charleston it was stored in cellars, where it perished. 

XIL At Boston, on a cold moonlight night in December, 
1773, a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the 
ships, broke open the chests of tea, emptied their contents 
into the water, and then quietly retired. In retaliation for 



X. Questions. — 34. "Wherein did the poople of Boston evince particular opposi. 
tion ? 35. What was the consequence ? 86. What request did the governor of Mas- 
sachusetts make? 37. Why did he make the request? 38. How was the request 
complied with? 39. Give an account of the Boston massacre. 

XI. 40. What concessions were made by Parliament in ITTO? 41. Why was not 
this concession satisfactory to the colonists? 42. To what extent did the agreement 
of the Non-importation associations continue? 43. IIow was the tea which arrived 
disposed of? 

XII. 44. Give an account of the doings of the "Boston Tea Party."' 45. IIow 
was the act retaliated ? 46. How did the Salem people behave upon the occasion ? 
47. How, the people of Marblehead ? 48. What other obnoxious act Mas also passed ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 115 

this defiant destruction, the British government determined to 
punish Boston ; and the Boston Port Bill, intended to close 
that port to all commerce, and transfer the seat of the colonial 
government to Salem, was accordingly passed. But the peo- 
ple of Salem refused to thrive at the expense of their neigh- 
bors, and Marblehead, fifteen miles distant from the despoiled 
town, offered her port, free of charge, to the Boston merchants. 
Other acts, which were considered gross violations of the char- 
ters and rightful privileges of the colonies, were also passed. 
Among these was one for quartering the king's troops on the 
colonies, at the people's expense. 

XIII. Meanwhile, delegates were chosen to represent the 
colonies at Philadelphia. Here, in September, 1774, a general 
congress, known as " The First Continental Congress," or the 
" Old Continental Congress," convened, to deliberate on such 
measures as the united interests of the colonies might require. 
Fifty-one delegates, representing all the colonies except Geor- 
gia, were present, and Peyton Randolph,* of Virginia, was 
chosen President. 

XIV. Their first act was the passage of a resolution com- 
mending the conduct of the people of Boston in their oppo- 
sition to the obnoxious laws of Parliament. They also agreed 
upon a declaration of rights, recommended the suspension 
of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain, and voted an 
address to the king, another to the people of Great Britain, 
and a memorial to the Canadians. 

XV. General Gage, who, in addition to his position as 
commander-in-chief of the king's forces, had been recently ap- 



* Peyton Randolph was born in Virginia, in 1723. As stated above, he was the President of " The First 
Continental Congress." He was also elected President of the second Congress, held at Philadelphia in tln> 
following year, but political duties calling him to Virginia before the close of its session, he was succeeded 
in the position by John Hancock, of ^lassachusetts. His death was sudden, occurring at Philadelphia, to- 
wards the close of October, 1775. 



XIII. Questions. — 19. What convention took i)lace in 1774? 50. IIow many- 
delegates were present? 51. Name the twelve colonies that were represented. 52. 
Who was chosen president of the Congress ? 

XIV. 53. What measures did they pass? 

XV. 54. What appointment had Gage received? 55. What did he deteraiiue 
upon? 56. What did he do in conformitv with the determination ? 



116 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

pointed governor 6T Massachusetts, determined, in this crisis, 
upon more active measures. He fortified Boston Neck, and 
seizing the military stores which the Americans had cohected 
at Cambridge and Charlestown, conveyed them to his head- 
quarters. 

XVI. Tlie people everywhere were excited, but their feel- 
ings were controlled by a prudence befitting the solemnity of 
the occasion. A conflict with the " mother country" seemed to 
be inevitable. The Massachusetts Assembly, though dissolved 
by the governor, had again convened as a Provincial Congress, 
and adopted a plan for organizing the militia. The men in 
Massachusetts capable of bearing arras were daily trained in 
military exercises, and pledged to take the field at a minute's 
notice ; hence their name of " minute men." Military meas- 
ures were also adopted in other colonies, and a general deter- 
mination was manifested to resist, even with arms, the new 
oppressions attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. 

EYENTS OF 1*7 15. 

I. The British government was not idle. Gage's forces at 
Boston had been so augmented by arrivals from England that 
in the beginning of April, 1775, he found himself in com- 
mand of three thousand troops. 

II. For the purpose of destroying the stores which the 
Americans had collected at Concord, a town about sixteen 
miles from Boston, he dispatched, at night, a detachment of 
eight hundred men, under Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn ; 



XVI. Questions. — 57. What is said of the excitement of the people? 5S. In what 
respect did the Massachusetts Assembly undergo a change? 59. What is said of 
the "minute men?" 

Events of 1775.— I. 1. What activity had Gage shown? 

II. 2. What expedition was sent out under Smith and Pitcairn? 3. In what 
manner was it intended the expedition should be conducted? 4. IIow was the in- 
tention foiled? 5. In what direction from Boston is Concord? (See map, p. 37.) 
6. In what direction from Boston is Lexington ? (See same map.) 7. When did the 
British reach Lexington ? 8. What did they find there ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTIOX. 



117 



but notwithstanding the intended secrecy of the expedition, 
the alarm was given, and the " minute men" were aroused in 
every direction by messages and signals from Boston. When 
the British reached Lexington, half the distance to Concord, 
before sunrise, on the morning of the 19th of April, between 
sixty and seventy of the citizens were drawn up under arms. 




CONCORD, MASS., IN 17T4. 

III. Pitcairn rode forward and shouted, " Disperse, you reb- 
els; throw down your arms and disperse;" but, not being 
obeyed, he ordered his men to fire. Then was shed the first 
blood of the Revolution. Eight of the men of Lexington were 
killed, nine were wounded — a quarter of that heroic band had 
thus fallen — and the others dispersed. The British proceeded 
to Concord, and destroyed all the stores they could find. Li 
the mean time the "minute men" from all directions had be- 
gun to assemble, and a skirmish ensued, in which several per- 



III. Questions. — 9. Describe what took place at Lexington. 10. At Concord. 



118 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

sons were killed on both sides. Towards noon the 
1775. 

invaders began their retrograde march for Boston. 

IV. The Americans pursued the retreating troops, keep- 
ing up a constant fire upon them from behind trees and 
stone fences. Colonel Smith was severely wounded, and his 
men, fainting and exhausted, were in danger of being en- 
tirely cut off, when they were joined at Lexington* by are-en- 
forcement of nine hundred men, under Lord Percy. A short 
interval for rest and refreshment was allowed, and then the 
united detachments of the British continued the retreat, taking 
the road to Charlestown. The minute men followed as be- 
fore, keeping up the pursuit until after sunset. The loss of 
the British during the memorable affair of this day was about 
two hundred and eight, in killed, wounded, and missing ; that 
of the x\mericans was about ninety. 

V. The tidings of the day's contest spread with wonderful 
rapidity, and the militia from New Hampshire, Connecticut, 
and other parts of New England, hastened to join their breth- 
ren of Massachusetts in forming a camp in the neighborhood 
of Boston. Here General Artemas Ward, of Massachusetts, 
was exercising a limited command, by virtue of an appointment 
from the Provincial Congress of that colony ; but the men 
from the different colonies appeared mostly as independent 
corps, under leaders of their own choosing. This was not all. 
The effect of the day's strife took a direction which nobody 
could have anticipated, — people began to talk of a separation 
from England, and of an independent government of their own. 

VL It being deemed important to secure Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, in May, 1775, a number of volunteers from Ver- 

* Lexington, the scene of the first encounter between the British and Americans in the Revolutionary 
fontest, is situated about ten miles northwest from Boston, and seven miles east from Concord. At the 
time of the encounter the town contained about seven hundred inhabitants. 



IV. Questions. — 11. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit as/ar as Lexing- 
ton. 12. How were the British aided at Lexington? 13. Give an account of what 
afterwards took place. 

v. 14. What effect did the battle of Lexington have? 15. U/ider what organi- 
zation were the American forces which were collected near Boston ? 16. What other 
effect did the day's strife have ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



119 



1775 



mont and Connecticut, under Ethan Allen and Bene- 
dict Arnold, captured both places without loss ; and, by 
this fortunate achievement, a large supply of military and naval 
stores fell into the hands of the Americans. 

VII. So closely were the British troops at Boston hemmed 
in by the provincials, that the place began to experience the 
privations of a besieged city. The timely arrival of re-enforce- 
nients from England, under Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Sir 
Henry Clinton, enabled Gage to act with more decision; and 
that commander issued a proclamation, in Avhich he declared 
all Americans in arms to be rebels and traitors, but otiered 
pardon to those who should return to their allegiance. To 
this offer two exceptions were 
made — John Hancock* and 
Samuel Adams f — their offences 
being pronounced too great to 
admit of pardon. 

VIII. The Americans, antici- 
pating that the British had de- 
signs against the country be- 
yond Charlestown, determined 
to seize and fortify the heights 
commanding the neck of the 
peninsula. Accordingly, on the evening of the 16th of June, 
Colonel Prescott was sent Avith a detachment of one thou- 
sand men to execute this perilous enterprise. 




JOHN HANCOCK. 



* John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737. In 1775 he was elected President of the 
Continental Congress, and in 1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence. He died in Quincy, in 1793. 

t Samuel Adams was born in Boston, in 17i"i. He and John Adams were related, having the same 
great-grandfather, malcing them second cousins. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. His death occurred in Boston, in 1803. 



VI. Questions.— IT. Give an account of the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown 
Point. IS. How are these two places situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 

VII. 19. What is said of the condition of the British troops in Boston? 20. By 
wliont was Gage joined from England? 21. W^hat is said of a proclamation ? 22. 
Who were excluded from the offer in the proclamation ? 23. Why were they ex- 
cluded? 

VTII. 24. On what business was Prescott sent? 25. Why did the Americans 
wish to occupy the heights ? 



120 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



^HHf- IX. On attaining the ascent of Bunker Hill* he con- 
cluded, after consulting his officers, to deviate from the 
letter of his orders and fortify Breed's Hill, because the latter 
was nearer to Boston, and had a better command of the town 
and shipping. The consultation and change delayed matters 
until midnight. Then the work commenced.* Every man of 
the thousand seized, in his turn, the pick-axe and spade ; and 
by the dawn of day a strong redoubt was completed. 

X. The British, on 



BOSTON 




discovering the works 
on Breed's Hill, began 
a cannonade from ves- 
sels in the harbor, and 
also from a battery on 
Copp's Hill, in Boston ; 
but with little or no 
effect. They then made 
preparations for an as- 
sault. About three 
thousand troops, under 
Generals Howe and 
Pigot, crossed over to 
Charlestown, while, 
mainly through the ex- 
ertions of General Putnam, about five hundred men were added 
to Prescott's force in the course of the day. 

XI. Meanwhile the British had set fire to the village of 
Charlestown, by means of shells thrown from Copp's Hill ; and, 



* Blinker Hill monument, an obelisk two hundred and twenty-one feet hifrh, erected in commemoration 
of the battle, now stands on the spot where the redoubt was built on Breed's Hill. Its corner-stone was laid 
by General Lafayette, on the nth of June, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. An immense con- 
course of persons was present on the occasion, includinf; nearly two hundred revolutionary soldiers and 
forty surviving patriots of the battle, and President John Qui ncy Adams, with his entire cabinet. Daniel 
Webster delivered the oration. 



IX. Questions. — 26. What conclusion did Trcscott afterward come tu? 27. Why 
did he so conclude? 28. How was the work tlien carried on ? 

X. 29. What did the British do on discovering the works ? 30. How next did they 
proceed ? 

XI. 31. When was the battle of Bunker Hill fought? 32. Give an account of it. 



AMEKICAX REVOLUTION. 



121 



amid the ^^lare of its flame, Howe and Pigot advanced ^^ 
to the attack. Twice did they get to within a few 
rods of the redoubt, when the Americans, each time, opened 
upon thein so deadly a fire that they were repulsed with heavy 
loss. General Clinton arriving, the third charge was more 
successful ; and the Americans, their ammunition being en- 
tirely exhausted, were forced to retreat. 

XII. The loss to the British, 
in killed and wounded, accord- 
ing to their ov;n account, was 
more than a thousand men : the 
Americans lost less than half 
that number, though among their 
slain was Joseph Warren,* one 
of the ablest and most popular 
of the patriot leaders, and an 
estimable man. His loss was 
deplored as a severe calamity 
to the cause of freedom. 

XIII. Though the British had jobeph waeren. 
gained the hill — the ground contended for — the victory to 
them was more disastrous and humiliating than an ordinary 
defeat; while, to the Americans, the defeat had the cftect of 
a triumph : it gave them confidence in themselves, and conse- 
quence in the eyes of their enenacs. The day's doings, too, 
convinced the people that the military training and experience 
which the Putnams, the Starks, and the Washingtons had 
acquired, in the " school" of the French and Indian War, had 
been gained to some purpose. 




* Joseph VVarren was born in Roxbury, Mass., in 1741. After having been sradiiated at Harvard Col- 
legTP, he studied medicine, and became a physician of extensive practice in the city of Boston. He was 
one of the leading men in resisting the unjust and oppressive measures sought to be fastened upon the 
colonies by Great Britain, holding'as he did, at the time of his death, two of the most responsible civil 
positions under the cominonwealth of Massachusetts, and a commission as major-general. 



XII. Qc-ESTioNS.— 33. What loss did the British sustain in the battle? 84. What, 
the Americans? 35. What is said of Warren? 

XIII. 36. How did the victory affect the British? 37. How, the Americans? 
33, Of what did the people bjcome convinced? 

6 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



XIV. On the very day of the capture of Ticondero- 
^* q-a, May 10, the second Continental Congress convened 
at Philadelphia. That body voted to raise an army of twenty 
thousand men, and, on the 15th of June, by a unanimous vote, 
elected George Washington commander-in-chief. Washing- 
ton, who, at the time, was a delegate in the Congress from 
Virginia, rose in his place, and, with dignity and modesty, 
accepted the appointment, but declined all compensation for 
his services : he only asked for the payment of his expenses. 
He thereupon resigned his position in the Congress, and re- 
paired to Cambridge, three miles from Boston, where, on the 
3d of July, he took command of the array, then numbering 
about fourteen thousand men. 

XV. While the revolution was gaining strength at the east, 
in the south it was also making progress. Lord Dunmorc, 
the governor of Virginia, having seized some powder and re- 
moved it to a vessel in the York River, Patrick Henry, at the 
head of a corps of volunteers, demanded and received com- 
pensation therefor. Some months later, in December, a force, 
consisting of British regulars, tory volunteers, and negroes, 
which had been collected by Dunmore, attacked a body of 
Virginia patriots near Norfolk; but the assailants were re- 
pulsed with great loss. In revenge, Danmore, at a later 
period, reduced the town of Norfolk to ashes. 

XVI. It having been ascertained that the British intended 
to invade the colonies from Canada, Congress determined to 
anticipate the movement, by carrying the war into that pro- 

XIV. QiTEBTiONS. — 39- When did Allen and Arnold capture Ticonderoga? 40. 
What also occurred on that day? 41. What two acts of Congress are mentioned? 
42. How did Washington receive the appointment ? 43. What did Washington there- 
upon do ? 

XV. 44. Describe the York Elver. (See map, p. S5.) 45. What event is men 
tioned in connection with the York River? 46. What was done hy Patrick Henry? 
47. Give an account of the battle near Norfolk. 4S. How did Dunmore gratify his 
revenge? 49. How is Norfolk situated? (See map, p. 24.) 

XVI. 50. WTiat scheme of invasion did the British intend? 51. How was it 
determined to anticipate the movement? 52. What advantage did the possession ot 
Canada promise? 53. What forces were sent? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



123 



vince. Beside, if Canada were gained, its use to the British as 
a place of rendezvous and supply would be prevented. Two 
forces were accordingly sent ; 
one by the way of Lake Cham- 
plain, under General Schuyler* 
[skl'-ler), and the other by the 
Kennebec River, commanded 
by Arnold. 

XVII. Schuyler proceeded 
down Lake Champlain, and 
encamped on an island at the 
head of the Sorel (so-rcW) 
River, but sickness compelling 
his return to Albany, the com- 
mand devolved upon Montgomery. Ethan Allen, f who, at the 
setting out of the expedition, had been engaged in reconnoiter- 
ing the country between the Sorel and the St. Lawrence, was 
again dispatched in the same direction, this time for recruits. 
Instead, however, of prosecuting the business on which he 
was sent, he crossed the St. Lawrence to make an attack upon 
Montreal. The result of this reckless enterprise was defeat ; 
and he was sent a prisoner to England, in irons. This mis- 
hap did not m the least interfere with the operations of the 
main force ; and before the middle of November, Montgom- 
ery, by a series of well-directed movements, had acquired 




GKNEKAL BCniTYLER. 



* Philip Schuyler was born at Albany, New York, in 1733. He was en^aped in the French and Indian 
war, and accompanied Sir Williaiii Johnaon in 1755. His death occurred at Albany, in 1804. 

t Ethan Allen was born in Connecticut, in 1742, or thereabouts. His parents, soon after his birth, took 
him to Vermont, and there, when he grew to manhood, he was one of the most determined of the settlers 
in resisting the claims of New York to the Vermont territory. As colonel of an armed force he protected 
those who had received srrants of land from the Governor of New Hampshire, and dr)ve out of the dis- 
trict the New York settlers. The troubles continued about ten years, when the more important events 
of the Revolution put an end to the hostile acts, though the controversy was afterward renewed. Allen 
as stated above, was sent to England in irons. After suffering a captivity of more than two years in Eng- 
land, Halifax, and one of the prison-ships of New York, he was exchanged. He never afterward actively 
engaged in military service ; but died at Burlington, Vt., in 1789. 



XVIT. QiTESTiONS. — 54. Near what boundary -line is the head of the Sorel River? 
(See map, p. 124.) 55, In what direction from the head of the Sorel is Montreal ? 
(See same map.) 56. How long did Schuyler's connection with the expedition con- 
tinue? 57. Give an account of Allen's doings. 58. Give an account of Montgomery's 
successes. 



124 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1775. 




PAUT OF TIIK SOIIEL KIVElt. 



possession of Fort Chambly [sham' -hie) , St. Jolin's, 
and Montreal, and was thereby master of a large 
part of Canada. lie then proceeded against Quebec. 

XVIII. In the mean time Arnold, hav- 
ing performed a tedious march through 
ihe wilderness, enduring almost incredi- 
ble toils and hardships, appeared before 
Quebec ; but not being sufficiently strong 
to attack the city alone, he retired twen- 
ty miles up the St. Lawrence, and there 
awaited the arrival of Montgomery. 
A junction of the two forces was effect- 
ed in the beginning of December, and, 
wdth Montgomery in the chief command, 
tlie entire army, numbering but nine hundred effective men, 
proceeded to take a position before Quebec. 

XIX. After a siege of three weeks without gaining any ad- 
vantage, it was resolved to attempt the capture of the place 
by an assault. Accordingly, at dawn on the last day of the 
year, and while a violent snow-storm was prevailing, the Ameri- 
can army, in four columns, advanced to the attack. Mont- 
gomery,* who led one of the columns, had gained some ad- 
vantage, when a discharge of grape-shot, from a single cannon 
of the enemy, made deadly havoc, killing him and one of his 
aides instantly, and mortally wounding others. His column at 
once retreated. Arnold, who led another of the columns, was 
severely wounded and borne from the field, and Captain 
Morgan assumed the command. Morgan took refuge in a 
stone house, from which he defended himself awhile, but. 



* Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland, in 1736. In I'To he 
in the Continental Congress. 



representative from New York 



XVIII. Questions. — 59. What had Arnold been doing: in the mean time? 60. 
"When did Montgomery's and Arnold's forces unite? 61. What movement did 
they then make ? 

XIX. 62. Give an account of the battle of Quebec. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



]2o 



seeing no prospect of relief, he 
and his few followers were com- 
pelled to surrender. 

XX. Arnold, though wounded 
and disabled, took command of 
the troops that had effected a re- 
treat, and, in an encampment a 
short distance from Quebec, pass- 
ed a rigorous winter. In the 
spring, General Wooster arrived 
from Montreal and took the com- 
mand ; and he, in turn, was suc- 
ceeded by General Thomas. The 

British, having received large re-enforcements from England, 
assumed the offensive, and before June, 1776, the Americans 
had abandoned one place after another, and entirely evacuated 
Canada. 




GENERAL MONTGOMEKT. 



XX. Questions. — C3. What did Arnold do after the battle? 64. By whom was 
he succeeded in the command? 65. What further is stated of military operations in 
Canada ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

How did the expenses of the French and Indian War affect the 
national debt of Great Britian ? 110 

What assertion, having reference to the increased debt, didtlie 
British ministry make ? 110 

What principle, in relation to taxing the colonies, was also main- 
tained by the ministry ?. 110 

What two assertions were made by the colonists, in reply, 
respecting the expenses which had been incurred in found- 
ing the colonies, and in aiding the " mother country" to 
prosecute the war ?. , 110 

What principle of taxation did the colonists maintain ? 110 

Inasmuch as the principle was not respected by tlie British 
government, what deduction was drawn therefrom ? 110 



126 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

7. What had baon the policy of Great Britain toward her Ameri- 

can colonies from their first establishment ? 1 10, 11 

8. In what year were the "writs of assistance" anthorized?. ... 11 

9. "What obnoxious act was passed by Parliament, in 1765? .... 11 

10. "What effect did the news of its passage have in America?. ... 11 

11. What were the obnoxious provisions of the act ? 11 

12. Who, in Yirginia, was the first to oppose the act in public?. ... 11 

1 3. How did Massachusetts show her opposition to the act ? . . 111,11 

14. Give an account of the Colonial Congress 1-1 1, 11 

1 5. Give the further history of the Stamp Act 112 

16. What law was passed at the time of the repeal of the Stamp Act ? 112 

17. By what act was the " right to tax America" again asserted ?. 113 

18. State the circumstances which led to the Boston Massacre. ... 114 

19. What concession had been made by Parliament before the news 

of the " massacre'' reached England ? 114 

20. Why was not the concession satisfactory to the colonists ?. . . . 114- 

21. What became of the tea sent to America? 114 

22. When and where did " The First Continental Congress" meet? 115 

23. What acts, recommendations, &c., were passed by the Congress? 115 

24. What active measures did General Gage adopt? 115, 116 

25. What preparations were then made by Massachusetts ? 116 

26. Who commanded the expedition sent by Gage in April, 1775 ? 116 
21 What was the object of that expedition ? . . 116 

28. State what took place at Lexington and Concord 117, 118 

29. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit 118 

30. At what place, and how, did the Americans form a camp?. . . 118 

31. AVhat was achieved by Allen and Arnold in May, 1775? 119 

32. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Bunker HiU 119, 120 

33. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill 120, 121 

34. What was done by Congress and Washington m June and July? 122 

35. What took place in Yirginia in the year 1 775 ? 122 

36. Where, atthe North, did the Americans resolve to carry the war? 122 

37. Why did they determine to go against Canada ? 122, 123 

38. How were operations against Canada commenced? 123 

39. How far did Schuyler proceed, and why did he return ? 123 

40. Give an account of Arnold's doings and misfortune 123 

41. What progress did Montgomery make before December?. . 123, 124 

42. What can you state of Arnold's operations meanwhile? 124 

43. What was done by Montgomery and Arnold, acting together ? . 124 

44. What was afterward done in Canada by Arnold alone? 125 

45. How did the operations against Canada end? .,,.,..,,. 125 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 



EVENTS OF IIIQ. 

I. Owing to various causes, Wasliing-ton's army in the 
vicinity of Boston liad dwindled to less than ten thousand 
men, but by great exertions it was augmented to fourteen 
thousand before the close of February, 1776. Congress, be- 
lieving that this force would be required in other directions, 
urged Washington to attack the British, and, if possible, 
drive them from the city. This accorded with his own desire, 
which had been previously made known ; yet, in a council of 
his officers, the recommendation was rejected as involvino- too 
much risk. A plan of action was, however, adopted, by which a 
line of fortifications was in one night erected on Dorchester 
Heights, which completely commanded the city and harbor 
of Boston. 

II. Howe, who had succeeded Gage* in the command, see- 
ing that he must either dislodge the Americans at once or 
evacuate the city, resolved on an attack ; but a violent storm 
preventing it till the Americans were strongly fortified, his only 
alternative was evacuation. An understanding was thereupon 
informally entered into, by which the British should be allowed 
to embark without molestation from the batteries, upon con- 
dition that they would not set fire to the city. In accordance 
therewith, on the l7th of March, 1776, they evacuated Bos- 
ton, accompanied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, and 
sailed for Halifax. 



* Thomas Gage was the last roval governor of Massachusetts. He was an active officer during the 
French and Indian war, and, during Braddock's campaign, he and Washington met. 



Events of 1776.— Questions.— I. 1. What fluctuations took place in the numl)cr 
of Washington's army? 2. What was Washington urged to do? 3. To whom did 
he submit the recommendation? 4. What was its fate? 5. What work* were erect- 
ed instead? 

II. 6. By whom was Gage succeeded in command of the royal forces? 7. What 
two alternatives were presenled to Howe? 8. Upon what did he resolve? 9. "Why 
did he not carry it out? 10. What is said of a certain understanding? 11. When 
did the British leave Boston? 12. By whom were they accompanied? 13. In Avhat 
direction from Boston is Halifax? 



128 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

III. A little more than two months before their ae- 
partiire, a secret expedition, conducted by Clinton, had 
been dispatched by water in a southerly direction. Surmising its 
destination to be Xew York, Washington gave General Charles 
Lee authority to raise volunteers in Connecticut and march to 
the protection of that city. It happened that on the very day 
of Lee's arrival in New York, CUnton appeared off Sandy 
Hook, just outside the harbor. 

IV. Foiled in his design a!2;ainst the city, Clinton sailed 
southward ; and Lee, who had been appointed to the command 
of the southern forces, pushed rapidly on, watching, as best he 
could, his movements. At Cape Fear Clinton w^as joined 
by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Cornwallis (corn-wol'-lis)^ with 
a fleet atid troops from England, and the whole force pro- 
ceeded against Charleston, in South Carolina. 

V. The people of Carolina had received intelligence of the 
intended attack, and were making great exertions in the erec- 
tion of defenses at various places in the harbor. A fort of 
palmetto wood, on Sullivan's Island, gari'isoned by about five 
hundred men under Colonel Moultrie {inole'-tre)^ commanded 
the channel leading to the town, and was considered, in con- 
nection with Fort Johnson, on James Island, the key to the 
harbor. A combined attack by land and water upon Sulli- 
van's Island was commenced on the morning of the 28th of 
June, 1776. After a conflict of nine hours, during which 
Clinton was foiled in his attempt to reach the island, and the 
fleet was much shattered, the vessels drew off, and the British 
abandoned the enterprise. 



III. QuESTTOxs. — 14. What expedition was sent under Clinton? 15. In what 
way did Washington undertake to anticipate Clinton's designs? 16. What coinci- 
dence occurred? 

IV. 17. In what direction did Clinton then sail? IS. What took place at Cape 
Fear? 19. Where is Cape Fear? (See map, p. 79.) 20. Against Avhat place did the 
British then proceed? 

V. 21. IIow were the people of Charleston prepared ? 22. What fort is between 
Forts Moultrie and Johnson? (See map, p. 129.) 23. Give an account of the battle 
of Fort Moultrie. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



129 



VI. While success 
was thus attending; 
the American arms 
at the South, Con- 
gress was preparing 
to declare a separa- 
tion of the political 
relati(ms existing be- 
tween Great Britain 
and the colonies. On 
the Vth of June, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
of Virginia, offered 
the following resolu- 
tion : ^^Resolved, 
That these united 

colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- 
ish crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- 
solved." 

VII. Thereupon a discussion took place which continued 
for three days, when the further consideration of the subject 
was postponed to the 1st of July. In the mean time, Thomas 
Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,* Roger Sherman, 
and Robert R. Livingston, were appointed a committee to 
draft a Declaration of Independence. Lee's resolution was 
passed by a large majority on the 2d of July ; and the De- 
claration OF Independence, which had been prepared by 




* Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, in 1706. He died in Philadelphia, in 1790. 



VI. Questions. — 24. What was Congress doing in the mean time ? 25. Eecite 
the resolution which was offered by Lee. 26. When did he offer it? 

VII. 27. What is said of the discussion that followed? 28. What committee was 
appointed? 29. What became of Lee's resolution? 30. Give the further history of 
the Declaration. 

0* 



130 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 




DE. FRANKLIN. 



Thomas Jefferson, the chairman of 
the committee, was unanimously 
adopted on the 4th of July, iTVe.* 
Everywhere the action of Con- 
gress was heartily approved by 
the people, and the Declaration 
was received iu assemblies, cities, 
and among the troops, with de- 
monstrations of joy. 

VIII. In the beginning of July, 
General Howe arrived from Hali- 
fax, and took possession of Staten 
(stat'-in) Island, at the entrance of New York Bay. This 
he made the rendezvous for a powerful army intended to act 
against New York. He was soon joined by his brother, 
Admiral Lord Howe, from England, and by Clinton from the 
South : these, with other arrivals, including a body of Ger- 
mans, or Hessians (JiesJi-ans), as they were generally called, 
gave him an army of thirty-five thousand men. 

IX. The design of the British was to seize the city of New 
York and the country along the Hudson River, establish a 
communication with Canada, separate the New England from 
the other States, and overrun the populous portions of the re- 
volted districts. Washington's army, in the vicinity of 
New York city, amounted to twenty-seven thousand men ; 
but, as many of these were sick, and many others were with- 



* The old State House, in Philadelphia, where Conpress met. is still standing. It is generally known 
by the name of Independence Hall, though the room in which the Declaration of Independence was 
adopted and signed, received at first that appellation. The building was erected in 1785, but its bell- 
tower was not put up until 175U. A bell which was imported from England, expressly for the tower, was 
found cracked upon its arrival, and thereupon it was recast in the city of Philaiielphia, and raised to its 
place in 1753. Upon fillets around its crown are the words: Proclaim Hberti^ throughout all the land unto 
all the inhabitants thereof. It has a world-wide reputation as the " Liberty Bell." 



YIII. Questions. — 3L Of what island did Howe take possession ? 32. In what 
Jirection from New York city is Staten Island? (See map, p. 18L) 33. By what 
additions did he acquire an army ? 

IX. 34. What was the design of the British ? 35. What is said of Washington's 
army? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



131 



out arms, his effective force did not exceed seventeen thousand 
men. 

X. Lord Howe and his brother, having been commissioned 
to grant pardons to all vv^ho would lay down their arms and 
return to their allegiance, undertook to make known their pow- 
ers by a proclamation addressed to the people, and by letters 
to Washington. The letters were not received, because they 
were addressed to George Washington, Esquii'C, instead of 
being addressed to him as commander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
can army. This rejection of the letters was owing, not to 
any official pride on the part of Washington, but to a con- 
viction that to receive them would compromise American 
rights and dignities. 

XL Baffled in the attempt, Howe determined to strike an 
effective blow without further delay. His troops were accord- 
ingly landed on the western end of Long Lsland, and, in three 
divisions, by three different roads, they advanced towards the 
American camp at Brooklyn, which was then in command of 
General Putnam.* 

Xn. While two of the divisions 
were engaging the Americans, the 
third, under Clinton, having taken 
a circuitous route, fell upon their 
rear. Some of the patriots, by a 
desperate effort, cut their way 
through the host of foes, but a 
great many were either killed or 
taken prisoners. The loss of the 




NEW YORK BAY. 



♦ Israel Putnam was bnrn in Danvers, Missachnsetts, in HIS. Hi took an active part in the French 
and In dian war. Hia death occurred in 1790, at Brooklyn, Connecticut. 



X. Questions.— 36. What special commission had Lord IIowc and his brother 
received? 37. IIow did they undertake to make known their powers? 38. How 

were the letters addressed ? 39. What was their fate ? 40. Why were they rejected ? 

XI. 41. What did Howe then determine upon? 42. Where were his troops land- 
ed? 43. What passage of water did he cross in going from Staten Island to Long 
Island? (See map, p. 131.) 44. What plan of advance did the British adopt ? 

XII. 45. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. 



182 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 
■^ ^ nearly two thousand ; that of the British was less than 

four hundred. This conflict, generally known as the battle 
of Lona; Island, was fought on the 27th of August, 1776. 

XIII. On the night of the 29th, while a heavy fog was 
hano'ino- over Brooklyn, and concealing the movements of the 
Americans, the troops were embarked, under Washington's 
supervision, and in safety they all crossed to New York city. 
This retreat was undoubtedly one of the most signal achieve- 
ments of the war, and redounded greatly to the military repu- 
tation of Washington. 

XIV. As the evident design of the British was to encom- 
pass the American army on the Island of New York, Wash- 
ington called a council of his officers, and, influenced by their 
opinion, abandoned the city and retreated to the northern 
part of the island. A part of the British army, thereupon, 
crossed the East River and took possession of the city. 

XV. Desiring to gain a knowledge of the condition and 
plans of the enemy remaining on Long Island, Washing- 
ton applied for a discreet officer to enter their lines and pro- 
cure this intelligence. Captain Nathan Hale,* of Connecticut, 
volunteered for the service. Ilale reached the British camp, 
and obtained the information desired, but on his return was 
arrested. He was taken before Howe, by whom, without 
even the form of a regular trial, he was ordered for execution 
the next morning. He died a patriot and a hero, saying with 
his last breath : " I only regret that I have but one life to 
lose for my country." 



* Nathan Hale was born in Connecticut, in 1755. After being praduated at Yale College, he became a 
teacher. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he entered the army as lieutenant, and before the 
close of the year was promoted to be a captain. His death occurred on the morning of the iid of Sept., 
1T?6. The tree on which he was hung, was one cf an orchard owned by Colonel Rutgers, and stood 
"jiear the present intersection of East Broadway and Market street," New York city. 



XIII. QrrESTioNS.— 46. Give an account of Washington's masterly retreat to New 
York. 

XIV. 47. Why did Washinsrton abandon the city of New York ? 48. To what 
place did he retreat ? 

XV. 49. Eelate the circumstances connected with the death of Nathan Hale. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



13:3 




XVI. About the middle of Sep- 
tember, a large detachment of 
the British crossed the East Riv- 
er, at a point toward the upper 
part of New York Island, and 
formed a line almost across the 
island. On the morning of the 
16th, they advanced, in strong 
force, towards the American 
lines, two miles off, when a 
spirited skirmish took place, resulting in the defeat and pur- 
suit of the British. Though the Americans lost Colonel 
Knowlton and Major Leitch {leech), their principal officers en- 
gaged, the affair was of advantage, inasmuch as it was the 
first gleam of success in the campaign, and consequently tended 
to revive the spirits of the army. 

XVII. It was evident, from Howe's movements, that he in- 
tended to get above Washington's army and destroy his com- 
munications with the Eastern States. While three English 
frigates were sent up the Hudson to cut off the communication 
with New Jersey, Howe passed through the strait at the east 
of New York Island, and landed the greater part of his army 
in Westchester county, beyond the Harlem River. To render 
these movements fruitless, Washington withdrew his troops 
further north, to White Plains, and here, the British following, 
a partial though severe engagement took place, on the 28th of 
October, in which the Americans suft'ered defeat, losing be- 
tween three and four hundred men, a loss about equal to that 
of the enemy. 

XVIII. During the following night the Americans had so 
improved and strengthened their position, that Howe con- 



XVI. Questions.— 50. Give an account of the battle that took place on the 16th 
of September. 

XVII. 51. What did IIowe\s movements indicate? 52. Describe the movements. 
53. Give an account of the battle of White Plains. 54. In what direction from Tar- 
ry town is White Plains? (See map. p. 47.) 



134 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



^ eluded liot to renew the contest until the arrival of i-e- 

enforcements ; but before these came Washington with- 
drew his troops still further north, to the hills of North Castle. 
Instead of following, the British general turned his attention 
to the American posts on the Hudson, with the apparent de- 
sign of invading New Jersey, and marching against Philadel- 
phia. 

XIX. Leaving one detacliment, under Lee, at North Castle, 
and another, under Colonel Magaw, at Fort Washington, the 
American commander crossed the Hudson with the main 
body of his army, and entered New Jei'sey. On the 16th of 
November, 1776, the British made an attack upon Fort Wash- 
ington, situated on New York Island, about eleven miles above 
the city, and, although they were successful, the victory cost 
them a thousand men. 

XX. They then, in large force, commanded by Cornwallis, 
crossed the Hudson and took possession of Fort Lee, nearly 
opposite Fort Washington, which had been abandoned on 
their approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, Washington 
retreated through New Jersey, and, early in December, crossed 
the Delaware with his diminished and disheartened army. 
Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon after adjourn- 
ed to Baltimore. 

XXI. Lee,''^ who had been urged by his commander-in- 
chief to hurry to the support of the main army, instead of 
obeying, at first delayed, and then advanced leisurely. Hav- 

* Charles Lee was born in England, in 1731. He was with Braddock in the battle of the Monon^ahela, 
and with Abercrombie in the assault on Ticouderoga. He afterward served in the Russian army. His 
death occurred at Philadelphia, in nSi. 



XVIII. Questions. — 55. Why did not Howe afterward renew the contest? 56. 
By what movement was Howe foiled ? 57. In what direction from Verplanck's Point 
is North Castle ? (See map, p. 47.) 58. What was Howe's next movement? 

XIX. 59. On what stream of water was Fort Washington situated ? (See map, p. 
47.) 60. Give an account of the battle there. 

XX. 61. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit. 62. What movement did 
Congress make ? 63. On what river is Philadelphia situated? (See map, p. 142.) 
64. Baltimore ? (See map, p. 200.) 

XXI. Go. How did Lee obey Washington's order to hurry to his support? 66. 
What misfortune befell him ? 67. What was then done with Lee's detachment ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



135 




GENERAL LEE. 



ing incautiously taken quarters 
at a distance from his detach- 
ment, he was snrprised and 
taken prisoner by a scouting 
party of the enemy, Sullivan, 
who had been made a prisoner 
at the battle of Long Island, 
and recently exchanged, then 
took comiuand of the detach- 
ment, and promptly conducted 
it to Washington's camp across 
the Delaware. 

XXII. Owing to the reverses which the army had sus- 
tained, a feeling of gloom and despondency prevailed among 
the patriots. This was soon dispelled by a bold enterprise 
accomplished by Washington. On the night of the 25th of 
December, 1776, a division of the army crossed the Delaware 
under his command — two other divisions, in consequence of 
the ice, not having succeeded in getting over — and at eight 
o'clock on the morning of the 26th, attacked a body of Hes- 
sians stationed at Trenton. Rahl,"^ their commander, was 
mortally wounded, between thirty and forty of his men were 
slain, and nearly a thousand taken prisoners. Washington's 
loss was only four men, two of whom fell in the battle, and 
two were frozen to death. 

XXIII. Conscious that he could not hold Trenton against 
the superior force which the British could concentrate there 
in a few hours, he recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners 
and spoils. The victory restored confidence to the Americans, 



* The name of this ofBcer was also spelled Rail, and in other ways. After the battle he was conveyed 
to the house of a Quaker family, where Washington and Greene visited the dying man. 



XXII. Questions.— 68. In what direction from Philadelphia is Trenton ? (See map, 
p. 68.) 69. When did a battle take place there ? TO. Give an account of the battle. 

XXIII. 71. Why did Washington abandon Trenton ? 72. What effect did the 
result of the battle have? 73. What induced Washington to again proceed to Tren- 
ton? 



136 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1776. 



while it startled and mortified the British. Encour- 
aged by his success, and finding his army strengthened 
very much by recent recruits, Washington resolved to act on 
the offensive. With that view he again crossed the Delaware 
and took post at Trenton, though the enemy were assembled 
in great force at Princeton, only ten miles distant. 

EVENTS OE 1777. 

I. After being joined by 
troops under Generals Miflflin 
and Cadwallader, Washing- 
ton's whole force at Tren- 
ton, on the 1st of January, 
1777, did not exceed five 
thousand men. Fortunately, 
Congress had invested him 
with almost dictatorial powers 
in all things relative to the 
operations of war, and, thus 
empowered, he was making 
eff"orts to augment his army by the addition ' of artillery bat- 
talions, 

II. Towards the evening of the 2d of January, Cornwallis, 
at the head of a large body of troops, reached Trenton, and 
after making several attempts to cross the stream which runs 
through the town, and being as often repulsed with loss, he 
concluded to give his wearied troops a night's repose, and de- 
fer hostilities until morning, feeling sure of then capturing 
Washington and his entire army. 

III. Washington's situation was indeed critical. To retreat 




CENTRAL PART OF NEW JERSEY. 



Events of 1777. — I. Questions. — 1. Howlar^re was Washington's army at Trenton 
in the beginning of 1777 ? 2. With what extraordinary power had Congress invested 
Washington ? 

II. 3. Give an account of what took place on the 2d of January. 

III. 4. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. 5. What bold 
expedient suggested itself to his mind in this critical position V 6. In what direction 
from Trenton is Princeton ? (See map, p. 136.) 7. When did the battle of Princeton 
take place? 8. Describe it. 9. What otlicer did the Americans >-8c'? 



AxMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



137 



across the Delaware, which was then very much obstructed by 
floating ice, or to remain and risk a battle with a superior 
force, appeared full of danger. In this hour of darkness, a 
bold expedient suggested itself, and he adopted it. Leaving 
his carap-lires burning, he inarched by a circuitous route to- 
ward Princeton, intending to surprise and attack the British 
troops left there. At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his 
f(^rces encountered, near Princeton, a part of the British troops, 
already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the 
American militia gave way, but Washington coming up with 
a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. 
The loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
was about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not 
exceed thirty, but among them was General Mercer, who was 
mortally wounded. 

IV. Washington's army was encamped at Morristown 
during the first months of 1777. The place had not been se- 
lected for winter quarters, but, being well protected by forests 
and rugged hills, no change was made until the latter part of 
May, when the encampment was removed to Middlebrook. 

y. Early in 1776, Congress sent 
Silas Deane to France, to solicit aid 
for the United States. He was af- 
terward joined by Dr. Franklin and 
Arthur Lee. France hesitated to 
extend any open assistance, but 
secretly aided the Americans by 
loans and gifts of money, and by 
supplies of arms, provisions, and 
clothing. And what aid France 
did not extend as a nation, was, to 




FLAW OF THR UMTED STATES, 
ADOPTED IS JCLY, ITTT. 



IV. Questions. — 10. Where did Washington's army spend the first months of 
1777? 11. Why did the army remain there so lonir? 12. When and to wljat place 
did the army remove? 13. In what direction from Morristown is Middlebrook? 
(See map, p. CS. ) 

V. 14. What persons were sent to France for aid ? 15. In what way did France 
respond? 16. What is said of Lafayette ? 



138 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

^^ some extent, at least, accorded by her citizens. The 
Marquis de Lafayette was a notable example. At Lis 
own expense he fitted out a vessel, and, in the spring of 
1777, arrived in America. He at once joined the army of 
Washington as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after 
appointed by Congress a major-general. 

VI. Tow^ard the close of April, 1777, General Tryon, late 
royal governor of New York, made an expedition eastward. 
With a force of two thousand men he marched against Dan- 
bury, Connecticut, and, after destroying the stores which had 
been collected there by the Americans, burned the town. 
Fearing: an attack from the miUtia, who were assembling in 
great force, he retreated to his shipping in Long Island Sound, 
being repeatedly harassed on his retrograde march by de- 
tachments of the Americans, commanded by Generals 
Wooster, Arnold, and Silliman. Tryon's loss, during the 
expedition, amounted to nearly three hundred men : that of 
the Americans was not so large, but Wooster was among the 
slain. 

VII. The destructive expedition against Danbury was fully 
retaliated in less than a month after. Colonel Meigs [inegz), 
with a party of Connecticut militia, crossed Long Island 
Sound, destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sagg 
Harbor, and, carrying off ninety prisoners, returned to Con- 
necticut without the loss of a man. 

VIII. This gallant exploit was followed, in July, by another 
of equal, if not greater daring. Colonel Barton, with a 
small party of resolute men, at night crossed Narragansett 
Bay to the Island of Rhode Island, surprised and captured 
General Prescott, the British commander there, and returned 

VI. QrrESTiONS. — 17. When and by whom was the town of Danbury burned? IS 
In what direction from New Haven is Danbury ? 19. Give an account of Tryon's 
expedition. 20. What officer did the Americans lose ? 

VII. 21. How is Sagg Harbor situated? (See map, p. 47.) 22. Give an account 
of the expedition conducted by Colonel Meigs. 

VIII. 23. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Colonel Barton. 24. 
What was afterward done with Prescott ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



139 



safe to the mainland with his prisoner. This achievement 
put it into the power of the Americans to recover Lee, an 
officer of equal rank with Prescott, and the exchange was ac- 
cordingly effected in May, 1778. 







TUE JERSKY PRISON-SHIP.* 

IX. As spring approached, it became evident that Howe's 
scheme in New Jersey was to draw the Americans from their 
camp at Middlebrook, and bring on a general engagement. 
In furtherance of the plan, he concentrated the main body of 
his army at New Brunswick, within ten miles of the camp ; 
and, in one attempt, a skirmish took place between a corps 
under Cornwallis and Stirling's brigade, in which the British 
had the advantage. The scheme, however, failed : Washing- 
ton continued to pursue his " Fabian policy," and, at length, 
the whole force of the enemy in New Jersey was withdrawn 
to Staten Island, leaving the American commander in complete 
possession of the State. 



* Durin-r the Revnlutinn, the British nsed the hull;s of their decaying ships for the imprisonment of 
Americans captured by them. One of these, the Jersfij Prisim-Ship, is proverbial in our revolutionary 
history on account of the frreat numbers who were confined there, and of the cruel and inhuman treat- 
ment they received. She was anchored in the Wallabout, a small bay on the Lon^ Island shore, opposite 
New York, and used as a prison -ship until the close of the war. 



IX. Qttestions. — 25. What became evident as spring approached ? 26. Did the 
British succeed? 2T. To what place cli<' the British withdraw? 



140 ^ AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



-^ X. The troops thus withdrawn, amounting to eigh- 

teen thousand men, were embarked on board the fleet 
commanded by Admiral Lord Howe, and the vessels put to sea, 
leaving a large force under Clinton still at New York, to retain 
possession there, and make the city a base of other operations 
then in progress. The destination of the fleet being unknown 
to Washington, he remained for many days in painful uncer- 
tainty about it. 

XL At last the mystery was explained. The object of the 
British was to get possession of Philadelphia, but, on reach- 
ino- Delaware Bay, they were deterred from entering by re- 
ports that measures had been taken to obstruct the navigation 
of the Delaware River. The Admiral, it afterward appeared,, 
then determined to make for* Chesapeake Bay, and, in that 
way, approach as near as possible to the city. Accordingly 
a landinof was eff'ected at a point on the Elk River, a stream 
flowing into the bay from the north. 

XII. Washington hastened to dispute the march of the 
British, and, with the main part of his army, took a position 
at Chad's Ford, on Brandy wine Creek. On the 11th of 
September, the enemy advanced in two divisions, and while 
one, under Knyphausen [nip-how' -zen), made a direct attack 
upon the left wing of the Americans, the other, under Howe 
and Cornwallis, crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly 
fell upon their right. The patriots defended themselves with 
great valor, but were at length forced to give way. The loss 
of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was full 
twelve hundred men; that of the British was about five 



X. Questions. — 2S. Wliat disposition did Howe make of his troops ? 29. On what 
subject did W^ashington feel a painful uncertainty? 

XI. 30. How was the mystery of Howe's movements explained? 31. By what 
route did the British finally proceed ? 32. What town is situated at the mouth of the 
Klk Eiver? (See map, p. 142.) 

XII. 33. Where did Washington take a position to dispute the march of the 
British ? 34. Is Chad's Ford nearer the mouth of Brandywine Creek than Wilming- 
ton ? (See map. p. 142.) 35. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 36. 
What distinguished officer, on the American side, was wounded ? 37. What ott / 
distinguished officer was in the tattle ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



141 



liundred. Lafayette, who was wounded, and Pulaski [pu-las- 
ke), a Polish nobleman, were both in the battle, doing brave 
service for the cause of liberty. 




Washington's head-qfartf.rs at trandywine. 

XIII. During the following night, the Americans retreated 
to Chester, where they rendezvoused, and next day marched 
toward Philadelphia. Washington, desiring to save the city 



XIII. Questions. — 38. To what place did the American army retreat during the 
night? 39. State how Washington's determination to meet the enemy again was 
frustrated. 40. Give an account of the battle of Paoli. 41. Into what body of 
water does the Schuylkill flow? (See map, p. 142.) 42. In what direction from 
Philadelphia is Paoli? (See same ina[).) 



142 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



if possible, recrossed the Schuylkill {skooV-kil), with 



1777. 



the determination of seeking the enemy and giving 
battle. The two armies met, and were on the point of engag- 
ing, when a violent rain-storm prevented. To add to the dis- 
aster of Brandywine, General Wayne, who had been detached 
with about fifteen hundred men to get in the rear of Howe's 
advancing army, and cut off his baggage train, when near 
Paoli (pd-o'-le)^ on the 20th of September, was surprised by 
a midnight attack, and defeated with great loss. 

XIV. A movement on the part of the British, which threat- 
ened the magazine and military stores at Reading [recV-dinff), 
induced Washington to make a counter-movement and take a 
position at Pottsgrove. Philadelphia, thus abandoned, was 
entered by the British on the 26th of September, 1777. 
Howe prepared to make the city his winter-quarters, while 
the main body of his army was encamped at Germantown, 
four miles distant. 

XV. Some days after, Washington, on learning that a 
strong detachment of the British had left for the reduction of 
Forts Miflflin and Mercer, determined to attack the force re-^ 

mainino- at Germantown. Ac- 
cordingly, early on the morn- 
ing of the 4th of October, the 
Americans advanced upon the 
encampment of the enemy, 
and, for a time, had the ad- 
vantage ; but a fog wliich pre- 
vailed, and a stone house into- 
which several companies of 
British troops had thrown 
themselves, favored the party 
attacked, and, after one of the 




PIIILADKLPIIIA AND VICINITY. 



XIV. Questions.— 43. How is Keading situated ? (See map, p. 142.) 44. How is 
Pottsgrove situated? (See same map.) 45. Why did Washington occuj.y Potts- 
grove ? 46. What was the consequence ? 47. Where did the main body of the 
British encamp for the winter? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 

bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the war, the patriots 
were repulsed. The loss, on the part of the Americans, in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about a thousand men ; 
on the part of the British, about half that number. 

XVI. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the Ameri- 
cans had erected two forts on opposite sides of the Delaware 
River. One of these, called Fort Mitflin, was at Mud Island, 
near the Pennsylvania shore, and the other, Fort Mercer, was 
at Red Bank, on the New Jersey side. It was evident that 
while these two forts were in the hands of the Americans, and 
the obstructions remained which had been placed in the river, 
the British shipping could not ascend to Philadelphia, and 
consequently the army there would not readily obtain supplies. 

XVII. Howe was aware of this, and, in concert with his 
brother, a plan of operations was agreed upon for the reduc- 
tion of the forts and the removal of the obstructions. Ac- 
cordingly, on the 22d of October, both forts were attacked : 
Mercer, by a land force of two thousand Hessians, under 
Count Donop ; and Mifflin, by a powerful naval force of 
frigates and other vessels. But, in both cases, the British 
were most signally repulsed, with heavy loss. Donop was 
mortally wounded ; about five hundred of the Hessians and 
marines were either killed or wounded, and two of the largest 
ships were destroyed. Colonel Green, who commanded at 
Fort Mercer, Colonel Smith, who commanded at Fort Mif- 
flin, and Commodore Hazel wood, who did good service in 
command of a small fleet of galleys, were thanked by Con- 
gress for their courageous conduct, and to each was afterwards 
voted a sword. 



XV. Questions. — 4S. In what direction from Pottsjrrove is Oermantown ? (See 
map, p. 142.) 49. While at Pottsgrove, what information did Washington receive? 
50. When did the battle of Oermantown occur ? 51. Give an account of it. 

XVI. 52. IJow are Forts Mifflin and Mercer situated? 53. What was evident 
in connection with the two forts? 

XVI [. 54. What plan of operations was agreed upon ? 55. When were the two 
forts attacked ? 56. Give an account of the two battles? 57. How was the gallant 
conduct of the American commanders afterwards noticed? 



144 



AMEKICAN REVOLUTION. 




, KHH XVIIT. On the tenth of November a second attempt 

to reduce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic 
defense of five days, during wliich tlie British kept up a de- 
structive fire from a battery which they liad erected, and also 

from their ships-of-war, the gar- 
rison set fire to and evacuated 
the fort, and crossed over to Red 
Bank at night by the Hght of the 
flames. Washington endeavored 
to keep possession of Fort Mer- 
cer, but before he could send a 
sufficient force, Lord Cornwallis, 
with two thousand men, appear- 
ed before it. As a defense against 
such odds was hopeless, the place 
was abandoned. 

XIX. During the winter of l777-"7S, Washington's troops 
were quartered in huts at Valley Forge, on the west side of 
the Schuylkill River, about twenty miles from Howe's head- 
quarters at Philadelphia. Here they suffered greatly for want 
of food, clothing, and comfortable quarters, and many of the 
officers resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. 
In a letter which Washington addressed to the President of 
Congress, on the 23d of December, he says: "We have no 
less than two thousand eight hundi-ed and ninety-eight men 
now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot and 
otherwise naked." 



COLONEL MOL'LTUIE. 



XVIII. Questions. — 58. When did the British a second time undertake to reduce 
Fort Mifflin? 59. Give an account of what followed. 60. What is said of Fort 
Mercer? 

XIX. 61. Where did Washington's army make their head-quarters during the 
winters of ]7TS-"T9? C2. In what direction from Fort Mifflin is Valley Forge? (See 
map. p. 142.) 63. What is said of the sufferings of the Americans at Valley Forge ? 
G4. Wliat statement did Washington make in a letter? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



145 



BURGOYNE'S INVASION. 

I. The failure of the campaign of 1776 against Canada, left 
the British at liberty to make hostile demonstrations from 
that quarter, and they were not slow in availing themselves of 
It. An army of ten thousand men, consisting'' of British and 
German troops, and a large body of Canadians and Indians, 
was concentrated at St. John's, on the Sorel River. 

II. The immediate design of General Burgoyne, who com^ 
manded this large army, was to invade the United States by 
the way of Lake Champlain, and force his way to Albany. 
He further designed to effect a junction of his own army with 
that of one from New York city, and thus cut off Washing, 
ton's communications with the Eastern States. Before making 
any advance, however, he sent a 
detachment, under St. Leger, to 
proceed by way of Oswego, cap- 
ture Fort Schuyler {ski'-ler), situ- 
ated on the Mohawk River, and 
then rejoin him at Albany. 

III. Burgoyne, at the head \ "^^ffl.^ (^^ / 

of his invading host, moved slow- ^^H»^(?\ T^^V 
\y up the lake, and, after taking 
possession of Crown Point, pro- 
ceeded to invest Ticonderoga, 
which was then garrisoned by a force of three thousand men, 
under General St. Clair.* This commander had determined 




GENERAL ST. CLAIR, 



^*>^^^^'^'l^r';^^t:i:rj^^^ He was with Wolfe in the battle of the 

burg, Pennsylvania, in 1S18. "^"'"er^"" '" ^^^ battles of Trenton and Princeton. He died near Greens- 



f.ih,T7r'^ ^""r'''"-".^- Q^^«^^«^^«-^- ^^-^ -as the consequence of the 
failure of he Canada campaign in 1776? 2. Where did the British army of invasion 
concentrate? 3. How is St. John's situated? 4. Is St. John's 
Rouse's Point? (See map, p. 124.) 

II. 5. Who comman.led the army at St. John's? 6. What was Bur^ovne's im- 
mediate design ? 7. What further design did he have? 8. - . » «ni 
send out? 



's north or south of 



What detachment did he 



]46 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



^^^ to hold out to the last extremity, but, to his dismay 

1777. . .' ' ., 

discoyering that the enemy had erected batteries on 

Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, he 

determined upon a speedy retreat. 

IV. On the night of the 5th of July, while dispatching his 
ammunition and stores for Skenesborough [sJcecnz' -hur-ro)^ 
now Whitehall, the army crossed over to Mount Independence, 
and took a road through the woods, on the east side of the 
lake, towards Fort Edward, the head-quarters of General 
Schuyler, who then commanded the American forces at the 
north. Early on the morning of the 7th, the rear division of 
the retreating army was overtaken at Ilubbardtown, Vermont, 
and, after a severe battle, routed with considerable loss. The 
ammunition and stores were also overtaken at Skenes- 
borough, and destroyed. 

V. Schuyler, deeming his force, which then numbered only 
about four thousand men, inadequate to make a successful 
stand against that of the invaders, gradually fell back to the 
islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. Burgoyne reached 
Skenesborough, and thence his march was slow and difficult, 
owing to the impediments which Schuyler had placed in his 
w^ay, by destroying the bridges and felling immense trees 
across the roads. 



III. Questions.— 9. In what part of the State of New York is Lake Champlain 
situated? (See map, p. 62.) 10. What State is on the east of the lake? (See map, 
p. 62.) 11. How is Crown Point situated? (See map, p. 149.) 12. Ticonderoga? 
(Ditto.) 13. Mount Defiance ? (Ditto.) 14. Up what lake did Burgoyne sail ? 15. 
What place did he take possession of? 16. What place did he then proceed to in- 
vest? 17. By whom was Ticonderoga defended? IS. What had St. Clair deter- 
mined upon ? 19. Why did he not carry out his determination ? 

IV. 20. What did St Clair do with his ammunition and supplies? 21, In what 
direction from Fort Edward is Whitehall? (See map, p. 149.) 22. To what place 
did the American army cross? 2-3. Where Is Mount Independence? (See map, 
p. 149.) 24, What road did the array then take? 25. When was the battle of Hub- 
bardtown fought ? 26. How is Hubbardtown situated? (See p. 149.) 27. Give an 
account of the battle fought there. 2S. What became of the ammunition and stores ? 

V. 29. To what place did Schuyler retire? 30. Into what river does the Mohawk 
flow? (See map, p. 149.) 31. W^hy did Schuyler retire to the islands at the mouth 
of the Mohawk? 32, What is said of Burgoyne's march after leaving Skenes- 
borough ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



147 



VI. While approaching Fort Edward, an act of barbarity 
was perpetrated which excited wide-spread abhorrence. This 
Avas the murder of Miss McCrea. The lady, it appears, was 
on a visit to a friend residinjr near the fort. Several Indians, 
part of one of Burgoyne's marauding parties, burst into the 
house where Miss McCrea was, and carried her off. On the 
way, a quarrel arose among the savages as to whose prize the 
captive was. The dispute becoming furious, one of the In- 
dians, in a paroxysm of rage, killed her, and bore off her scalp 
as a trophy. 

VII. St. Leger, who, it will _ 
be recollected, had been sent 
against Fort Schuyler, on reach- 
ing the place, and finding it reso- 
lutely defended by Colonel Gan- 
sevoort, determined upon a siege. 
The besiegers were a motley 
force, composed mostly of Brit- 
ish and Indians, the latter led by 
the famous Brant, with some 
Royalists, Hessians, and Cana- 
dians. On the 6th of August, 

two days after the commencement of St. Leger's operations, 
General Herkimer, with a body of militia, while advancing 
to the relief of Gansevoort, fell into an ambuscade at 
Oriskany, (o-ris^-kan-e), within a few miles of the fort, and was 
mortally wounded. 




KOSCIUSKO.* 



* Thaddeus Kosciusko, a Polish patriot, was born about 1755. He was with Gates in the two battles of 
Still water, and subsequently distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washington. His death, which oc- 
curred in Switzerland, in 1817, was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. 



VI. Questions. — 33. Give an account of tlie iiiurdor of Miss McCrea. 34. How 
is Fort Edward situated? (See map, p. 149.) 

Vir. 35. Against what place had St. Leger been sent? 36. "Where was Fort 
Schuyler? (See map, p. 148.) 37. By whom was Fort Schuyler defended? 38. 
Upon what did St. Leger determine? 39. W^hy did he not make an attack at once? 
40. Of whom did the besiegers consist? 41. Give an account of the battle of Oris- 
Kanv. 



148 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 




TinXITY OF KOKT SCIIUYLEE. 



VIII. At the same time, and for 
the purpose of making a diversion 
in favor of Herkimer, of whose ap- 
proach Gansevoort had been in- 
formed, a spirited sortie from the 
fort was made upon the camp of 
the besiegers, who w^ere driven 
away or fled, and a large quantity 
of baggage and stores was seized. 
The Americans retreated in good 
order to the fort just as St. Leger 
came up with re-enforcements. 

IX. Schuyler, upon hearing that Gansevoort was so closely 
pressed, sent a detachment of eight hundred men to his relief. 
Arnold, who commanded it, by contriving to send a report 
ahead, exaggerating the number of his force, so worked upon 
the fears of St. Lcger's Indian allies that they fled, and the 
siege was abandoned. 

X. While these events were taking place on the Mohawk, 
others, of no less importance, were being enacted nearer to 
Burgoyne. That commander, in consequence of the delays 
to which he had been subjected, found himself in want of 
supplies for his army. Learning that large quantities were 
stored at Bennington, he sent a detachment of five hundred 
men, mostly Hessians, commanded by Colonel Baum, to seize 
them. The detachment Avas met a short distance from the 
town, on the 16th of August, 1111, by a body of New Hamp- 
shire militia, under General Stark, and entirely defeated, 
Baum being killed. The victors then dispersed in various 
directions about the field. 



Tin. QuKSTioNS.— 42. Give an account of the sortie from the fort. 

IX. 43. Give an account of Arnold's stratagem. 

X 44 What (lid Bur^ovne find himself in need of? 45. How came it that his 
supplies were -one? 46.^ By what method did he undertake to procure supplies? 
47. Ilowis Benninston situated? (See map, p. 149.) 4^. When did the battle of 
Bennington take place? 49. Give au account of it. 
cans comuiit after the battle? 



50. What error did the Ameri- 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



149 



XI. At this juncture, five 
liiindred Hessians, Avhom Bur- 
jroyne had sent to the aid of 
Baum, came up. These were 
joined by many of their coun- 
trymen who had fled. Stark 
was endeavoring to gather to- 
gether his scattered men, when, 
fortunately. Colonel Warner,''^ 
with a fresh body of militia, 
arrived from Bennington, and 
the enemy were again defeated. 

XII. The reverses experi- 
enced by the British at Fort 
Schuyler and Bennington, sc- 
I'iously embarrassed the move- 
ments of Burgoyne, and weak- 
ened and dispirited his whole 
army. Just then, when the 
Americans were in good force 
to confront the British, a 
change was made in the com- 
mand of the patriot army of the 
north — General Gates, by act 
of Congress, was appointed to 
succeed Schuyler. 

XIII. Gates advanced to Bemis Heights, a little above 

* Seth Warner was born in Connecticut, about 1744. He took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, in 1775 ; was at the battles of Bunker flill, Benningt.m, and Bemis Heiglits, and waa with 
Montgomery in Canada. He died iu Connecticut, in 17S5. 




Schnet 

ALBANY® 



MASS. 



SARATOGA AND VICINITY. 



XI. Questions.— 51. What occurred at this juncture? 52. How did fortune 
favor the Americans ? 

XII. 58. How did the defeat of the British at Bennington affect thent ? 54. Who 
was appointed to succeed Schuyler? 55. What injustice was done to Schuyler by 
the change? 

XIII. 56. To what place did Gates advance ? 5T. In what direction is that from 
Bennington'? (See map, p. 149.) 58. What movement did Burgoyne make? 59. 
When was the first battle of Stillwater fought? 60. Give an account of it. 61. By 
what other name is that battle also known ? 



150 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Stillwater, and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, arriving 
within two miles of the American camp. On the 
following day, September the 19th, was fought the first battle 
of Stillwater, sometimes called the battle of Berais Heights, in 
which Arnold was the leading spirit, and the bravest among 
the brave. Both parties claimed the victory ; but, though 
the British remained on the field of battle, their progress 
toward Albany was effectually checked. 

XIV. The two armies remained in sight of each other 
for more than two weeks, Burgoyne, in the mean time, 
strengthening his position, to await the co-operation of Clin- 
ton from New York. Despairing of aid from that quarter, 
the British commander determined, if possible, to cut his 
way through the American lines. Then, October the Yth, 
occurred the second battle of Stillwater, or, as it is often 
called, the battle of Saratoga. 

XY. After a fierce conflict of sev- 
eral hours, in which the British lost 
General Fraser and other valuable 
officers, beside over four hundred 
men, they were compelled to give 
way. Though having no command 
assigned him, Arnold was the most 
active in the battle, and was severely 
wounded just as victory was decid- 
ing for the Americans. 




GESEU.VL BURGOYNE. 



XYI. Burgoyne* retired to Sara- 
toga shortly after, where, finding 



• John Burgoyne was born in Enp:Iand, about 1730. After his surrender to Gates he returned to Eng- 
land, being tlien a prisoner on parole, where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which body he was 
fi member.' lie died ia London, in 1792. 



XIV. Questions. — G2. How long did the two armies remain in sight of each 
other? 63. What did Burgoyne do in the moan time ? U. What did he at last de- 
termine to do? 65. When did the second buttle of Stillwater occur? 66. By what 
other name is that battle also known ? 

XV. 67. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. 

XVL 68. To what place did Burgoyne then retire ? 69. What was Bis condition 
at Saratoga? 70. When did he surrender? 71. What did the Americans acquire by 
the surrender? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 151 



himself so surrounded tliat all chance of retreat was cut off, 
and being without provisions, on the l7th of October he 
surrendered his whole army, numbering more than five 
thousand men, prisoners of war. By the surrender, the Ameri- 
cans acquired a fine train of artillery, five thousand muskets, 
and a large quantity of clothing, tents, and military stores. 

XVII. In the mean time Sir Henry Clinton had ascended 
the Hudson as far as Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and 
captured the two forts ; but, in- 
stead of hastening to the co-oper- 
ation of Burgoyne, he sent an ex- 
pedition to devastate the country, 
intending thereby to make a diver- 
sion in favor of the northern Brit- 
ish army. The troops garrisoning 
Ticonderoga and other forts on 
the northern frontier, upon hear- 
ing of Burgoyne's surrender, aban- 
doned their posts and fled to Can- gi.nf.ral gates. 
ada, and Clinton's expedition returned to New York. 

XVIIT. The all-important successes of Gates* at Bemis 
Heights and Saratoga formed an unsatisfactory contrast with 
Brandywine and Germantown, and served the purpose of a 
faction, subsequently known as " Conway's Cabal," who were 
laboring in secret to undermine the popularity of Washington. 
The leading conspirator, the one from whom the cabal de- 
rived its name, was Thomas Conway, who had come from 
Europe with a military reputation, and been appointed a 
major-general in the American army. 

• Horatio Gates was b.^-n in Englan.l in 1T?S. He was an officer in Urnddock-s expedition in 1755 
and was severe! v wounded in the b.att e ot the Mononp.hela. After the Revolutionary V\^ar, he r^aideVo?,' 
„„ ..f„,. „.,..... 1,. .^.,... ,„ v,rg,u>a, until 17i,U. He then removed to New York, where he died i 




XVII. QiTESTioNS.— 72. What h.ad Sir Henry Clinton done in tbo mean time? 

73. How were tlie two forts, Clinton and Montgomery, situated ? (See map, p. .) 

74. What expedition did he send? 75. What effect did Biirgoyne's surrender have 
upon the expedition, and the British troops on Lake Champlain ? 

XVIII. 76. What invidious contrast was made ? 77. What is said of the cabal 
and the leading conspirators ? 



152 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1777. 



XIX. A knowledge of this intrigue coining to 
Washington, his despondency, occasioned by the dis- 
tresses at Valley Forge, was very ranch augmented, but during 
the trying season he comported himself with dignity ; and 
time fully vindicated the wisdom of Congress in electing him 
to be the commander-in-chief of the army. 

XX. In November, 1777, Articles of Confederation 
for the government of the United States were adopted by 
Congress. These, however, in consequence of not being rati- 
fied by a sufficient number of States till 1781, did not go into 
effect before that year. 




EUIN8 OF FOET TICOXDEKOGA. 



XIX. Questions.— 78. Did Washington hear of the intrigue against hitn? T9. 
How did the knowledge affect him '? SO. What was his conduct undftr the circum- 
gfances? 81. "What is said of the wisdom of Congress in connection with the sub- 
ject ? 

XX. 82. When did Congress adopt the Articles of Confederation ? 83. When did 
the Articles go into effect ? 84. Why did they not go into effect sooner ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 153 

Rp]VIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What measures were taken to drive the British from Boston ?. 127 

2. When and under what circumstances did they leave the city? 127 

3. What authority did Washington give to General Charles Lee? 128 

4. When, where, and by whom was Clinton's force increased?. . . 128 

5. How was Charleston prepared for defense ? 128 

6. Give an account of the battle of the 28th of June, 1776 128 

7. What was done in Congress on the 7th of June, 1776? 129 

8. What on the 2d of July and the 4th of July ? 129, 1 30 

9. What extensive preparations were made by the British? 130 

10. What was their design in making the preparations ? 130 

1 1. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 131, 132 

12. Of Washington's retreat to New York and evacuation of the city 132 

13. Of Howe's subsequent movements to intercept Washington. 133, 134 

14. How did the British got Fort Washington and Fort Lee? 134 

15. How did Gen. Lee behave when ordered to join the main army ? 134 

16. How did the British succeed in making him a prisoner ? 135 

17. Give an account of the battle of Trenton 135 

18. Give an account of the battle of Princeton 13 G, 137 

19. Why were Dr. Franklin and others sent to France? 137 

20. What can you state of the generous conduct of Lafayette ?. . . 138 

21. What expeditions were made in April, May, and July ?...... 138 

22. In what way did Howe proceed from New Jersey to the Elk R. ? 140 

23. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine 140, 141 

24. Give an account of Wayne's disaster at Paoli 142 

25. When did the British army enter Philadelphia? 142 

26. Give an account of the battle of Germantown 142, 143 

27. Give an accoimt of the two battles fought October 22d 143 

28. How were Forts Mifflin and Mercer afterwards lost? 144 

29. What can you state of Washington's army at Valley Forge ? . . 144 

30. What army did the British concentrate at St. John's, Canada?. 145 

31. Give an account of St. Leger's operations 145, 147, 148 

32. Of Burgoyne's movements against Ticonderoga 145, 146 

33. Of the battle of liubbardtown 146 

34. Of the two battles fouglit near Bennington 148, 149 

35. By whom was Schuyler superseded in the Northern command ? 149 

36. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights 149, 150 

37. Give an account of the battle of Saratoga 150 

38. What was Burgoyne finally compelled to do? 150, 151 

39. What account can you give of Conway's Cabal? 151, 152 

40. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation? 152 



154 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



EVENTS OF 1718. 

I. The success of the Ameiicans at Saratoga decided the 
negotiations which had been set on foot in 1776. France 
acknowledged the independence of the United States, and a 
treaty of alliance and commerce was concluded between the 
two countries. The commissioners by whom the treaty was 
made met at Paris, — those on the part of the United States 
being Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, — and 
on the 6th of February, 1778, signed the important docu- 
ment. 

II. In England the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender pro- 
duced alarm, which was aggravated by apprehensions that 
France was about to espouse the cause of the Americans ; 
and instead of the determination formerly manifested by the 
British ministry, to conquer the rebellious colonies at any cost, 
a more conciliatory spirit began to prevail, and two bills, in 
keeping with this feeling, were passed by Parliament. 

III. Commissioners were sent to America, with all dispatch, 
to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress refused to 
treat with them until Great Britain should withdraw her fleets 
and armies, or acknowledge the independence of the United 
States. 

IV. One of the commissioners, in his eagerness to forward 
the end of his mission, attempted to bribe General Joseph 
Reed and Robert Morris, members of Congress. Said Reed, 
in reply, " I am not worth purchasing ; but, such as I am, the 
king of Great Britain is not rich enough to do it." 

Events of 1778. — I. Questions. — 1. How did the American success at Saratoga 
affect matters in France? 2. Who were the American commissioners by whom the 
treaty was negotiated ? 8. When was it signed ? 

II 4. How did the success at Saratoga aflfect the cause in England? 5. What 
was done by Parliament ? 

III. 6. Who were sent to America? 7. How did Congress act toward them? 

IV. 8. "What is said of the attempt at bribery ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



155 




V. France, immediately upon 
the conclusion of the treaty with 
the United States, fitted out a 
squadron, commanded by D'Es- 
taing* {des-taimf)^ the first object 
of which was to blockade the 
British fleet, then in the Dela- 
ware. 

VI. In the mean time. Gen- 
eral Howe had resigned his com- 
mand, and General Clinton been d'estaing. 
appointed his successor. The 

British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet in the 
Delaware, and apprehending a result to their main army similar 
to that of Burgoyne's, ordered the ships to leave the river, 
and the troops to abandon Philadelphia, and both forces to 
proceed to New York. Consequently, D'Estaing, in his first 
intention, was foiled, for, before his arrival, Admiral Howe 
had sailed. 

VII. On the 18th of June, Clinton completed the evacua- 
tion of Philadelphia, crossed the Delaware, and commenced 
his march through New Jersey toward New York. Wash- 
ington gave pursuit, and at Monmouth, on the 28th of June, 
a severely contested battle was fought. In the early part of 
it, Lee's division fell back, and was in full retreat just as 
Washington came up. Lee was sharply rebuked by the com- 
mander-in-chief, and directed to assist in further operations ; 



* Charles Hector Count d'Estaing was a native of France, born in 1729. He was a member of the 
Assemblv of Notables in the French Revolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, was 
guillotined in 1794. 



v. Questions. — 9. How did France commence to assist the Americans? 

VI. 10. What change took place in the British command? 11. In what intention 
was D'Estaing foiled? 12. What was the cause ? 13. Why did Clinton leave Phila- 
delphia? 

VII. 14. "When did he leave ? 15. In what direction did he go? 16. "What move- 
ment did Washington make? 17. When did the battle of Monmouth take place? 
18. In what direction is Monmouth from Philadelphia? (See map, p. 68.) 19. What 
is Monmouth now called ? Ans. — Freehold. 20. Give an account of the battle. 



156 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

he complied, and during the remainder of the battle 
displayed both faithfulness and courage. 

VIII. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the 
engagement was indecisive, the advantage was clearly with 
the Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to re- 
new the contest on the following morning ; but Clinton 
silently departed before dawn, and proceeded on his march. 
The loss of the British in the battle reached five hundred, and 
this was increased by more than a thousand desertions, prin- 
cipally among the Hessians, before the march was ended. 
The Americans lost more than two hundred, many of whom 
fell from the excessive heat and fatigue of the day. 

IX. Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke he hal 
received on the battle-field, he addressed two disrespectful let- 
ters to Washington on the subject, and, at his own request, was 
tried by a court-martial. Three charges were made out against 
him, namely : disobedience of orders, misbehavior before the 
enemy, and disrespect to the commander-in-chief. A tedious 
investigation of more than a month was had, when he was found 
guilty and sentenced to be suspended from all command for a year. 

X. Lee never rejoined the army, but, just before the close 
of the war, died in Philadelphia. It is certain that his con- 
duct, on more than one occasion during the war, gave rise to 
painful suspicions ; and the evidence is now strong that, once 
at least, he was ready to act a treacherous part. 

XI. During the summer of 1778, an enterprise was decided 
upon by Washington and D'Estaing, having for its object the 



VJII. Questions. — 21. What is said of the result? 22. What prevented a re- 
newal of the contest? 28. What losses were sustained by each part}' ? 

IX. 24. To whom did Lee address two disrespectful letters ? 25. \\^hy did he do 
so? 26. "What action was taken at his request? 27. What charges were brought 
against him? 28. What was the result of the trial ? 

X. 29. When and where did Lee die ? 30. What is said of his conduct during 
the war? 

XL 31. What enterpiise did Washington and D'Estaing decide upon? 32. What 
force did the enemy have there at the time ? 33. How did the French and Ameri- 
cans commence operations? 84. In what direction from Providence is Newport? 
(See map, p. 37.) 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



157 



expulsion of the British from the Island of Rhode Island, which 
place had been made a military depot and stronghold by them. 
The enemy's force there, at the time, consisted of about six 
thousand men, commanded by General Vigot, whose head- 
quarters were at Newport. In accordance with the plan of 
attack, the French fleet entered the harbor of Newport and 
anchored near the town, while Sullivan,'^' commanding the 
American troops, crossed from Tivei-ton and landed on the 
northern part of the island. 

XII. Just as arrangements 
were matured for a com- 
bined attack, Lord Howe, 
who had heard of Pigot's 
danger, and hastened to his 
relief, made his appearance 
with his large fleet. The 
new-comer entirely diverted 
the French commander from 
his object, who, tempted by 
the hope of a naval victory, 
sailed out to meet Howe, 
engage when a furious storm came on, 
disabled them. 

XIII. D'Estaing returned to Newport, but, instead of co- 
operating with the Americans, as agreed, he announced his 
intention of sailing for Boston, to refit his ships. Against this 
contemplated desertion, not only Sullivan, but Lafayette and 
Greene, who were then with the army at Rhode Island, re- 
monstrated, but without effect. In the mean time, Sullivan 
had advanced almost to Newport, but, finding himself deserted 




GENERAL SULLIVAN. 



The two fleets were about to 
hich parted and 



* John Sullivan was born in Berwick, Maine, in 1740. In consequence of ill health, he resigned his 
position in the army before the close of the war. His death occurred at Durham, New Hampshire, in 
1785. 



XII. Questions. — 35. Describe what took place in connection with D'Estaing's 
fleet 

XIII. 36. Upon D'Estaing's return to Newport, what announcement did he 
make? 37. How was the announcement received by the Americans? 38. What 
had Sullivan done in the mean time? 



158 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



by the French, he withdrew to the northern part of 

the isLand, followed up by the British. 
Xiy. Here, on the 29th of August, occurred an engage- 
ment known as the battle of Quaker Hill, or, taking its name 
from another eminence, on which the Americans had thrown up 
a redoubt, the battle of Batt's Hill. After a loss, in killed, of 
over two hundred on each side, the British retired. Learning 
that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sulli- 
van gained the mainland, by a night movement, just in time 
to avoid being intercepted by Sir Henry Clinton. 

XV. A little later in the season, a marauding expedition, 
commanded by General Grey, committed great devastation, 
burning vessels in Buzzard's Bay, sacking New Bedford and 
Fair Haven, and, at Martha's Vineyard, levying an immense 
contribution in sheep and cattle. But no acts of the enemy 
during the entire war were considered of greater atrocity than 
those committed by the Tories and Indians at Wyoming, in 
Pennsylvania, and at Cherry Valley, in New York. 

XVI. Early in July, 1778, a large force of Tories and In- 
dians, under Colonel John Butler, entered the Valley of Wy- 
oming, spread desolation in every direction, and defeated, with 
great slaughter, a body of the inhabitants, who had march- 
ed out to check their ravages. In November, of the same 
year, a force of the same mixed character fell upon the settle- 
ment of Cherry Valley, and killed, or carried into captivity, 
many of the settlers. 

XVII. Towards the close of the year. Sir Henry Clinton 
sent an expedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. 

XI v. Questions.— 39. When did the battle of Quaker Hill take place ? 40. Give 
an account of it. 41. What is said of Sullivan's escape? 

XV. 42. Give an account of Grey's expedition. 43. Where is Buzzard's Bay? 
(See map, p. 37.) 44. In what direction from Newport is New Bedford? (See same 
map.) 45. "Where is Fair Haven? Ans.— On the Acushnet liiver, opposite New 
Bedford, Avith which it is connected by a bridge. 46. Where is Martha's Vineyard? 
(See map, p. 37.) 47. What acts of the enemy were looked upon as of peculiar atrocity ? 
4S, Where is Cherry Valley ? (See map, p. 62.) 49. Where, Wyoming ? (See map, p. 62.) 

XVI. 60. Give au account of the " Massacre at Wyoming." 51. Of the " Massacre 
at Cherry Valley." 



AxMERICAN REVOLUTION. 159 

Colonel Campbell {kam'-el), wlio coniinanded it, proceeded 
against Savannah, then defended by a force of only six hun- 
dred regulars and two or three hundred militia, under General 
Rt^bert Howe, and, on the 29th of December, made an attack. 
The Americans were defeated with much loss, and, in conse- 
quence, Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and was 
retained by them until July, 1783. 

EVENTS OF 1779. 

I. Savannah having fallen into the hands of the British, no 
other post in Georgia remained to the Americans except Sun- 
bury {sun' -her-e). On the 9th of January, 1779, General Pre- 
vost, who had arrived from Florida with a body of troops, 
captured this post, a::d, assuming the command of the British 
fc^rces in the South, ordered Campbell to occupy Augusta, for 
the purpose of giving encouragement and support to the loy- 
alists in that region. 

II. The Tories along the western frontiers of Carolina, having 
organized themselves into a body, and placed Colonel Boyd in 
command, marched to join the royal army under Prevost. 
Throughout their entire route, they committed depredations 
and cruelties upon the property and persons of the patriots ; 
but at Kettle Creek, Georgia, they were attacked, on the 14th 
of February, by a force of Carolina militia, under Colonel 
Pickens, and utterly defeated, Boyd being among the killed. 

III. Encouraged by this success, General Lincoln {link'-on)^ 
who had arrived to take command of the American troops at 

XVII. Questions. — 52. What expedition was sent acjainst Gcorgiu? 53. How is 
Savannah situated? (See map, p. 164.) 54. When did a battle occur ? 55. Give an 
account of it. 56. What was the consequence ? 

Events of 1779. — I. 1. What post in Georgia remained to the Americans after 
the fall of Savannah? 2. State how and when this, too, was lost. 8. What command 
did Prevost assume? 4. AVhat order did he give? 5. In what direction from Sa- 
vannah is Sunbury? (See map, p. 164.) 

II. 6. What organization of Tories was effected? 7. What is said of their acts ? 
depredations, etc. ? 8. When did the battle of Kettle Creek take place? 9, Where 
did it take place? Ans. — At Kettle Creek, Georgia, near its junction with the Sa- 
vannah Eiver. 10. Give an account of the battle. 



160 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

the South, sent General Ashe to drive the British from 
Augusta, and confine them to the country near the sea. 
Campbell fled at his approach ; but at Brier Creek, Georgia, 
Ashe was surprised by Prevost, on the 3d of March, and de- 
feated, losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and 
dispersion. Elated with victory, Prevost advanced against 
Charleston, but the timely arrival of Lincoln forced him to 
retire. 

IV. Learning that a body of British troops was stationed 
at Stono Ferry, ten miles southwest from Charleston, Lincoln 
determined, if possible, to drive the enemy from a position so 
menacing to the city. Accordingly, on the 20th of June, the 
attempt was made, but, after a severe engagement, the Ameri- 
cans were repulsed. 

y. While these operations were being carried on at the 
South, General Tryon made two more expeditions against Con- 
necticut, and Clinton captured Stony and Yerplanck's Points, 
on the Hudson. In Tryon's second expedition, he destroyed 
some salt-works at Horseneck, and dispersed a body of troops 
under Putnam ; in his third, he plundered New Haven, and 
laid East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, in ashes. 

VI. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, plan- 
ned a midnight attack under General Wayne.* On the 15th 
of July, Wayne set out, and, dividing his force into two col- 

* Anthony Wayne was born at Waynesborough, Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1745. He died at 
Presque Isle, now Erie, in 1796, while on his way from the West, where he had been on 



on public business. 



III. Questions. — 11. Who succeeded General Robert Howe in the command of 
the American troops at the South? 12. On what expedition did Lincoln send Ashe? 
l:i How is Augusta situated ? (See map, p. lU.) 14. When did the battle of Brier 
Creek take place ? 15. Into what body of water does Brier Creek flow? (See map, 
p. 164.) 16. Give an account of the battle. 

IV. 17. When did the battle of Stono Ferry taha place? 13. Where was the 
battle fought ? 19. Give an account of it. 

V. 20. In the mean time, what had the British done at the East and North ? 
21. How is Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 109.) 23. Which is the near- 
er to Peckskill, Stony Point or Yerplanck's Point? (See map, p. 169.) 23. How 
are New Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk situated? (See map, p. 47.) 24. Where is 
East Haven? A?is. — Four miles east from New Haven. 25. "What did Tryon ac- 
complish in his second expedition? 26. In his third? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



IGl 




GKNERAL WAYNE. 



nmns, for simultaneous attacks 
on opposite sides of the fort 
reached the outworks before 
the alarm was given : the two 
columns then forced their way 
with the bayonet, in the face 
of a tremendous fire of grape- 
shot and musketry, and, meet- 
ing in the centre of the 
works, the garrison surren- 
dered at discretion. The entire 
loss of the Americans was fifteen killed, and eighty-three 
wounded : the British lost upward of six hundred, in killed 
and prisoners. This achievement, considered one of the most 
brilliant of the war, was elfected without the firing of a single 
gun on the part of the victors. 

VII. Only four days after, July 19, another gallant exploit 
crowned the eff'orts of the Americans. The British post at 
Paulus [paw'-las) Hook,* in New Jersey, opposite the city of 
New York, was surprised at night by Major Henry Lee, and 
one hundred and fifty men of the garrison were made prison- 
ers. 

yni. These two successes were counterbalanced by a com- 
plete reverse, experienced about a month later, in Maine. A 
squadron of armed vessels, fitted out by Massachusetts, pro- 
ceeded against a military post which the British had estab- 
lished on the Penobscot River. Just as the Americans were 
about to make an assault, after an ill-judged siege of fifteen 
days, a British fleet arrived and defeated them with great loss. 



* Paulns Hook was so called for a number of years. Its name was afterwards changed to " the city of 
Jersey ," and in 1S38, by act of incorporation, it was called Jersey City. 



VI. Questions. — 27. What place did Washington desire to recapture ? 28. How is 
Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 169.) 29. When was the battle of Stony Point 
fought? 30. Give an account of it 31. How is Wayne's achievement considered? 

YII. 32. Give an account of the exploit at Paulus Hook. 

VIIT. 33. Describe the Penobscot Eiver. (See map, p. 103.) 34. Give an account 
of the reverse on the Penobscot. 



162 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

IX. As many of the Indian tribes, especially those 
in the western part of New York, were constantly war- 
ring upon the border settlements, General Sullivan was sent to 
check their depredations, as also to avenge the " Massacre of 
Wyoming." On his march, he was joined by General James 
Clinton, from the vicinity of Albau}^, when the united forces 
amounted to about five thousand men. After defeating a 
body of Indians and Tories at Newtown, now Elmira, in a 
conflict know^n as the " Battle of Chemung" {she-mung')^ he 
penetrated as far as the Genesee (^jen-e-see') River, destroying 
forty Indian villages and a vast amount of corn. This chastise- 
ment greatly intimidated the Indians, and their murderous 
excursions became less frequent. 

X. The winter of l779-'80 set in early, and was very se- 
vere. Washington made his winter quarters at Morristown ; 
and, though he made great exertions for the comfort of his 
troops, they still were at times on half allowance, and suffered 
greatly for want of sufHcient clothing and shelter. 

XI. D'Estaing, it will be remembered, sailed from Rhode 
Island for Boston, to refit his ships, after they had been dis- 
abled in a storm. From Boston he went to the West Indies. 
In September, 1779, he returned, and prepared to co-operate 
with Lincoln in an attempt to recover Savannah. On the 9th 
of October, after a siege of about three weeks, the two com- 
manders made a combined assault, but were repulsed with 
the loss of nearly a thousand men, in killed and wounded. 
Amonjr those who fell was the o-allant Count Pulaski, a Po- 
lish patriot, who had distinguished himself at the battle of 
Brandy wine, and had otherwise rendered good service to the 
American cause. 

IX. Questions — 35. Upon what expedition was Sullivan sent? 86. By whom was 
he joined? 37. Where is Elmira? (See map, p. 62.) 38. What took place there? 
39. What did Sullivan accomplish? 40. Describe the Genesee River. (See map, p. 
62.) 

X. 41. What is said of the condition of Washington's army during the winter 
of 1779-'80? 

XI. 42. What is said of D'Estaing's movements? 43. Give an account of the 
attempt to recover Savannah. 41 What officer of note did the Americinis lose? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



163 




PAUL JONES. 



XII. In September of this year, one of the most obsti- 
nate naval engagements ever fought took place oiT Flam- 
borough Head, England. It 
was between a small squad- 
ron of French and American 
vessels, commanded by Paul 
Jones,* and two British frig- 
ates that were convoying a mer- 
chant fleet. At about seven, on 
the evening of the 23 d, the 
battle commenced. The Bon- 
Homme Richard, Jones's flag- 
ship, coming in contact with 
the Serapis, one of the frigates, commanded by Captain Pear- 
son, Jones lashed the two vessels together. The contest con- 
tinued with great fury till ten at night, when the Serapis 
struck. The other frigate in the mean time had surrendered 
to the Pallas, one of the vessels of the squadron. Jones, find- 
ing that his own ship was sinking, was compelled to transfer 
his crew to the Serapis. 

XIII. Great Britain found an additional antagonist this 
year, in Spain ; that power with a view to regaining Gibraltar 
Jamaica, and Florida, joined France and declared war against 
her. 

EVENTS OP 1Y80. 
I. The principal military operations of 1780 were carried 
on in South Carolina. Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet com- 
manded by Arbuthnot, having sailed from New York to pro- 

• John Paul Jones was born in Scotland, in 1747. At the age of twelve, he was apprenticed to a ship- 
master who was engaged in the American trade. When the American Revolution broke out, he was in 
Virginia. Misname was John Paul, to which, for some unknown reason, he added Jones. After the 
Revolution, he entered the Russian naval service, and died at Paris, in poverty and neglect, in 1792. 



XII. Questions. — 45. Where didanaval battle take place on the 23d of September, 
1779? 46. What was the character of the battle ? 47. Give an account of it. 

XIII. 48. What additional antagonist appeared against Great Britain ? 

Events of 1780. — I. 1. Where were the principal military operations of 1780 
carried on? 2. When did Sir Henry Clinton appear before Charleston? 3. How 
is Charleston situated? (See map, p. 164) 4. What took place at Monk's Cor- 
ner? 5. Where is Monk's Comer? (See map, p. 164.) 6. Give an account of tho 
surrender of Charleston. 



i64 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Vfto ^^^^ against Charleston, appeared before that city in 
February, and, on the 1st of April, commenced a regu- 
lar siege. While it was in progress, an American force, sta- 




Sa-ramiali. 



ottlLe 
CAROLINAS 

20 30 60,,., 



tioned at Monk's Corner, to keep open a communication 
between the city and the interior, was surprised by Colonel 
Tarleton, and put to flight. On the 12th of May, Lincoln, 
the American commander, unable to hold out any longer, 
surrendered, and every man in Charleston became a prisoner 
of war. 

II. To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as Clin- 
ton contemplated, three expeditions were sent into the inte- 
rior. The first was to scour the country along the Savannah ; 
the second, to go against the post of Ninety-Six; while thj 
third was to pursue a body of troops which had been sent 



II. Questions.— 7. Why did Clinton send three expeditions? S. What special 
objects had each ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 

to the relief of Charleston, but, on le:\rning of the surrender 
of that city to the British, had turned back, and were march- 
ing towards North Carolina. 

III. The first and second expeditions met with no opposi- 
tion. As Buford, the commander of the retrograding Ameri- 
cans, was moving very rapidly, and liad a long start of the 
third expedition, Cornwallis, its commander, detached Tarleton 
with a force of dragoons and mounted infantry, to lead the 
pursuers. At Waxhaw Creek, on the 29th of May, Tarleton 
overtook the retreating Americans, and, impetuously fallino- 
upon them, gave no quarters, but massacred or maimed nearly 
every man. 

IV. Sir Henry Clinton, believing South Carolina to be 
completely subdued, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis 
to carry the war into North Carolina and Virginia. In this 
opinion, however, Clinton was mistaken : for Generals Sumter 
and Marion, by their partisan warfare, kept alive the spirit of 
freedom. Although the former was repulsed at Rocky Mount, 
yet at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he attacked a large 
body of British and Tories and gained a decided victory. 

V. Previous to the surrender of Charleston, Washington 
had sent the Baron De Kalb with re-enforcements, for the pur- 
pose of aiding Lincoln ; but, owing to various difficulties, 
De Kalb advanced no further than Deep River, in North 
Carolina, where, hearing of the fate of Charleston, he deter- 
mined to await further orders. While thus waiting. Gates, 
who had been appointed by Congress to succeed Lincoln in 



III. Questions. — 9. How did the first and second expeditions succeed? 10. 
When did the battle of Waxhaw Creek take place? 11. Give an account of it. 12. 
Into what river does Wa.xhaw Creek flow? (See map, p, 164.) 

IV. 13. Why did Clinton return to New York ? 14. Whom did he leave in com- 
mand? 15. What is said of Sumter and Marion ? 16. What is said of the battles at 
Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock ? IT. AVhere are these two places situated ? (See 
map, p. 164.) 

V. 1". How did Washington endeavor to prevent the loss of Charleston ? 19. Give 
an account of De Kalb's movements. 20. Into what body of water does the Deep 
River flow? (See map, p. 164..) 21. Who was Lincoln's successor in command at 
the South? 22. To what place did Gates march his army ? 



166 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



^ the command at the South, arrived and took charge. 

The army then marched to Clermont, in South Carolina. 

VI. At this time there were two large forces of the British 
in South Carolina : one at Charleston, under Cornwallis, and 
the othor on the Santee River, under Lord Rawdon. On hear- 
ing of the approach of Gates, Rawdon concentrated his troops 
at Camden, twelve miles from Clermont, at which place Corn- 
wallis soon arrived with a small number of troops and took 
the command. On the 15th of August, Gates sent re-enforce- 
ments to aid Sumter in capturing a train of supplies intended 
for the enemy ; and, on the night of the 15th, he advanced 
towards Camden, for the purpose of attacking the British 
should they march out in force to repel Sumter. 

VII. On the same night, by a singular coincidence, Corn- 
wallis sallied from Camden to attack the camp at Clermont. 
Just after nndnight the two vanguards met at Sanders Creek, 
and a slight skirmish took place, and early in the morning a 

general battle commenced. After a 
desperate contest, the American reg- 
ulars, being deserted by the militia, 
and overwhelmed by superior num- 
bers, were forced to retreat, with a 
loss in killed, wounded, and prison- 
ers, of about a thousand men. De 
Kalb* was among the mortally 
wounded, and died three days after. 
The loss of the British was between 
three and four hundred. This con- 
test, fought on the 16th of August, 




GENERAL DE KALB. 



* T)ie Baron De Kalb was a native of Alsace, a German province in possession of France. He came to 
America with Lafavette, in 1777. 



VI. QtJESTioNS. — 23. Whore, at the time, were the British in force in South Caro- 
lina? 24. Describe the Santee River. (See map, p. 164. ) 25. IIow is Cumden sitU' 
ated? (See same map.) 26. What movements did liawdon and Cornwallis make 
before the 16th of August? 27. What did Gates do on the 15th and 16th ? 

VII. 28. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek. 29. When did it tako 
place ? 30. By what other names is it also known ? 81. What oflicer of note did the 
Americans lose ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 167 

1780, is known as the battle of Sanders Creek. It is also 
known as the first battle of Camden, or, it is quite as often 
simply designated as the battle of Camden. 

VIII. Sumter was successful in capturing the train of sup- 
plies ; but the defeat of Gates not only left him without any 
co-operation from that quarter, but let loose the enemy 
against him. He was pursued by Tarleton, and at Fishing 
Creek, a tributary of the Wateree, was surprised and routed 
Avith great slaughter. 

IX. Believing South Carolina to be at last subdued, Corn- 
wallis proceeded to overrun North Carolina. His first 
measure was to detach Major Ferguson to overawe the in- 
habitants favoring the patriot cause, and embody the loyalists 
under the royal banner. A large number of Tories and dis- 
reputable persons flocked to Ferguson's standard, and, as a 
consequence, his progress was attended by many disgraceful 
excesses. 

X. These acts of violence so exasperated the inhabitants, 
that, on the 7th of October, a hastily-formed force, consisting of 
bodies of mountaineers and backwoodsmen, under the general 
command of Colonel William Campbell, of Virginia, attacked 
the enemy at King's Mountain,* in South Carolina. Fer- 
guson and one hundred and fifty of his men were killed, and 
the remainder, to the number of more than eight hundred, 



* King's Mountain is the narae of a village in North Carolina. Near it, but in South Carolina, is the 
eminence of the same name, which was the scene of the battle. The conflict took place about a mile and 
a half south of the boundary-line between the two States. 



VIII. QiTESTioNS.— 32. What is said of Sumter's success and subsequent defeat ? 
33. By what name is the Wateree River known in North Carolina? Atis.—The 
Catawba. 34. At what place was Sumter surprised and routed by Tarleton ? 35. 
Into what stream does Fishing Creek flow ? 36. Into what stream does the Wateree 
flow? (See map, p. 164.) 

IX. 37. Under what delusion did Cornwallis proceed to overrun North Carolina ? 
SS. What was his first measure? 39. What is said of the persons who flocked to 
Ferguson's standard ? 40. What was the consequence? 

X. 41. When was the battle of King's Mountain fought ? 42. Was the battle 
fought in North or South Carolina? 4S. In what direction is King's Mountain from 
the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 44. Of whom did the American force at King's 
Mountain consist? 45. Give an account of the battle. 46. What oflicer did the 
Americans lose ? 47. How did the result of the battle affect Cornwallis ? 



1G8 



MERICAN REVOLUTION. 



-.H^f. snrrendered. Though the Americans had only twenty 
men killed, the loss of Colonel Williams, a brave 
and efficient officer, who was among the slain, was very miicli 
felt. The blow w^as a severe one to Cornwallis, and compelled 
jiiin to make a retrograde march into South Carolina. 

XL Marion* {md'-re-un), by his 
stratagems and expedients, con- 
tinued to frustrate the purposes of 
British detachments, and Sumter, 
appearing again in the field after 
his rout at Fishing Creek, was 
victorious in two engagements — • 
one at Fishdam Ford, with Major 
Wemyss (wemz), and the other 
at Blackstocks, with Tarleton. 

XII. At the north, in the mean 
time, events of great importance 
were taking place. Sir Henry Clinton, having heard that 
a mutinous spirit was breaking out in Washington's army, 
deemed the occasion propitious for an expedition. Accord- 
ingly, a force of five thousand men, under Knyphausen, 
advanced into New Jersey, took possession of Elizabeth, and 
burned " Connecticut Farms," a village now called Union. 
In a second advance, also led by Knyphausen, the British were 
met at Springfield, on the 23d of June, and repulsed. 




GENERAL MARION. 



* Francis Marion was born in South Carolina, in 1732. The amount of service which lie rendered the 
patriot cause during the Revolution can hardly be estimated. He was sometimes at the head of an inde- 
pendent force, surprising relief and supply parties of the British, and often rescnins captive Americans ; and 
then he and Sumter would be engaged in some darinj; enterprise, or he would aid Greene. All attempts 
of the enemy to overreach or baffle him were entirely futile. He was an honest man and a pure patriot. 
His death occurred in 179.5. 



XI. Questions. — IS. What is said of Marion's successes? 49. Of Sumter's ? SO. 
Where is Fishdam Ford? (See map, p. 164.) 51. Where is Blackstocks? (See 
map, p. 164.) 

XII. 52. What prompted Clinton to send an expedition into New .Jersey ? 53. 
What expedition did he send ? 54. What did Knyphausen accomplish in his first 
advance? 55. IIow is the village of Union situated? (See map, p. 68.) 56. How 
is the city of EKzabeth situated? (See map, p. 136.) 57. What was the city of 
Elizabeth formerly called ? Ans. — Elizabeth town. 58. When did a battle tiike place 
at Springfield? 51 Wh.t was the result? 60. How is Springfield situated? (See 
map, p. 136.) 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



169 



TREASON OF ARNOLD. 



Xin. The year 1780 is particn- 
Jarly memorable for the treason of 
Arnold. In 1778, directly after 
the British had evacuated Phila- 
dclpliia, Washington appointed 
Arnold to the command of that 
city, as the state of his wound, re- 
ceived at Stillwater, would not per- 
mit him to resume active duty. 
At Philadelphia he lived at an ex- 
pense far beyond liis income, and, 
to meet the demands of liis credi- 
tors, appropriated public funds to 
his own use. Cliaro-es were pre- 
ferred against him, and, though 
acquitted by a court-martial of actual criminal intent, lie was 
adjudged to be reprimanded by Washington. 

XIV. The decision of the court was received by Arnold 
with an ill grace, and with evident emotions of resentment ; 
and though Washington administered the sentence with o:reat 
delicacy and consideration, Arnold felt the disgrace, and de- 
termined to eflect a plan by which he might wreak his ven- 
geance, and, at the same tinae, repair his fortune. 

XV. He had already made secret advances to the enemy. 




XIII. Questions.— 61. For -what is the j'car 1780 particularly memorable? 62. 
When was Arnold appointed to a command at Philadelphia? 63. "Why was he not 
given a command requiring greater activity? 64. What is said of Arnold's style of 
living at Philadelphia? 65. What misappropriation of funds did he make? 66. 
What folloM-ed ? 

XIV. 67. How did Arnold^eceive thfc decision of the court? 68. How did Wash- 
ington perform his unpleasant task? 69. Upon what did Arnold determine? 

XV. 70. Of what had Arnold already been guilty? 71. What command did he 
solicit? 72. What correspondence was he at that time engaged in? 73. What is 
said of the importance of West Point ? 74, Where is it situated ? (See map, p. 169.) 
75. IIow did Arnold's request strike Washington ? 76. Why then did he grant the 
request ? 



170 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



under a feigned name; and while actually engaged in 
a treasonable correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, 
he solicited the command of West Point, then the strongest 
and most important fortress in the United States. Washing- 
ton expressed surprise that an officer so remarkable for energ^y 
and activity should seek a post where there was compara- 
tively so little to be done ; but, having confidence in Arnold's 
patriotism, he granted the request. 




AUNOLD 8 UEAD-QXTAETEE3, OPPOSITE WEST POINT. 



XVI. The treasonable correspondence had now been car- 
ried on eighteen months. The plot was ripe. Arnold was in 
the command of an important fortress which he proposed to 
betray into the hands of the British ; and Major Andre, aide- 
de-camp to Clinton, was sent to complete the plan of treason 
and adjust the traitor's recompense. Andre left New York, 



XVI. Questions. — 77. How long had Arnold carried on liis correspondence with 
Clinton before the treasonable plot was ripe? 73. On what mission was Andie sent? 
79. Who was Andre ? SO. IIow did Andre roach Arnold? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



171 



proceeded up the Hudson, and, at a place about six miles 
below West Point, met Arnold and completed the bargain. 

XVII. Instead of returning- by water, as had been previ- 
ously arranged, circumstances compelled Andre to cross to 
the east side of the Hudson, and proceed towards New York 
by land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopped by three 
militiamen — John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van 
Wart — and searched. In his boots were found a number of 
papers in Arnold's own hand-writing ; and he was therefore 
pronounced a spy. In vain he remonstrated, and attempted 
to bribe his captors ; they conducted him to Nortli Castle, 
the nearest military station of the Americans. 

XVIII. Colonel Jameson, the 
commander at North Castle, in 
stead of initiating measures for the 
capture of Arnold, stupidly dis- 
patched a letter to that officer, in- 
forming him of the circumstances 
of the arrest. The traitor, startled 
and alarmed upon reading the let- 
ter, immediately escaped on board 
the British sloop-of-war Vulture, 
the vessel which had been intend- 
ed for Andre's return, and took refuge in New York. 

XIX. Andre was conveyed to Tappan, a village on the 
west side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown, and there tried 
by a court-martial, found guilty, and, agreeably to the law 




BENEDICT ARNOLD. 



XVII. Questions.— 81. What change was made in Andr6's traveling arrange- 
ments? 82. What was the consequence? 83. Where is Tarrytown? (See map, p. 
169.) S4. Give the names of the three persons who arrested him. 85. What was 
the result of the search? 86. Did Andr6 endeavor to effect his release, or not? 87. 
By what means? 88. What did his captors do with him ? 89. Where is North Cas- 
tle ? (See map, p. 47.) 

XVIII. 90. Who commanded the Americans at North Castle? 91. What folly 
did he perpetrate? 92. What was the consequence? 

XIX. 98. Whither was Andre taken ? 94 IIow is Tappan situated? 95. Where 
was he executed ? (See map, p. 169.) 96. How was Arnold rewarded for his 
treachery ? 



172 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

and 11 sabres of nations, executed as a spy Arnold* 
1 80 

was made a brigadier-general in the British service, 

and received six thousand three hundred pounds sterling as 

an additional reward for his treachery. 



* Benedict Arnold was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1740. After the Revolution he was engafred 
in business for a time at St. John's, New Brunswick. He went to England, and at London, where he 
died in 1801, he lived in obscurity, everybody avoiding him with disgust. 



EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What foreign negotiations wore commenced in 1716? 154 

2. What acknowledgment did France make in 1778 ? 154 

3. What treaty was also made at the same time ? 154 

4. Who, on the part of the United States, signed the treaty ?, ... 154 

5. What effect did Bargoyne's surrender have in England? 154 

6. Upon w^hat mission were commissioners sent to America ? . . . . 1 54 

7. How did Congress act with reference to the commissioners?. . 154 

8. What error did one of the commissioners fall into? 154 

9. How did General Reed reply to him ? 1 54 

10. What foreign squadron was fitted out to aid the Americans?. 155 

11. By whom was Howe succeeded in the command of the British? 155 

12. Why did not D'Estaing capture the British fleet? 155 

13. When did Clinton evacuate the city of Philadelphia ? 155 

14. By whom was he pursued towards New York ? 1 55 

15. When did the battle of Monmouth occur ? 155 

16. Give an account of the battle 155, 156 

17. What was the loss of the British during the battle and retreat? 156 

18. How did Lee take the rebuke from Washington ? 156 

19. Upon how many and wdiat charges was he tried? 156 

20. What is said of the investigation and its result ? 156 

21 Give the subsequent account of Lee , 156 

22. Where was Pigot in command during the summer of 1778?.. . 157 

23. What rendered the place important at the time ? 157 

24. What enterprise was decided upon against it? 156, 157 

25. Into what harbor did D'Estaing's fleet enter ? 157 

26 What was done by Sullivan at the same time ? 157 

27 How was D'Estaing diverted from the attack upon Newport?. 157 

28. Upon his return to Newport, what announcement did he make? 157 

29. How was the announcement received by the Americans? 157 

30. Give an account of the battle that took place on the island. .158,159 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. J 73 



31 



PAGE 



What fortunate retreat did Sullivan afterward make ? 153 

32. Give an account of Grey's marauding- expedition .'."'"" 153 

33. When did the " Massacre of Wyoming" take place? " " 153 

34. When did the - Massacre of Cherry Valley" take place ? 158 

3o. Upon what southern expedition was Campbell sent? 158 159 

36. Give an account of the battle between him and Gen. R. Howe 159 

37. What did the Americans hold in Georgia at the opening of 1779? 159 

38. When and by whom was Sunbury captured? I59 

39. How did the force under Colonel Boyd originate. . .' ... . . ." . . ." .' 159 

40. Give an account of the battle between him and Pickens. .* .' .' ' 159 

41. Who, in 1779, commanded the American troops at the South i* 159 

42. On what expedition did Lincoln send General Ashe? 160 

43. Give an account of the battle between Ashe and Prevost''. .' " " 160 

44. Give an account of the battle of Stono Ferry " " 160 

45. What was done by Tryon mhis second and third expeditions?.' 160 

46. By whom was the recapture of Stony Point planned? 160 

47. Give an account of Wayne's brilliant achievement ico, 161 

48. What brilliant success crowned the efforts of Major Lee ?. . 161 

49. Where, in Maine, had the British established amihtary post?.' 161 

50. Give an account of tlie expedition against it 161 

51. On what westward expedition was Sullivan sent ? '".'."' ig2 

52. What did he accomplish during the expedition ? 162 

53. What preparations were made, in 1779, to recover Savannah?.' 162 

54. Give an account of the battle of Savannah 162 

55. What account can yon give of Pulaski? \ui 1^3 

56. Where did Paul Jones have his famous naval battle?.'.'.'.".'.'. . ' 163 

57. Give an account of it IQ^ 

58. Give an account of the operations against Charleston'." * .' ."I'es, 164 

59. What expeditions did Clinton send into the interior? 164,' 165 

60. What success did they meet with ? ' \q^ 

61. After Lincoln's capture, who succeeded to his command? .... 165 

62. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek * I66 

63. Give an account of the battle of King's Mountain 167, 168 

64. Of the events which led to Arnold's treason 1 69 170 

65. What place did Arnold propose to surrender to the British?.. . 170 

66. Whom did Clinton send to negotiate with Arnold ? 170 

67. At what place did Andre and Arnold meet ? 171 

68. State the circumstances of Andre's arrest 171 

69. What further account can you give of Andre? 171 172 

70. How did Arnold succeed in making his escape ? 171 

7 1. How did the British afterward reward him ? 172 



174 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



EVENTS OP I'ISl. 

I. The Pennsylvania line of troops, to the number of thir- 
teen hundred, having experienced much suffering through 
want of pay, clothing, and provisions, left their camp at Morris- 
town, with the intention of marching to Philadelphia and de- 
manding redress from Congress. At Princeton they were over- 
taken by two emissaries whom Clinton had sent, for the pur- 
pose of inducing them by bribes to enter the service of the king. 

II. Though smarting under the neglect to which they had 
been subjected, the troops were not to be bribed. Regarding 
Clinton's attempt as a reflection upon their fidelity to the 
cause of freedom, they seized the emissaries and conducted 
them to General Wayne, to be treated as spies. While at 
Princeton a committee of Congress met the disaffected sol- 
diers, and, after making concessions and granting rehef, settled 
the difficulty. The two emissaries were tried by court martial, 
found guilty, and executed as spies. 

III. The plan of concession by which the troubles with the 
Pennsylvania troops were settled, had a pernicious effect ; for 
the example of the Pennsylvanians was soon followed by a 
part of the Jersey troops, who claimed like treatment ; but 
Washington, by vigorous measures, not only quelled this 
second mutiny, but repressed all similar manifestations among 
other portions of the army. 

IV. However much these two demonstrations were regretted 
at the time, they produced a quickening and salutary eftect 
upon Congress. Direct taxes were resorted to, an agent was 
sent to Europe for aid, the Bank of North America was char- 
tered, and other efficient measures were adopted for the support 

Events of 17S1.— I. Questions.— 1. What is said of the mutiny of the Pennsyl- 
vania troops ? 2. Where and by whom were they overtaken ? 

II. 3. What did the troops do with the emissaries ? 4. What was finally done 
with them ? 5. How was the difficulty witii the troops settled ? 

III. 6. What is said of the method by which the difficulty with the Pennsylvania 
troops was settled? T. How was that soon shown? 8. How were the Jersey 
troons dealt with ? 9. What was the effect ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



175 




ROBEET MORRIS. 



of the army and the maintenance 

of the government. Through the 

exertions of Robert Morris,* as sii- 

perintendent of the national treas- 
ury, and as president of the bank, 

was Congress mainly enabled to 

prosecute the war. 

V. Early in 1781, two months 

after he had joined the British, 

Arnold was appointed to the 

command of an expedition 

against Virginia. With about twelve hundred men, he sailed 

up the James River to Richmond, plundered and destroyed 
public and private property there, and all his movements, in 
every direction, were marked by ravages and distress. 

VI. Descending the river, he took post at Portsmouth. An 
opportunity for his defeat and capture seeming full of promise, 
Washington arranged a plan by which troops under Lafay- 
ette,! co-operating with a French fleet from Rhode Island, 
were to make the attempt. But the effort failed in conse- 
quence of the British fleet, under Arbuthnot, overtaking that 
of the French ofl" the capes of Virginia, and, after an e^igage- 
ment of about an hour, compelhng it to return. 

VII. Gates's defeat at Sanders Creek caused his removal 
from the command of the Southern troops, and the appoint- 
ment of Greene in his place. Establishing a camp on the 

oil ^^^^^^^:>:r^''^i^J:^^''''^^^'':^ % IL:';, "" '^^Tt/" ^-f"-.-''- t>-'een years 
After the Revolution, he lost bv laud «DeeulaTk,ns Tn ?ln»nf ^- f *u- PT'\'''"°" "^ '"dependence, 

fade and he <ll^daiPK.l-.ie\yLX^^^^^^^^^ "'"'' ""' "^"^ ^'''"^'^ ^ '^^ China 

was fXf^tll^'f^ilSlZTM'''''' =" J--^"<=?. "f r "°'=''^"' '^"'l distinguished fan.ily, i„ 1757. He 
Andr6 as a sp" hI died iL' Paris' ^ ~ ' "'' ^orktown, and was a .neu.ber of the c'ourt that tried 



IV. QuESTiONS.-lO. What is said of the effect which the two uprisings of the 
troops had upon the Congress? 11. What measures did Congress adopt ? 12. What 
is said of Robert Morris's exertions ? 

V. 13. When did Arnold commence operations in behalf of those to whom he had 
deserted? 14. What is said of his expedition? 15. Describe the James Eiver 
(See map, p. 85.) 

VI. IG. How is Portsmouth situated? (See map, p. 44.) 17. What plan of cap- 
tare did Washington arrange? 18. Why did it fail ? 



IT 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1781. 



Great Pedee, the first care of the new commander was 
to reorganize the army, after which, separating it into 
two divisions, he sent one, nnder 
Morgan, to check tlie devastations 
of the British in the western part 
of South Carolina; the other, he 
retained under his own immediate 
command. 

VIII. CornwalHs no sooner 
heard of the movement of Mor- 
gan, than he dispatched Tarle- 
ton to disperse his force or drive 
it out of the State. Morgan, on receiving intelUgence of the 
approach of the British, was at first inclined to make a stand 




LAFAYETTE. 



where he was encamped, but, being informed of the superior- 
ity of their numbers, he retreated and took a position near 
the Cowpens. Here Tarleton found him, on the morning of 
the l^th of January. 

IX. Upon the signal being given, the British rushed for- 
ward with a shout, and a conflict ensued, in which, though 
Tarleton was confident of success, up to almost the very close 
of the battle, the Americans were completely victorious, inflict- 
ing a loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, of more than 
eight hundred men, while their own did not exceed seventy. 
The battle of the Cowpens was one of the most decisive of the 
Revolution. The patriots fought, actuated by a desire to re- 
venge the wrongs and outrages which the Tories and English 
had committed upon theni, their neighbors, and their homes, 



VII. Questions. — 19. What change in commanders did Gates's defeat at the South 
cause? 20. Where did Greene establish a camp? 21. Into what river does tliat 
flow? (See map, p. 104.) 22. How did he divide his army, and what did he do with 
one of the divisions? 

VIII. 23. What expedition was dispatched by Corn wallis ? 24. What movement 
did Morgan malie? 25. Where is the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 26. When did 
the battle of the Cowpens talce place ? 

IX. 27. Give an account of the battle. 2S. What is said of the decisiveness of the 
battle ? 29. What is said of the desire which actuated the jjatriots? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



177 




GENERAL MORGAN. 



and the result was a blow which perceptibly paralyzed the 
power of the royalists in the South. 
X. Morgan^ did not linger on 



the battle-field. Believing that 
Cornwallis would advance upon 
him with an overwhelming force as 
soon as he should hear of Tarle- 
ton's defeat, the victor set out in 
a northeasterly direction, his ob- 
ject being to get across the Cataw- 
ba before the enemy, then only 
twenty-five miles distant, could 
intercept him. Nor was he mis- 
taken with regard to the movement of Cornwallis. That com- 
mander soon received the inglorious tidings from the Cowpens, 
and, starting oflf in pursuit of Morgan, reached the Catawba at 
evening, on the 29th, just two hours after the Americans had 
forded the river. He halted, intending to cross in the morning, 
but during the night a heavy rain set in, and by daybreak 
the stream was so swollen as to be impassable. 

XI. Greene, who had received intelligence of the victory 
and pursuit, hurried forward with only a guard of dragoons, 
and, reaching the east side of the Catawba, took command of 
Morgan's division, and continued the retreat. After some de- 
lay and opposition, Cornwallis efifected a crossing, and reached 
the Yadkin only in time to capture a few wagons which had 
lingered in the rear of the retreating army. Another fall of 
rain, which had occurred during the day, overflowed the ford 



* Daniel Morpan was born in New Jersey, in 1736. He was with Braddock in tlie expedition of 1755, 
performing the humble duties of teamster. At the breaking out of the Revolution, he joined Washington 
at Cambridge, with a rifle corps. He accompanied Arnold across the wilderness to Quebec, and partici- 
pated in the attempt to capture that city. In the battle of Bemis Heights ha took a distinguished part. 
His death occurred in 1802, at Winchester, Virginia. 



X. Questions.— 30. "Why did Morgan hurry away after his victory? SI. "What 
movement did Cornwallis make? 32. How were the Americans aided, as if provi- 
dentially ? 

XI. 33. "Who now assumed command of the American army? 34. Give an ac- 
count of the pursuit as far as the Yadkin. 35. Describe the Yadkin. (Sec map, p. 
164.) 36. How were the Americans aided the second time? 



178 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Cornwallis had expected to use, and he was therefore 
■^ compelled to find a crossmg higher up. 

XII. By stratagems and manoeuvers, Greene succeeded in 
reaching the Dan River, and effected a crossing just as the 
astonished enemy appeared on the opposite bank. Grieved 
and vexed, Cornwallis abandoned the pursuit, and marched 
southward to Hillsboro {hilz'-hur-reh). 

XIII. With his force increas- 
ed to over four thousand men, 
Greene* recrossed the Dan, feel- 
ing himself to be in sufficient 
strength to confront Cornwallis 
with boldness. But at Guil- 
ford (ghil'-furd) Court House, 
in North Carolina, he was attack- 
ed on the 15th of March, and, 
after one of the severest actions 
of the war, was forced to retreat. 
His loss, in killed and wounded, amounted to four hundred 
men, in addition to which, many of the militia deserted. 

The result, though a victory to the British, cost them, in 
killed, wounded, and missing, more than five hundred men, 
and so disabled Cornwallis as to compel him to retreat from 
the field of victory. 

XIV. Undismayed by his reverse, Greene determined to 
follow the victor, and again give battle. The pursuit was 

* Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, at Warw:clc, Rhode Island, in 1743. He aided, at the 
beginning of the Revolution, in driving the British from Boston, and he took a distinguished part in the 
battles ot Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Quaker Hill; and commanded in the battles 
A Guilford Court House. Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs. He died of " sun-stroke," in Georgia, near 
Savannah, in 1786. 




GENF.r.AL GREENE. 



XII. Questions.— 37. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit after leaving the 
Yadkin. 3S. Desoribe the Dan Eiver. (See map, p. 164.) 39. To what place did 
Oornwallis then march? 40. Where is Hillsboro ? (See map, p. 164.) 

XIII. 41. What bold movement did Greene make ? 42. At what place did Corn- 
wallis attack Greene? 43. When was the attack made? 44 How is Guilford Court 
House situated ? (See map, p. 164.) 45. Give an account of the battle. 

XIV. 46. What singular pursuit followed ? 4T. At what place did Greene almost 
succeed in overtaking Cornwallis? 4S. Describe the Deep River. (See map, p. 164.) 
49. Where is Wilmington? (See map, p. 164.) 



I 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. J 1^9 



eagerly kept up for several cla.ys,a»d the retreating enemy was 
al,nost overtaken at the Deep River; but there, in conse- 
quence of the bridge being broken down, and also because of 
Ae fatigue of his men, Greene had to give up the chase. 
Cornwalhs did not halt until he reached Wilmington. 

XV. Discharging a large number of the nulitia whose term 
of service had expired, Greene, with his reduced army, formed 
the bold resolve of entering South Carolina, and attacking the 
enemy at Camden. Lord Rawd.,n, who commanded the^post 
at that place, wrote to Cornwallis, informing him of the threat- 
ening danger; but, believing that he would not be able to 
reach Camden in time to aid in its defense, Cornwallis took 
advantage of Greene's absence from North Carolina, and 
marched through that State into Virginia, where his army was 
strengthened by large additions. 

XVI. Greene appeared before Camden, but, findino- the 
enemy there stronger, in position and numbers, than he had 
anticipated withdrew to Hobkirk's Hill, about two miles 

25th of April, but succeeded in forming his troops and repel- 
hng the first advance against him. Victory, for a time, hnn. 
n. the balance: more than onee, the British drove the Aineri! 
eans before them, but were compelled to recede before the 
impetuous charges of the patriots. At length, a regiment of 
the Americans was charged so furiously that it broke and fell 
into disorder The enemy followed up this success vigorotislv, 
nntd the disheartened Americans retreated in one mass. " 

Jl^2Li?!f!!J!!!:!yi!l^w^w^^ 

d-fcLf- J.'ia,',"":,*';;;"! ""^""^ f T"™ "' C,™„e„, 50. To „,„t „.,oo 
Give an account of tL'wtL "'"""' """"' "'■ ^'"^ "'O " """^^ »• 

BrSr.„r„:,xt:rn:-nrwr,t;:,;^^^ 



180 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



but, as at the battle of Guilford Court House, the 
1 781 

British, though victorious, were too much cut up to 

allow them to pursue the advantage which they had gained. 
They re-entered Camden, but finding their supplies cut otf 
by the Americans, and realizing that by the northward 
march of Cornwallis no aid could be expected, they adopted 
the only alternative, that of evacuation, and Camden was left 
in flames. 

XVllT. A number of successes, in rapid succession, now at- 
tended the American arms at the South. In pursuance of 
Greene's plan of operations. Colonel Henry Lee was detached 
with a small body of troops, known as " Lee's Legion," and, 
in consort with Marion, Sumter,* Pickens, and other partisan 
chiefs, carried on a harassing warfare against the enemy's scat- 
tered posts. Forts Watson, Motte, and Granby, fell into the 
hands of the Americans, and Augusta, Georgia, also surren- 
dered after a siege of about two weeks. 

XIX. Only three posts in South Carolina — Ninety-Six, 
Eutaw Springs, and Charleston — remained in the hands of 
the British. Greene proceeded against Ninety-Six,f but after 
besieging it for almost a month, and making an unsuccessful 
assault, the approach of Rawdon compelled him to raise the 
siege, and he retreated before the arrival of the enemy. A 
foray which he subsequently planned, againstthe British troops 
in the vicinity of Charleston, was partially successful. 

XX. As the fortunes of the British were beginning to de- 

* Thomas Sumter was born in South Carolina, about 1734. During; the Revolution he took an active 
and able part as one of the partisan leaders at the South. The qualities of bravery, determination, and 
cheerfulness, which he exhibited, endeared him to his followers, who bestowed upon hfm the sobriquet of the 
" Carolina Game-Cock." Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, was so named in honor of him. Hia death 
occurred in South Carolina, in 1832. 

t The post of Ninety-Six was so called, because it was ninety-six miles from Prince George, a frontier 
foitin the northwestern part of South Carolina. 



XVIII. Questions. — 65. IIow did the American arms then fare? 66. What is 
said of Colonel Lee and others? 67. Name four of the places that fell into the hands 
of the Americans. 63. Give the situation of the four places. (See map, p. 164.) 

XIX. 69. How many posts were then left to the British? 70. Give the situation 
of the three places. (See map, p. 164.) 71. Give an account of Greene's attempt 
against Ninety-Six. 72. What is said of a foray ? 

XX. 73. What call did llawdon make upon the people? 74. IIow came he to 
make such a call ? 75. Who was Colonel Isaac Hayne? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 181 

cline, even Charleston itself being threatened, Rawdon called 
npon all persons who had given in their adhesion to the royal 
cause, to repair at once to his standard. Among the persons so 
called was Colonel Isaac Hayne, a distinguished patriot of South 
Carolina, who had been assured, when he took the oath of 
adherence, that he would never be required to take up arms 
against his countrymen. 

XXI. Believing this call to be in violation of the agree- 
ment, and being thus compelled to assume the sword either 
for or against the patriots, he did not hesitate to choose the 
former. At the head of a troop of horse he gained some 
advantages, but, being surprised and captured, was taken to 
Charleston. After a brief examination, without any trial what- 
ever, he was sentenced to be hung; and, although the citizens 
united in petitioning for his pardon, the sentence was duly 
executed on the 4th of August. 

XXII. Towards the latter part of August, Greene, who had 
been for several weeks on the "high hills of Santee," broke 
up his encampment to march against Stuai't, who was then 
not twenty miles off. As he advanced, Stuart retreated to 
Eutaw Springs. Here, on the 8th of September, Greene, 
with a force not exceeding two thousand men, attacked 
the enemy, twenty-three hundred strong. 

XXIII. The contest was desperate, and, at one time, vic- 
tory seemed certain for the Americans ; but the British rally- 
ing, Greene drew off his troops, taking with him about five 
hundred prisoners. The enemy decamped during the night. 

"'(n this battle, which may be said to have ended the contest in 
South Carolina, both parties claimed the victory. Washing- 



XXI. Questions.— 76. What belief did Hayne hold respectinis: Rawdon's call ? 
77. What course did he consequently adopt? 78. What further account can you 
give of him ? 

XXII. 79. What movement did Greene make in August? 80. Where was a bat- 
tle fought in the next month? 81. Near what river did the battle tako place ? (See 
map, p. 1&4.) 82. How did the battle commence? 

XXIII. S3. Give a further account of the battle. 84. What m.iy be said of the 
battle as regards the contest South? 85. How did Washington consider the result? 



182 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

ton considered it a victory for the Americans, as the 
1781 . : 

advantage certainly was with them. 

XXIV. Cornwallis's operations in Virginia, daring the sum- 
mer of 1781, were very distressing to the patriots, property 
to the value of several millions having been destroyed thereby. 
Lafayette had endeavored to check these operations, but 
owing to the inferiority of his force, was not able to make a 
stand against Corn wall is. 

XXV. Clinton, believing New York to be menaced by a 
combined force of French and Americans, directed Cornwallis 
to take a position near the sea, from which he might readily 
send re-enforcements to the city, when called upon. The order 
was obeyed. Cornwallis took post at Yorktown, on the south 
side of York River, Virginia, opposite a promontory called 
Gloucester {glos'-t^r). 

XXVI. The expected aiTival of a French fleet, under Count 
de Grasse {da [/ras.s-), in Chesapeake Bay, induced Washing- 
ton to abandon the design which he had meditated against 
New York and proceed against Cornwallis, but, while doing 
so, to continue preparations as if against New York. The 
consequence was, that before Clinton became aware of the 
real intentions of the American commander, a body of French 
troops from Rhode Island and Washington's army were well 
on their way to Virginia. 

XXVII. Clinton, finding it too late to adopt any direct 
measures against the great southward movement wherein the 

XXIV. Questions. — 86. What is said of Cornwallis's operations during the sum- 
mer of 17S1 ? ST. "What had Lafayette endeavored to do? 

XXV. SS. What direction was sent to Cornwallis ? 89, Why was he so directed ? 
90. How did Cornwallis obey? 91. TIow is Yorktown situated? 92. In what direc- 
tion is Yorktown from Hampton? (See map, p. 200.) 

XXVI. 93. Why did Washin£:tou abandon his design against New York? 94. 
What new project did he then determine upon ? 95. In what way did he undertake 
to deceive the enemy ? 9G. Before Clinton became aware of his intentions, how far 
had his project progressed ? 

XXVII. 9T. What expedition did Clinton hurry off? 98. What was his object in 
sending the expedition ? 99. When did Arnold reach the harbor of New London ? 
100. How is New London situated? 101. How was it defended? 102. Into what 
body of water does the Thames flow? (See map, p. 183.) 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



183 




NEW LONDOX AND 
VICINITY. 



French and Americans were combined, undertook to recall 
Washington by hurrying off an expedition of devastation to 
the eastward, under the command of Arnold. At daybreak, 
on the morning of the 6th of September, 
Arnold appeared oif the harbor of New 
London, with a large fleet, carrying a 
strong land and marine force. New Lon- 
don is situated on the west bank of the 
Thames River, three miles from its mouth ; 
and the approach to it was defended by 
Fort Trumbull, on the west side of the 
river, and Fort Griswold on the east. 

XXVIIL The invaders were landed in two divisions ; one, 
under Colonel Eyre (ire), on the east side, and the othei^ com- 
manded by Arnold himself, on the west or New London side. 
Arnold advanced, meeting with but little resistance in taking 
Fort Trumbull, or in making himself master of the towru 
The militia which manned the fort, finding it untenable, aban- 
doned their post and went to the aid of Fort Griswold, on the 
opposite side of the river 

XXIX. Meanwhile, Eyre proceeded against Fort Griswold, 
which had been hastily garrisoned by about a hundred and 
fifty militia, under the brave Colonel Ledyard. After a des- 
perate contest, in which the assailants were repeatedly re- 
pulsed, losing their commander and many men, the fort was 
at last carried. Irritated by the opposition which they 
had met, the victors set upon the garrison without mercy, 
killing and maiming more in the massacre that followed than 
in the previous contest. Colonel Ledyard was among the 
first slaughtered. Major Bromfield, a malevolent Tory, who 



XXVIII. QUESTIONS.-10.3. In what way did the invaders proceed? 104 What 
success did Arnold meet with? 105. Whither did the garrison of Fort Trumbull 
go? 

XXIX 106. By whom was Fort Griswold garrisoned? 107. By whom com- 
manded ? iOS. What is said of the contest and loss of men before the fort was car- 
ried ? 109. What is said of the massacre that took place afterward ? 110 Eelata 
the case of Colonel Ledyard. ' • - "-^ 



184 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



^ had succeeded to the command, seized the sword which 

Ledyard was in the act of yielding up, and phinged it 
through the body of the brave man, kilUng him upon the spot. 
XXX. Arnold, in the mean time, had not been idle. lie 
burnt a number of vessels — all that had not effected their es- 
cape up the river — applied the torch to New London, and, 
while the town was in flames, retreated to his boats. 




VIEW OF NEW LONDON. 

XXXI. Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, though 
successful in itself, failed of its main object — the recall of 
Washington from the South ; and consequently Cornwallis's 
position there was becoming every day more critical. York- 
town was besieged. The troops investing it were from the 
fleet of De Grasse, in addition to other French troops from 
Rhode Island, under Count de Rochambeau {ro-sham-bo'), and 
Washington was there as commander-in-chief of the combined 

XXX. Questions. — 111. What had Arnold accomplished in the mean time ? 112. 
In what directionfrom New Haven is New London? (See map, p. 47.) 

XXXI. 113. What is said of the success of Arnold's expedition ? 114. What was 
the consequence to Cornwallis? 115. Of what troops were the besiegers composed? 
116. What service did De Grasse render ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



185 



army, with a large American force. De Grasse blockaded 
the York and James Rivers and guarded the entrance to 
Chesapeake Bay. 

XXXII. A British fleet, under 
Admiral Graves, which had been 
sent from New York for the re- 
lief of the besieged, appeared off 
the capes of Virginia, when De 
Grasse sallied forth, and a partial 
action took place. After remain- 
ing in sight of the French fleet 
during five days. Graves, despair- 
ing of success, bore away for New 
York. 

XXXIII. On the 9th of Octo- 
ber, the allied armies besieging 
Yorktown commenced a cannon- 
ade so heavy that, in a day or two, most of the British works 
were demolished, and several vessels in the harbor were burned. 
In this desperate extremity Cornwallis determined to escape, 
if possible, by crossing to Gloucester, cutting his way through 
a French detachment stationed there, and, by rapid marches, 
to reach New York. But his plan was frustrated. A violent 
storm dispersed his boats after one division of liis army had 
crossed the river, and the attempt was necessarily abandoned. 

XXXIV. His position becoming untenable, and seeing no 
prospect of relief from Clinton, on the 19th of October, 1781, 
Cornwallis''^' surrendered Yorktown and Gloucester, with more 
than seven thousand British soldiers, to Washington : his 
shipping and seamen he surrendered to De Grasse. 




LORD COnNTTALLIS. 



» Lord Cornwallis was born in 1738. After the Revolution he was appointed to an important command 
in India, where he inauorurated a series of victories by which the British autiiority there was finally estab- 
lished. He died in India, in 1805. 



lis. What did 



XXXII. QtTESTioNS.— 117. Wliat naval movement took place! 
Graves afterwards do? 

XXXIII. 119. What is said of the besiegers' cannonade? 120. What attempt at 
escape did Cornwallis make? 121. What prevented the success of the attempt ? 

XXXIV. 122. State the circumstances of Cornwallis's surrender. 



1 so AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION", AND EVENTS TO THE BE- 
GINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicins;^ 
throughout the United States, being considered a death-blow 
to the war. The effect in England was as might have been 
anticipated. Public opinion became so decidedly opposed to 
the further prosecution of hostilities, that, upon the formation 
of a new ministry, negotiations were entered into for the es- 
tablishment of peace. 

II. A convention of commissioners from the two countries 
met at Paris, four of whom, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Jay, and Henry Laurens, represented the United States, 
and, on the 30tli of November, 1782, they signed a prelimi- 
nary treaty. A cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the 
American army on the 19th of April, 1783, the eighth anni- 
versary of the battle of Lexington ; and, on the 3d of Septem- 
ber following, a definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris. 

III. By the terms of the treaty. Great Britain acknowledged 
the independence of the United States, allowed boundaries 
(extending to the great lakes on the north and the Mississippi 
on the west, and conceded an unlimited right to fish on the 
banks of Newfoundland. Florida was, at the same time, re- 
turned to Spain. 

ly. The close of the war found the national treasury empty : 
the States were unable to respond to the call of Congress for 
monev, and the resource of foreign loans was about exhausted. 



Close of the Kevoltjtion-. — I. Questions,—!. What cifect did Cornwallis's sur- 
render have in America and England? 

II. 2. Where did peace commissioners from the two countries meet? 3. Who 
were the AmericoJk commissioners? 4. When was a preliminary treaty signed? a 
What took place on the eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington ? 6. When was 
a definitive treaty signed ? 

III. 7. What did the United States secure by the terms of the treaty ? 

IV. 8. What was the condition of things at the close of the war? 9. What was 
the consequence? 10. Where was the influence of Washington felt? 11. What ar- 
rangements were soon made ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



187 



The government was unable to meet the just claims made 
upon it, and the consequence was general discontent, particu- 
larly among the officers and privates of the army. Through 
the influence of Washington the discontents in the army were 
soothed, and arrangements were soon after made by which 
Congress granted five years' whole pay to the officers, instead 
of, as by resolution passed in 1780, half-pay for life. Four 
months' whole pay was granted to the soldiers, in part pay- 
ment of their claims. 

V. In conformity with general orders of Congress, the 
army was disbanded on the 3d of November, 1783; and on 
the 25tli of the same mpnth, Sir Guy Carleton, who had suc- 
ceeded Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated New York. After the 
retirement of the British from the city, Washington met his 
officers there, and, " with a heart full of love and gratitude," 
took leave of them. 

VI. Washington then re- 
paired to Annapolis, where 
Congress was in session at the 
time, and, on the 23d of De- 
cember, 1783, resigned to that 
body his commission as com- 
mander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
can army. His simple and 
impressive address upon the 
occasion, and the touching re- 
sponse of General Mifflin,"** 
the president of Congress, 




GENEKAL MIFFI.IN. 



* Thoinaa Mifflin was born in Philiidelpliia, in 1744. By birth and educatinn he was a Qiial<er, but, not- 
witlistanding the peace principles of that sect, he was one of the first to enlist in the military service at 
the breakins: out of the Revolution. He was with Washinjrton at Cainbridfre : in the battle of Long 
Island he fought with credit, and he was also in the battle of Trenton. His death occurred at Lancaster, 
renu.,inl800. 



V. Questions. — 12. When was the American army disbanded ? 13. When was 
New York evacuated by the British ? 14. After the British left, what affecting scene 
occurred ? 

YI. 15. To what place did "Washington then repair? 16. "Where is Annapolis? 
(See map, p. 24.) 17. State what took place at Annapolis. 18. To what place did 
Washington then hasten? 19. How is Mount Vernon situated? (See map, p. 24.) 



188 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

affected the assemblage to tears. He then hastened to his 
home at Mount Vernon, where, in the retirement of private 
life, he lioped to spend the remainderof his days. 



MOUNT VERNON.* 

YII. Peace was no sooner established than it was found 
that, by the Articles of Confederation, Congress had no 
power to discharge the debts incurred by the war ; and this 

« Mount Vernon, the home of VVashinston and the phice of his burial, is situated on the western bank 
of the Potomac, fifteen miles from Washington citv. The place, comprising the mansion, the tomb, and 
two hundred acres of the original estate, was sold, in 1858, bv John A. Washington, a nephew of George 
Washington, to the " Ladies' Mount Vernon Association," for $-200,000. " It is the design of the association 
to hold it in perpetuity as a place of public resort and pilgrimage." 



VII. Questions.— 20. What difficulty was found in regard to the debts of the 
Revolution? 21. What was the consequence? 22. How did Congress undertake 
to raise funds ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 189 

condition of things was productive of embarrassments vviiicli 
for a while threatened to deprive the people of the fruits 
of their seven years' contest for independence. As there 
was no other alternative, the individual States were called 
upon for funds, and they, in response, resorted to direct tax- 
ation. 

VIII. The efforts thus made by the States were productive 
of great excitement, especially in Massachusetts, whei'C the 
opposition grew to an open insurrection, known as Shays's 
Rebellion. Daniel Shays, its leader, made some bold moves 
against the courts of the State, as well as against the military 
power; but the outbreak was suppressed, in 1*787, with but 
little bloodshed, by a strong force sent against the insurgents. 

IX. Tliis daring attempt to destroy the government, though 
unsuccessful, filled its friends with gloomy apprehensions. 
Other causes increased the distrust, until at last it began to 
be generally felt that the Articles of Confederation were not 
at all adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and that 
measures should be taken either to revise them, or substi- 
tute others in their place. 

X. Accordingly, a convention of delegates from all the 
States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, and their 
first act, by a unanimous vote, was to make George Washing- 
ton their presiding officer. Instead of revising the Articles 
of Confederation, as was at first intended, they formed a con- 
stitution, after months of deliberation, and adopted it on the 
IVth of September, 1787. This, with some amendments 
made in after years, still exists as the Constitution of the 
United States. 

XI. The Constitution was then submitted to the people for 
ratification, and after a thorough discussion, lasting in some 

VIII. Questions. — 28. Give an account of Shays's rebellion. 

IX. 24. How did Shays's attempt aflfcct the public mind? 25. What, at last, be- 
gan to be generally felt ? 

X. 26. What, accordingly, took place? 27. What was the first act of the conven- 
tion ? 28. What did the convention accomplish ? 



190 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



of the States for two or more years, it was accepted by every 
one of the thirteen States. When it had been adopted by 
eleven (the requisite number was nine), it became valid, and 
went into operation on the 4tli of March, 1789. 

XI. Questions.— 29. To whom was the Constitution then submitted? 30. For 
what purpose? 31. Was the Constitution thoroughly discussed or not? 32. How 
long did the discussion last in some of the States? 33. How many States finally ac- 
cepted it? 34. When did it go into oi)eration ? 35. How many States had adopted 
it up to that time ? 36. Which of the States had not adopted it when it went into 
effect ? Am.— ^orth Carolina and Ehod^; Island. 



NAMES OF OFFICERS, MENTIONED IN THIS WORK, WHO PARTICI- 
PATED, ON THE SIDE OF THE AMERICANS, IN THE REVOLUTION- 
ARY WAR. 



NAME. 


DIED. 


NAME. 


DIED. 


Gen. William Alexander (Lord 
Stirlino-) 


1783 
1789 
1801 
1781 
1S31 
1795 
1786 
1781 
1812 
1812 

1780 
1794 
1812 
1806 
1788 
1781 
1786 
1776 
1804 
1781 
1777 

1792 
1776 
1806 
1817 
1834 
1781 
1782 
ISIS 


Major Leitch 

Gen. Solomon Lovcll 


1776 

1810 
1786 
1795 
1777 
1799 
1775 
1802 
1805 
1775 
1817 
1795 
1779 
1790 
1785 
1807 
1818 
1804 

1839 
1822 
1785 
1832 
1776 
1785 
1800 
1775 
1799 
1796 
1830 
1780 
1777 


Col. Ethau Allen 


Gen. Benjamin Lincoln 




Gen John Ashe 


Gen. Francis Marion 






Col Zebulon Butler 


Gen. Thomas Mifflin 


Gen. John Cadwallader . 

Col William Campbell 


Gen. Richard Montgomery 

Gen. Daniel Morgan 




Col. William Moultrie 






Gen Thomas Conway 


Col. Andrew Pickens. 


Baron De Kalb . . 


Col. William Prescott 

Gen. Casimir Pulaski 


Count D'Es'^ainf 


Gen. Peter Gansevoort 

Gen Horatio Gates . . 




Gen. Joseph Reed 




Count de Rochambeau ... 

Gen. Arthur St. Clair 

Gen. Philip Schuyler 


Col. Christopher Greene 

Gen Nathaniel Greene 


Capt. Nathan Halo 


Gen. G G. Silliman 


Col. Alexander Hamilton 

Col Isaac Havne 


Col. Samuel Smith 

Gi'U. John Stark 


Gen. William" Herkimer 

Gen Robert Howe 




Gen. Thomas Sumter 






Capt John Paul Jones 


Col. Seth Warner 




Gen. Artemas Ward 


Gen. Henry Knox 


Gen. Joseph Warren 

Gen. George Washington 


Col. Thaddeus Kosciusko 


Col. William Ledvard 

Gen. Charles Lee" 

Col Hf nrv T.op 


Col Mariims Willett 


Col. James Williams 


Gen Da%id Wooster 







AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



191 



PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE EEVOLUTION. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party, t DoubtfuL 



I>ATHS. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


MEN ENGAGED. 


American. 


British. 


A.m'ricn 


British. 


1775. 
April 19, 


Lexington 


Parker 


Smith* 


unknwi) 


1,700 


June 1 7, 


Bunker Hill 


Prescott 


Gen. Howe*.. 


1,500 


8,000 


Dec. 31, 

177G. 
June 28, 




Montgomery . 


Carleton* .... 


900 


1,200 




Fort Moultrie 


Moultrie* .... 


Parker 


400 


4.000 


Aug. 27, 


Long Island 


Putnam 


Gen. Howe*.. 


10,000 


20,000 


Oct. 28, 


White Plains 


McDougall . . . 


Leslie* 


1,600 


2,000 


Nov. 16, 


Fort Washington . . 


Magaw 


Gen. Howe* . 


3,000 


5,000 


Dec. 26, 


Trenton 


Washington*. . 


Eahl 


2,400 


1,000 


1777. 
J:iii. 3, 












Princeton 


Washington*. . 


Mawhood 


3,000 


1,800 


July 7, 


Ilubbanltown 


Warner 


Fraser* 


700 


1,200 


Aug. 6, -j 


Oriskan}! 


Herkimer 

Willett* 


St. Leger. .. ( 
J.Johnson., j 


1,000 


1,500 


F. Schuvk-r, sortie . 


Aug.16, -j 


Bennington (Ist). .. 
(Second battle) .... 


Stark* 

Warner* 


Baum . . . ( 
lireyman ) ' " 


2,000 


1,200 


Sept. 11, 


Brandy wine 


Washington. . . 


Gen. Howe* . . 


11,000 


18,000 


Sep. 19. 


Bemis Heights 


Gates* 


Burgoyne . . . . 


2,500 


8,000 


Sept. 20, 
Oct. 4, 


Paoli 


Wayne 

Washiuirton . . 


Grey* 

Gen. Howe*.. 


1.500 


3,000 


German town 


11,000 


15,000 


Oct. 6, i 


Fort Clinton 

Fort Montgomery. . 


Jas. Clinton j 
Gov. Clinton f 


Sir H.Clinton* 


600 


8,000 


Oct. T, 


Saratoga, 


Gates* 


Burgoyne. . . . 


8,000 


4,500 


Oct. 22, -j 


Fort Mercer 


CoL Greene*.. 


Donop ... 


450 


2,000 


Fort Mililin 


Col. Smith*... 


Gen. Howe . . . 


400 


Mixed. 


Nov. 16, 

1778. 
June 28, 


Fort Mifflin 


Major Thayer. 


Gen. Howe*.. 


400 


Mixed. 


Monmouth 


Washinirton* . 


Clinton 


12,000 


11,000 


July 3, 
Aug. 29, 




Col. Z. Butler. 
Sullivan* 


John Butler* 
Pigot 


400 
5,000 


1,100 
5,000 


Pthode Island 


Dec. 29, 
1779. 
Jan. 9, 




EobertHowe. 


Campbell*.... 


900 


2,000 




Sunbury 


Lane 


Prevost* 


200 


2,000 


Feb. 14, 
March 3, 


Kettle Creek 

Brier Creek 


Pickens* 

Ashe 


]]()yd . 


800 
1,200 


700 
1,800 


Prevost* 


June 2U, 


Stono Ferry 


Lincoln 


Maitland* .... 


800 


1,200 


July 15, 


Stony Point 


Wavne* 


Johnson 


1,200 


600 


Aug. 13, 
July 19, 


Penobscot 


Lovell 

Major Lee*... 


McLean* 

Sutherland . . . 


900 
850 


3,000 
250 


Paulus Hook 


Aug. 29, 


Chemuntr 


Sullivan* 


Brant 


4,000 


1,500 


Sept. 23, 


Flamboro' Head . . . 


Paul Jones* . . 


Pearson 


squad'n 


2 vessels 


Oct. 9, 
1780. 
April 14, 




Lincoln 


Prevost* 


4,500 


2,900 




Monk's Corner 


Huffcr 


Tarleton* .... 


300 


600 


May 12, 


Charleston 


Lincoln 


Clinton* 


3,700 


9,000 


May 29, 


Waxhaw 


Buford 


Tarleton* .... 


400 


700 


June 23, 


S])ringfleld 


Greene* 


Knyphausen.. 


3,000 


5,000 


July 30, 


Pocky Mount 


Sumter 


TurnbuU* ... 


600 


500 


Aug. 6, 


Hanging Eock 


Sumter* 


Brown 


600 


500 


Aug. 16, 


Sanders Creek 


Gates 


Cornwallis* .. 


3,000 


2,200 


Aug. IS, 


Fishing Creek .... 


Sumter 


Tarleton* .... 


700 


350 


Oct 7, 


King's Mountain. . . 


Campbell*.... 


Ferguson 


900 


1,100 


Nov. 12, 


Fishdam i'ord 


Sumter* 


Wemyss 


500 


450 


Nov. 20, 

1781. 
Jan. 17, 
March 15, 


Blackstocks 


Sumter* 


Tarleton 


500 


400 




Morgan* 

Greene 


Tarleton 

Cornwallis* .. 


900 
4,400 


1,100 
2,400 


Guilford C. H 


April 25, 


Ilobkirk'sllil! 


Greene 


Eawdon* 


1,200 


900 


June 18, 


Ninety- Six 

Fort Griswold 


Greene 


Gruffer* 


1,000 


550 


Sept. 6, 


Ledyard 


Eyre* 


150 


800 


Sept. 8, 


EutawSpringst.... 


Greene 


Stuart 


2.000 


2,800 


Oct. 19, 


Yorktown 


Washington* . 


Cornwallis 


16,000 


7,500 



192 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 



'OjAf^^S!^^^^ 
















Tautlalia ( "^j ^ ^ CoainjtW^V orvro j?Vxf ^^^^^ 



^•^ Jackson U/Mor.jidjjo V , r^ " 






,V^;iMeTn\plils 



sdYiducah. '^'*^- Glasgow 



ra-mdcn* 3 



(Questions to be answered from the above majj.) 
Where did the battle of Tippecanoe occur? Harmar's defeat? St. Clair's defeat? 
Wayne's victory ? How is Fort Mackinaw situated ? In what direction is it from 
Detroit? From Fort Wayne? From Greenville? How is Sandusky situated? 
In what direction is it from Cairo ? From Nashville ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 193 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give an account of the two mutinies among the troops in ITSI . . ] 74 

2. Grive an account of Arnold's expedition against Virginia 175 

3. What plan was arranged for his capture ? 175 

4. Why did it not succeed? 175 

5. Who succeeded Gates in the Southern command ? 175 

6. Relate the events which led to the battle of the Cowpens. .175, 176 

7. Give an account of the battle, with its results 176, 177 

8. Of Cornwallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene 177, 178 

9. Of the battle of Guilford Court House, with its result 178 

10. What course did Greene pursue after the battle? 178, 179 

11. What events led to the battle of Hobkirk's HiU? 179 

12. Give an account of the battle, with its result 179, 180 

13. What advantages rapidlj attended the American arms ? 180 

14. What were Greene's operations against the post of Nmety-six? 180 

15. Relate the case of Colonel Isaac Hayne . .180, 181 

16. What battle took place on the 8th of September, 1781? 181 

17. Give an account of it, with its results 181, 182 

18. Where, in Virginia, did Cornwallis take post?. . . . . ..... 182 

19. What deception was practiced upon Clinton ? 182 

20. What method did he adopt to recall Washington? 182, 183 

21. What plan of action against New Loudon did Arnold adopt?. . 183 

22. How did Arnold carry out his part of the plan ? 183, 1 84 

23. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Griswold. . .... .183 184 

24. How and by whom were the British at Yorktown mvested ?. 1 84, 185 

25. What naval action took place off the capes of Virginia ? . . . . 185 

26. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown, with its results. . . 185 

27. What was the consequence of Cornwallis's surrender ? . 186 

28. When and where was a definitive treaty of peace signed?. „ 186 

29. What was secured to the United States by the treaty ? 186 

30. In what condition was the national treasury at that time? 186 

31. What sources for supplying the treasury were cut off?. . . 186, 187 

32. What discontents followed, and how were they checked? 2 87 

33. When and where did Washington resign his commission? . . . 187 

34. What can you say of the ceremony on the occasion ? 187, 188 

35. What led to the insurrection known as Shays's Rebellion? 188, 189 

36. Give an account of that insurrection 189 

37. What opinion existed about the Articles of Confederation?. ..18^ 

38. What convention was accordingly held, and with what result ?. 18» 

39. What further history of the Constitution can you give ?. . .189, 190 

9 



SECXIOIN^V, 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, IN 

1789, TO THE CLOSE OF jefferson's, IN 1809. 

WASHraGTON'S ADMIOTSTEATION. 



I. The first election 
for President of the 
United States resulted 
in the choice of George 
Washington, he receiv- 
ing the whole number of 
electoral votes. At the 
same time John Adams 
of Massachusetts was 
elected A'ice-president. 
New York was then 
the capital of the Uni- 
ted States, and in that 
city Washington ap- 
peared before the first 
constitutional Con- 
gress, and was inaugu- 
rated on the 30th of 
April, 1789. 

IT. Congress having 
created three executive 
departments, — of state, treasury, and war 




Mm 

the heads of which 



Washingtox's administration. — I. Questions. — 1. "Who was the first President 
of the United States? 2. Who was the first Vice-president? 3. When was Wash- 
ington inausrurated ? 4. Where did liis inauguration take place? 5. What po- 
litical relation did New York hold to the Union at that time ? 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 



195 



were to constitute the Presid ent's cabinet, Washington ap- 
pointed Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Secretary of State, 
Alexander Hamilton, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury, 

and Henry Knox,* of Massa- 
chusetts, Secretary of War. The 
condition of the treasury was 
the first thing to be considered, 
and Hamilton, the secretary of 
that department, was directed 
to report a system of revenue. 
The task imposed upon him 
was difRcult, but it was per- 
formed with ability ; and, upon 
his recommendation, the pub- 
lic debts incurred during the 
war were assumed by the general government. 

HI. In 1790, a law was passed, establishing the seat of gov- 
ernment at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward locating 
it somewhere on the Potomac ; and, in the following year, the 
Bank of the United States was incorporated. For many 
years, both New York and New Hampshiref had laid 
claim to the territory of Vermont, called, originally, the New 
Hampshire Grants. New York having finally yielded her 




GENERAL KNOX. 



* Henry Knox was born in Boston, in 1750. Durina: the Revolution he commanded the artillery, and 
was in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Yorlttown. lla was 
a member of the court-martial for the trial of Andre. His death occurred at Thomaston, Maine, in 1806. 

t New Hampshire had laid claim to the territory, and between the years 1760 and 1768, her governor 
made grants of more than a hundred townships in it, whence it acquired the name of New Hami)shire 
Grants. The claim of New York was based upon the grants made to the Duke of York by Charles 11. 



II. Questions. — 6. What departments did Congress create ? 7. Whom did Wash- 
ington appoint at the head of the respective departments? 8. What was the first 
thing for the consideration of Congress? 9. What was Hamilton directed to 
do ? 10. How was the task performed ? 11. What was done upon his recommen- 
dation? 

III. 12. What was done by Congress in relation to the seat of government? 13. 
What in relation to a national bank? 14. When was Vermont admitted into the 
Union? 15. Why had not the admission taken place at an earlier day? 16. By 
what name was Vermont originally called? 17. When was Kentucky admitted? 
IS. What is said of the previous history of Kentucky ? 19. When was Tennessee 
admitted? 20. What is said of the previous history of Tennessee? 



196 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 



claim for $30,000, Ver- 
mont became the four- 
teenth State of the Uni- 
on, in 1791. Kentucky, 
which had been previ- 
ously claimed by Virgin- 
ia, was admitted in the 
following year ; and Ten- 
nessee, originally a part 
of North Carolina, was 
admitted in 1796. 

IV. For a number of 
years after the Revolu- 
tion, the British continu- 
ed to hold certain forts 
on the northwestern 
frontier, contrary to the 
requirements of the trea- 
ty of 1783, by which 
they were called upon 
to relinquish them to the Americans. This fact, as well as the 
imprudent language used by the officers of the forts, and by 
British traders in that region, led the Indians to believe that 
the people of America would be deprived of their national 
existence, and be again subjected to Great Britain. 

V. This 'belief made them overbearing and hostile; and, in 
1790, they commenced war upon the settlements. Washing- 
ton at first used pacific means ; but, these failing, an expedition, 
under General Ilarmar, was sent against the hostile tribes. 
Harmar destroyed several of their villages, and large crops of 
corn ; and then dividing his army into two bodies, the better, as 
he thought, for pursuit, reckoned upon a speedy conquest. In 
this he was doomed to sad disappointment. He encountered 




IV. Questions.— 21, What treaty violations were the British guilty of? 22. 
What belief did the Indians contract regarding the American Government ? 23. IIow 
was this belief caused ? 24. When had a treaty been made by the English? 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 



197 



the savages at two dif- 
ferent times, once, on 
the iVth of October, 
and again, on the 2 2d, 
in the northeastern part 
of Indiana, and was 
both times defeated, 
with severe loss. 

yi. A second expedi- 
tion was then sent, com- 
manded by General St. 
Chiir; but he was not 
more successful than 
Ilarmar. While en- 
camped in the western 
part of Ohio, in 1791, 
he was completely sur- 
prised, and defeated 
with the loss of about 
six hundred men. 

VII. A third expedi- 
tion was then planned, and the command given to Gen- 
eral Wayne, the " Mad Anthony" of the Revolution. 
Wayne marched against the Indians, defeated them at the 
battle of the Maumee, in 1'794, and laid waste their coun- 




V. Questions.— 25. What did the belief of the Indians lead to? 26. How did 
Washington at first act towards the Indians? 27. What expedition did he then 
send? 28. What did Ilarmar accomplish? 29. Give the further account of the ex- 
pedition. 30. What town is situated near where Ilarmar's two battles were fought? 
^/rs.— Fort Wayne. 31. How is Fort Wayne situated? .4;i*\— At the confluence of 
the St. Josepli'3 and St. Mary's Rivers. 32. What river do the St. Joseph's and St. 
Mary's form? (See map, p. 193.) 

VI. 33. Give an account of the second expedition sent against the Indians. 34. 
Where did St. Clair's defeat take place? 35. What town is situated near the place? 
(See map, p. 193.) 

VII. 36. What was then planned against the Indians ? 37. Give an account of tho 
expedition. 38. Into what body of water does the Maumee flow? (See map, p. 193.) 
89. What was the consequence of Wayne's victory and vigorous measures? 40. 
What elections took place at the expiration of the first presidential term? 



198 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 






try. His success, and 
subsequent vigorous 
measures, so humbled 
the savages that, in 
1Y95, they consented 
to a treaty, by which a 
Large tract of country 
was ceded to the United 
States. This treaty was 
made at Fort Greenville, 
in the western part of 
Ohio, where the town 
of Greenville now 
stands. Washington, 
whose first term of 
office expired on the 
4th of March, 1793, 
was unanimously re- 
elected : Adams was 
also rechosen to the 
vice-presidency. 

VIII, The great revolution in France, which broke out 
daring Washington's administration, was powerfully felt, in its 
principles and effects, in this country. When France declared 
war against England (the revolution there still being in pro- 
gress), and looked to us for aid, a large part of the people 
here, remembering the assistance which she had given us in 
our struggle for independence, would gladly have seen the 
United States engaged in the trans-atlantic struggle, siding 
^ith their former ally. 

IX. M. Genet [zhe-ua), minister to the United States from 
vlie French republic, presuming upon the favor with which his 
country was regarded here, began to fit out privateers in 
our ports, to cruise against the vessels of nations at war 




VIII. QUESTIONS.— 41. What is said of the effect of the French Revolution in this 
country ? 42. How did a lar^e part of the people hero feel towards France ? 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 



199 



with France. Persisting in this course, in opposition to the 
remonstrance of the President, he war recalled by request 
of Washington. M. Fouchet (foo-shd'), his successor, was 
instructed to assure the President that France disapproved the 
conduct of his predecessor. 

X. The first measure adopted by the United States govern- 
ment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was the law of 
1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. This law, from 
the first, was very unpopular in certain sections of the country, 
especially in the western part of Pennsylvania, where the op- 
position to it grew to an open rebellion in 1794, known as the 
Whiskt/ Insurrection. The approach of a large body of mili- 
tia, sent by Washington to enforce obedience, had the desired 
effect, and the rebellion was suppressed without bloodshed. 

XL Although the treaty of 
1783 established peaceful rela- 
tions between the American and 
British governments, yet it was 
not long before each party accus- 
ed the other of having violated 
its stipulations ; and so bitter did 
the spirit of the complaints and 
recriminations become, that a war 
seemed inevitable. 

XII. To avoid this calamity, 
the President sent John Jay* as a 
special envoy to England, where, john jay. 




* John Jny was born in the city of New York, in 174n. In 1789, when Washington became President 
of the United States, so exalted was his opinion of Jay's honesty and fitness, that he tendered him a 
choice of the offices in his gift. Jay preferred the bench, and, consequently, was the first Chief-Justice of 
the United States. His death occurred in 1829, at Bedford, Westchester Co., New York. 



IX. QiTESTioxs. — 43. What did Genet, the French minister, undertake to do? 44. 
Why did he presume upon such an undertaking? 45. What was the consequence to 
Genet? 46. Who was his successor? 47. What instructions did Fouchet receive 
from his government? 

X. 4S. What was the first government measure for raising a revenue by internal 
taxation? 49. How was the law regarded by the people? 50. Give an account 
of the Whisky Insurrection. 

XL 51. What accusations were m.ade by the governments of the United States 
and Great Britain, each a:;ainst the other? 



200 ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 

in 1794, a treaty was concluded. This was published in the 
United States, and its provisions at once caused a prodigious 
storm of excitement and opposition, because they were regard- 
ed as being too favorable to the English. In the following 
year, however, the treaty was ratified, and the threatened con- 
flict happily avoided. At the close of the second term, 
Washington, having declined a re-election, retired to the qui- 
etude of his home at Mount Vernon. 



JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATIOK 

I. The second President of the United States was John 
Adams. His inauguration took place at Philadelphia, on the 
4th of March, 1797.* 

II. The neutral position taken by the United States in the 
war between France and England, gave ofience to the former 
government ; and " Jay's Treaty," which had been ratified in 
1795, by the American Senate, considerably augmented the 
unfriendly feeling. This was boldly made manifest by the act 
of the French government, in authorizing depredations to be 
committed upon the commerce of the United States, and in 
ordering our minister, Mr. Pinckney, to leave France. 

III. One of the first acts of President Adams was to con- 
vene Congress in extra session, to consider these outrages. 



» Tlie cabinet selected by Adams consisted of Timothy Piclceringr, Secretary of State ; Oliver Wolcott, 
Secretary of the Treasury ; James McHenry, Secretary of War ; ami Charles Lee, Attorney General. 
The navy department was not created until 1798, when Benjamin Stoddard was appointed its head. 



XII. Questions. — ^52. What did Washington do to avoid a war ? 53. What was 
the result of Jay's mission ? 54. By what name is the treaty known ? A?is. — "Jay's 
Treaty." 55. How was the treaty received in the United States? 56. Why was it 
BO received ? 57. What course did Washington pursue at the end of his second 
presidential term? 58. How is Mount Vernon situated? (See map, p. 24.) 

John Adams's Administration. — I. 1. Who was the second President of the Uni- 
ted States ? 2. When and where was he inaugurated? 

II. 3. What offended the French government? 4. IIow was the offense aug- 
mented? 5. How was the feeling of the French government manifested ? 

III. 6. What was one of the first acts of President Adams? 7. How did the Amer- 
ican government undertake to adjust the difficulties? 8. With what result? 



ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 



201 



Three envoys were sent to France, with authority to adjust all 
difficulties, but the French government refused to receive 
them, and even order- ^"i^^^ 



^rr^^^iS^^ 



ed two of them, whom 
they looked upon as less 
friendly than the third, 
to quit the country. 

IV. The insult to 
the envoys excited 
great indignation in 
the United States ; and 
Congress at once a- 
dopted measures for 
putting the country in 
a state of defense, 
authorized a standing 
army and naval arma- 
ment, and appointed 
Washington command- 
er-in-chief of the entire 
land forces. 

V. Hostilities at sea 
soon commenced. In 
one case, an American schooner was taken, and, in another, a 
French frigate was captured by the United States frigate Con- 
stellation. The decided stand taken by the Americans had its 
effect upon the French government ; and overtures of peace 
were made, which resulted in a treaty, concluded in 1800, 
with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become First Consul of 
France. 

VI. But Washino-ton did not live to see the troubles ternii- 




IV. Questions. — 9. What was the consequence of the insult to the envoys ? 

V. 10. What hostile acts actually took place? 11. What was the eflfect ? 

VI. 12, What mournful event took place before the troubles with France were 
terminated? 13. When and where did Washington die? 14. Uow was his death 
regarded ? 

9* 



202 



ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 



nated: lie died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 
1799. His death was regarded as a national bereavement. 
Congress paid honors to his memory, and the whole people 
mourned the loss which each person felt that he had individu- 
ally sustained. 

VII. In conformity with the provisions of the law passed 
in 1790, in relation to the future seat of government, the 
capital of the United States was removed from Philadelphia 
to AVashington, during the summer of 1800. 




THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. 



VIII. Adams was President for only one term, or four years. 
Towards the close of it a fierce strife took place between the 
two great political parties of the day, the Federalists and the 
Republicans, in relation to the presidential succession. Thomas 
Jefterson was the successful candidate, defeating Adams, his 
opponent ; and, at the same time, Aaron Burr, of New York, 
was elected Vice-President. 



VII. Questions. — 15. When was the capital of the United States removed 
to Washington? 16. How is Washington situated? (See map, p. 24.) 

VIII. 17. For how long was Adams president? IS. What took place towards the 
close of it? 19. Who wera4;he successful candidates ? 



Jefferson's administration. 



203 



JEFFEESOJS^'S ADMIOTSTEATIOK 

I. The third Pres- 






ideiit of the United 
States was Thomas 
Jefferson. His inau- 
guration took place in 
the new capitoi, at 
Washington, on the 
4th of March, ISOL* 
Daring liis adminis- 
tration, the Ohio Ter- 
ritory,! wliich had 
previously formed the 
eastern part of the 
Northwest Territory, 
adopted a State gov- 
ernment, and, in 1802, 
was admitted into the 
Union as the State of 
Ohio. 

II. In 1803, a most 
important addition 
was made to the ter- 
ritory of tlie United States, by the purchase of an immense 
tract of land, for which fifteen millions of dollars were paid to 
France. The territory thus acquired included not only the 




* Jefferson's cabinet consisted of James Madison, Secretary of State ; Henry Dearborn, Secretary of 
War ; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury ; Robert Smith, Secretary of "the Na\-y ; and Levi Lin- 
coln, Attorney-General. 

+ After the Revolutionary War, a dispute arose between several of the States respectina; the ownership 
of the Ohio Territory, which was put an end to by the whole being ceded to the United States. 



Jefferson's Administration.— I. Questions. — 1. "Who was the third President 
of the United States? 2. When and where did his inauguration talce place? 3. 
When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 4. What is said of Ohio's previous his- 
tory? 



204 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



(sv\a- 



present State of Louisi- 
ana, but a vast region 
extending to the Pacific 
Ocean. One of the first 
advantages secured by 
this purchase was the 
free navigation of the 
Mississippi River to the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

III. In the same 
year, 1803, Commodore 
Preble i^preh'-cl) was 
sent to humble the pi- 
rates of the Barbary 
States, who, notwith- 
standing the tribute 
which the United States 
had paid, in imitation 
of European nations, to 
secure their commerce 
in the Mediterranean 
from molestation, were becoming more insolent and exacting. 

IV. Preble first appeared against Morocco, and, after exact- 
ing terms of the emperor, proceeded eastward. Before he 
had time to reach Tripoli, the frigate Philadelphia, one of the 
vessels of his fleet, which had preceded him, while reconnoit- 
ering in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a rock, and was cap- 
tured by the Tripolitans, who consigned her crew to slavery. 

V. As the captured frigate added to the defenses of the 
place, and would undoubtedly be sent out to cruise, it was 
deemed important to recapture or destroy her. The latter 




II. Questions.— 5. How was the State of Louisiana acquired by the United States ? 
6. "What advantage accrued from the purchase ? 

III. 7. What expedition was sent across the Atlantic in that year? 8. What had 
\\Le Barbary pirates done ? 

IV. 9. What was the first thing accomplished by Preble? 10. Give an account 
of the loss of the Philadelj)hia. 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



20^ 




COMMODORE DECATUR. 



being considered the more prac- 
ticable, Lieutenant I)ecatar,* with 
a few brave companions, entered 
the hai-bor on the nio-ht of the 
15th of February, 1804, boarded 
the Philadelphia, killed or drove 
into the sea every one of the Tri- 
politan crew, and, after setting the 
vessel on fire, escaped without 
losing a man. 

VI. About a year later, Mr. 
Eaton, an agent of the United 

States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled though 
rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli, against the reigning 
sovereign. He left Egypt, accompanied by Hamet, with a 
force of about five hundred men, four-fifths of whom were 
Arabs : the other fifth was composed of adventurers, prin- 
cipally Greeks, and only nine Americans. 

VII. He accomplished a remarkable march of several hun- 
dred miles across a desert country, and captured Derne, a Tri- 
politan city, after a fierce struggle. He held the place for 
several weeks? despite the exertions of an opposing army, and 
finally routed the enemy in a general engagement, in which 
more than three thousand men took part. In the midst of 
his successes, a treaty of peace was concluded between the 
reigning bashaw and Mr. Lear, the American Consul-General 
at Algiers. 



♦ Stephen Decatur, Jr., was born in Maryland, in 1779. The affair between the Chesapeake and Shan- 
non, in 1807, in the opinion of Decatur was disgraceful to the Americans, and he did not hesitate to animad- 
vert freely upon the conduct of Commodore Barron, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. 
The consequence was a duel with Barron, at Bladensburfc, Md.,as late as 1820, in which Decatur was killed, 
and Barron was so severely wounded that he was not expected to live, and he only recovered after months 
of great suffering. 



V. Questions. — 11. What was deemed important with regard to the captured 
frigate ? 12. Why ? 13. What, consequent!}', was determined upon ? 14. Give an 
account of the exploit. 

VI. 15. What expedition was concerted against the reigning sovereign of Tripoli ? 
16. From what place did the expedition start? 17. Of whom was it composed? 

VII. IS. What is said of the march? 19. What city did Eaton capture? 20- 
Give an account of his subsequent successes. 



20G 



JEFFERSON 8 ADMINISTRATION. 




ALEXANDER UAMILTON, 



VIII. In July, 1804, the un- 
fortunate duel between Alexander 
Hamilton* and Aaron Burrf oc- 
curred : the latter, at the time, 
was Vice-President of the United 
States. This sad affair, which re- 
sulted in the death of Hamilton, 
grew out of a political quarrel 
between the two men. By it 
Burr's political influence was com- 
pletely destroyed ; and when Jef- 
ferson was re-elected President for 
a second term, Geoi-ge Clinton, 
of New York, was chosen Burr's 
successor as Vice-President. 

IX. After his retirement from the vice-presidency. Burr 
made a journey to the Southwest, and there his conduct sub- 
jected him to strange suspicion. He made considerable pro- 
gress in the organization of an expedition which, it was alleged, 
was designed for the invasion of Mexico. His ultimate pur- 
pose, it was further alleged, was to establish an empire which 
should embrace one or more of the Southwesttirn States of 
the Union. 

X. By order of the President of the United States he was 
arrested, taken to Richmond, Virginia, and there tried on a 

* Hamilton was born in the Island of Nevis West Indies, in 1757. At the a^e of thirteen he was sent 
to New Yorlc to be educated. He was one of the first to talie up arms at the beginning of the Revolution, 
and as captain of an artillery company, performed a creditable part in the battle of Long Island. By his 
activity and intelligence he attracted the attention of Washington, and. after the battles of Trenton and 
Princeton in which he took part, he accepted an invitation from the commander-in-chief to take a place 
in his staff as aide-de-camp. He afterwards participated in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and 
Monmouth. 

t Burr was born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1756. In 1775 he was engaged in the expedition against 
Canada, and accompanied Arnold upon his toilsome march through the wilderness. He was in the battles 
of Quebec and Monmouth. His death occurred at Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. 



VIII. Questions. — 21. "What sad aflfair, in which two public men were the princi- 
]iar actors, took place diirinrr Jefferson's administration? 22. "When did it take 
place? 23. At what place ? J«s. — At Hoboken, New Jersey, opposite the city of New 
York. 24. What position was Burr holding at the time? 25. What was the cause of 
the duel? 26. What was the result of it? 27. What was the consequence to Burr? 

IX. 28. In what project was Burr subsequently engaged? 

X. 29. "What order did President Jefferson issue with regard to Burr* CO. What 
is said of the trial and its result? 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



201 




A Alio N BURR. 



cliarge of treason. The trial was 
a protracted one; but, under a 
ruling of the court, which did not 
involve the merits of the charge, 
he was acquitted. 

XL The wars in Europe, grow- 
ing out of the French revolution, 
continued during Jefferson's ad- 
ministration. That between Eng- 
land and France, though it at first 
proved profitable to the Ameri- 
can shipping interests engaged in 
the carrying trade between the 
ports of the two hostile nations, re- 
sulted in the adoption of measures injurious to our commerce. 

XTI. To annoy and cripple her adversary, England declared 
the whole northern coast of France in a state of blockade. 
Napoleon retaliated by the " Berlin Decree," in which he pro- 
nounced the British islands in a state of blockade. But the 
crowning grievance was the " right of search," asserted by 
Great Britain, under which claim American vessels were 
boarded, and all sailors of English birth found on board, were 
impressed as subjects of the king. 

XIII. An event occurred in June, 1807, which brought 
things towards an issue. The American frigate Chesapeake, 
when off the capes of Virginia, was attacked by the British 
frigate Leopard. The Chesapeake, being unprepared for ac- 
tion, struck her colors, after having three men killed and 
eighteen wounded. Four of her crew, who were claimed by 
the commander of the Leopard as British deserters, were then 

XI. Questions. — 31. How did the war between England and France aflfect Amer- 
ican interests? 

XII. 32. "What did England do to annoy and cripple her adversary? 33. How 
did Napoleon retaliate? 34. What was the crowning grievance of which Americans 
complained ? 

XIII. 85. What event brought the relations of growing hostility between Eng- 
land and America towards an issue? 36. When did it occur? 37. What did the 
outrage x>rovoke President Jefferson to do? 



208 Jefferson's administration. 

transferred to the Leopard. This outrage provoked the Pres- 
ident to issue a proclamation interdicting the entrance of 
British armed vessels into the ports or waters of the United 
States. 

XIV. Although the act of the Leopard was disavowed by 
the English government, no reparation was made ; and towards 
the close of the year the British " Orders in Council," forbid- 
ding all trade with France and her allies, Avere issued. Bona- 
parte again retaliated by issuing the " Milan Decree,'' inter- 
dicting all trade with England and her colonies. 

XY. In consequence of this policy of the two European 
nations, so destructive to our commerce. Congress laid an 
embargo upon all American vessels, forbidding them to leave 
the ports of the United States. x\s the act of Congress not 
only failed to obtain an acknowledgment of American rights, 
but, on account of its ruinous effects upon the shipping in- 
terests, was very unpopular among the commercial classes, it 
was repealed, and the non-intercourse law, prohibiting all com- 
merce with France and Great Britain, was substituted. 

XVI. At this point in the history of the country, Jefferson, 
following the example of Washington, declined a second re- 
election to the presidency, and terminated his political career. 
He was succeeded by James Madison, of Virginia. 

XIV. Questions. — 88. How was the outrage committed by the Leopard treated 
by the British government ? 39. What is said of reparation ? 40. When were the 
Bi-itish " Orders in Council" issued ? 41. What were the " Orders in Council ?" 42. 
How did Bonaparte again retaliate ? 

XV. 43. What action did Congress take in consequence of the trade-interdicting 
policy of France and England? 44. Why was the embargo act afterward repealed? 
45. What law was substituted for it? 

XV I. 46. Why was not Jefferson continued in the presidency for more than eight 
years? 47. By whom was he succeeded ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PACK 

1. What event took place ou the 30th of April, 1789 194 

2. How was Washington's cabinet constituted? 195 

3. How were the State debts of the war disposed of ? 195 

4. What controversy had existed between N. Y. and N. H. ?. . . 195 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 209 

PAGK 

5. How was the controversy finallj settled ? 195, 19G 

6. When were Kentucky and Tennessee admitted to the Union ? . 196 

7. In what respect did the British violate the treaty of 1783?.. . 19G 

8. To what war did this treaty violation conduce ? 196 

9. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Harmar. .196, 197 

10. Give an account of the expedition conducted by St. Clair 197 

11. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Wayne. . .197, 198 

12. How did the French Revolution influence the people of the U, S. ? 198 

13. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection 199 

14. Why was John Jay sent as a special envoy to England? 199 

15. What was the result of Jay's mission? 199, 200 

16. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1797 ? 200 

17. How did the difficulty with France originate ? 198, 199, 200 

18. What were the events of the difficulty? 200, 201 

19. What sad event took place towards the close of 1799? 201, 202 

20. When did Philadelphia cease to be the capital of the U. S. ?. . . 202 

21. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1801 ? 203 

22. Which State was added to the Union in 1802 ? 203 

23. How was Louisiana acquired by the United States? 203, 204 

24. On what expedition was Com. Preble sent in 1803 ? 204 

25. What can you state of the loss of the frigate Philadelphia?. . . 204 

26. Give an account of her recapture and destruction 204, 205 

27 Give an account of Hamet's expedition and successes 205 

28. When did the duel between Hamilton and Burr take place ?. . . 206 

29. What was the result of it? 206 

30. How did the result afl'ect Burr's political influence ? 206 

31. In what expedition was Burr afterward engaged ? 206 

32. How was the expedition brought to an end? 206, 207 

33. How did the European wars affect American commerce? .... 207 

34. What decrees were issued by England and France ? 207 

35. Of what grievance did the United States especially complain ? 207 

36. Relate the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard 207, 208 

37. Did the Enghsh government approve the Leopard's attack ?. . 208 

38. Was any reparation made for the injury done by the Leopard ? 208 

39. What "orders" and "decrees" were afterwards issued? 208 

40. What can you say of the embargo laid upon U. S. vessels ?. . . 208 

41. Why was the act repealed, and what substitute was passed ?. 208 

42. What did Jefferson decide upon towards the close of his sec- 

ond presidential term ? ^ • 208 

43. Whose example did ho follow in this respect ? 208 

44. Did he afterward participate in political matters ? 208 

14 



SECTION A^I. 

Madison's administration; from march 4th, 1809, to 

MARCH 4th, 1817. the second war with ENGLAND. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. The fourth Pres- 
ident of the United 
States was James 
Madison. His inau- 
guration took place 
at Washington, on 
the 4th of March, 

1809, at a crisis in 
the affairs of the na- 
tion which required 
of his administration 
the utmost caution, 
prudence, and reso- 
lution.* The United 
States were on the 
verge of war with 
Great Britain. Na- 
poleon revoked his 
hostile "Decrees" in 

1810, but the British 
"Orders in Council" 
continued in active 
force. 




* Madison's cabinet consisted of Robert Smith, Secretary of State; William Eustis, Secretary of War ; 
Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury ; and Ca;sar A. Rod- 
ney, Attorney-General. 



Madison's Administratiox. — I. Questions. — 1. Who was the fourth President 
of the United States? 2. When did his inauguration take place? 3. What was 
peculiarly required of Madison's administration? 4. Why? 5. What concession 
did Napoleon make? 6. What is said of the British "Orders in Council?" 



311 

II. In May, 1811, an affair occurred which tended to widen 
the breach which already existed between Great Britain and 
the United States, tliough, in this case, the British were the 
greater sufferers. The British sloop-of-war Little Belt, Cap- 
tain Bingham, when off the coast of Virginia, fired into the 
American frigate President, Commodore Rodgers, but found 
her fire returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few 
minutes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded 

III. About the year 1804, the Indians on the western fron- 
tiers, incited by British emissaries and influenced by the ap- 
peals of Tecumseh,* one of their boldest and most active 
warriors, began to form a confederacy against the people of 
the United States. A brother of Tecumseh, known as the 
" Prophet," who by his predictions and promises had ac- 
quired great influence over the tribes along the Wabash, was 
a leading agent in the business of bringing about an alliance. 

IV. General Harrison, then governor of the Indian terri- 
tory, marched towards the western frontier and approached 
Tippecanoe, the town of the Prophet, situated at the junction 
of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Ptivers, in the present State 
of Indiana. The Prophet, in the absence of Tecumseh, at 
once proposed a conference, to take place the next day, and 
requested the Americans to encamp for the night at a place 
which he designated. Harrison, suspecting treachery, or- 
dered his troops to sleep on their arms. This proved a fortu- 
nate precaution, for, early on the following morning, Novem- 
ber Yth, 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon the 
American camp ; but, after a desperate and bloody contest of 



* Tecumseh, or, as the name is sometimes written, Tecumtha, was a chief of the Shawnee Indians. He 
'as born on the banks ol the Scioto River, in Ohio, about 1770. " The Prophet's" name was Elkswatawa. 



II. QuKSTiONS.— 7. Give an account of the naval affiiir which took place in May, 
ISU. 8. What did the affair tend to? 

III. 9. What took place among the Indians about the year 1804? 10. Who was 
Tecumseh's principal co-operator in bringing about the alliance ? 

IV. 11. Where was the battle of Tippecanoe fought ? 1 2. W^hat town is situated 
not far from the battle-ground? (See map, p. 192.) 10. When was the battle 
fought? 14. Give an account of it. 



212 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



two hours, they were repulsed. This battle ruined the plans 
which Tecumseh had formed, and his next attempt against 
the Americans was in the alliance which he formed with the 
English, in 1812. 

EVENTS OF 1812. 






Y. The United States 
government had endeav- 
ored to induce the British 
government to abrogate its 
" Orders in Council," and 
negotiate terms for sus- 
pending the impressment of 
American seamen, but in 
vain. That government 
absolutely refused, and 
nothing remained but war. 
yi. Accordingly, in 
June, 1812, the President 
of the United States, in 
conformity with an act of 
Congress, issued a procla- 
mation declaring war 
against Great Britain ; and 
preparations were at once 
made for raising a large army. General Dearborn, of Massa- 
chusetts, an officer who had served with credit in the Revoln- 



LOUTSIANA. 
"In ICS?, La Salle* descended 
the Mississippi to the sea, and, for- 
mally taking possession for France 
of the whole new country watered 
by the Mississippi from "its mouth i 
to its source, he named it Louisiana, 1 
■^' in honor of Louis XIV., King of 
France." The Seal of the State is 
piven above. The motto of Louis- 
iana is, Union and Co7if!deni 



* La Salle, a celebrated French navigator, was born in Rouen, about 1635. His death occurred in 1687. 
He made four visits to America. In his first, while endeavoring to find a passage by water to China, he 
explored Lake Ontario. In his third, he descended the Mississippi. The fourth was made for the pur- 
pose of settling Louisiana. A fleet, containing more than two hundred colonists, sailed from France, but 
instead of landing near the mouth of the Mississippi, by mistake they proceeded to Texas. After La 
Salle had passed two years in Texas, some portion of the time in the vain attempt to reach the Mississip- 
pi, his nepnew was murdered by one of his few remaining followers, and he was shot by another. 



V. Questions.— 15. How had the United States endeavored to avert the war? 

YI. IG. When was war declared ? 17. AVho was placed at the head of the army ? 
18. Before the commencoment of hostilities, what revocation on Ihc part of England 
took place? 19. But what was still insisted upon? 



Madison's administration. 213 



tion, being appointed commander-in-chief. Before hostilities 
actually commenced, the British government had revoked its 
I' Orders in Council," but the " right of impressment" was still 
insisted upon. 

YII. At the time of the declaration of war. General Hull, 
the governor of Michigan {mish'-e-gun) Territory, was march- 
ing with two thousand men from Ohio to Detroit, his pur- 
pose being to accomplish the reduction of the hostile Indians 
of the Northwest. In anticipation of the war with England, 
he had been invested with discretionary power to invade 
Canada. 

VIII. Learning, while on the march, that war had been 
declared, he crossed the Detroit River, with the avowed in- 
tention of going against Fort Maiden {mauV -deM) -, but, instead 
of at once marching upon the place, he encamped at Sand- 
wich, eighteen miles distant, and thus gave the enemy an 
opportunity to prepare for defense. 

IX. In the mean time Fort Mackinaw, an American post 
situated on an island at the outlet of Lake Michigan, was sur- 
prised by a force of British and Indians, and captured before 
the garrison had even heard of the declaration of war. This 
loss was a severe one, as the fort was the key to that section 
of the country, and the grand depot of the fur companies 
there. 

X. Hull, while at Sandwich, sent a detachment to convoy a 
party who were approaching his camp with supplies. Van 
Horn, the commander, neglecting to exercise sufficient caution, 
was led into an ambush near Brownstovvn, August 5, by six 

YII. QirE8TiONS.-20. On what expedition was General Hull engaged? 21. 
Witli what discretionary power was he invested? 

YIII. 22. What information did Hnll receive while on this march ? 2-3 What 
river did he cross? 24. What was his avowed intention ? 25. Where is Fort Mai- 
den ? (See map, p. 2U.) 26. Is Sandwich north or south of Fort Maiden' (See 
same map.) 27. What advantage did Ilull^s halt at Sandwich -ive to the British v 

IX. 28. Give an account of the loss of Fort Mackinaw. 29. Where is Fort Mack- 
inaw situated ? sa In what direction from Detroit is Fort Mackinaw? (See map, 
p. 192.) 

X. 31. Give an account of the defeat of Van Ilcrn, 



214 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 




hundred British and 
Indians, and utterly 
defeated. 

XL After waiting 
nearly a month at 
Sandwich, Hull re- 
crossed the river and 
took post at Detroit, 
to the great vexation 
and disappointment of 
his troops. Three days 
after the defeat of Van 
Horn, a second detach- 
ment, under Colonel 
Miller, was sent to 
convoy the supply 
party. As Miller approached Brownstown, on the evening of 
the 9th, he came upon the British and Indians, who were 
protected by a breastwork of logs and branches of trees, and, 
after a sharp contest, completely routed them. 

XII. The withdrawal of Hull across the Detroit embold- 
ened General Brock, the British commander, who began to 
erect a battery opposite the American post. Not being mo- 
lested, he became still bolder, and, on the 16th of August, 
crossed the river with seven hundred regulars and six hundred 
Indians, and demanded an immediate surrender of Detroit. 

XIII. The Americans were strongly posted, and confident 
of victory in the conflict which seemed to be before them ; and 
yet, to the great indignation of his troops, Hull ordered them 
to withdraw to the fort, and a white flag, in token of sub- 
mission, to be lifted above the works. By this act of sur- 

XI. Questions.— 32. What rctroizrade movement did Hull make ? 33. Give an 
account of the victory gained by Miller. 

XII. 34. Give an account of Brock's operations against Detroit. 

XIII. 35. What is said of the ability and disposition of the Americans to defend 
themselves at Detroit ? 36. What made them indignant ? 3T. What did the Brit- 
ish acquire by the surrender ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



215 



render, not only Detroit, but the whole Territory of Michigan, 
passed into the hands of the enemy. , 

XIV. Hull's conduct, two years after, underwent ex- 
amination by a court-martial, and though he was acquitted of 
treason, the court pronounced him guilty of cowardice, and 
he was sentenced to be shot ; but, in consideration of his age 
and revolutionary services, the sentence was remitted by 
President Madison. Hull's* conduct was severely criticised 
at the time, as well as in after years ; but a series of letters 
which he published in 1824, and a volume which appeared at 
a still later period, together form a complete vindication of 
his surrender, as regards either the charge of treason or cow- 
ardice. 



XV. During the year 
1812 a second invasion 
of Canada was made in 
another quarter. On 
the morning of the 1 3th 
of October, Colonel Sol- 
omon Van Rensselaer 
[van-ren' -se-ler), with a 
detachment of only two 
hundred and twenty- 
five men, crossed the 
Niagara River to storm 
the heights of Queens- 
town. The command- 
er having been severely 
wounded at the landing, 



Sc.tQb 




* William Hull was born in Connecticut, in 1753. He was in the battles of White Plains, Trenton, 
Trinceton, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, Monmouth, and Stony Point ; and in all of them fought with coura^je. 
His death occurred in Massachusetts, in 1825. 



XIV. Questions. — 38. To what was HuH's conduct afterward subjected? 39. 
"What sentence was pronounced upon him ? 40. "Why was not the sentence exe- 
cuted? 41. How Avas Hull's conduct subsequently regarded ? 

XV. 42. At what place did the second invasion of Canada occur? 43. Describe 
the events that took place on the morning of the 13th of October. 44. What town, 
in New York, is opposite Quecnstown ? (See map, p. 215.) 



216 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 

his troops, led by Captains Oa:ilvie and Wool, gal- 
lantly moved forward, carried a British battery, and 
gained the heights. 

XVI. The enemy, re-enforced by several hundred men under 
Brock, attempted to regain the battery, but were repulsed, 
and Brock was killed. While this struggle was going on at 
the west side of the Niagara, a large body of militia was col- 
lected at Lewiston, on tbe east side. General Stephen Van 
Kensselaer, a cousin of Solomon, and the superior in com- 
mand of the troops in that quarter, endeavored to send re- 
enforcements across the river, but only about a thousand men 
could be induced to go : the rest professed to consider it wrong 
to invade the enemy's country. 

XVII. On the afternoon of the same day, 13th, the Amer- 
icans on the heights were attacked by fresh troops, under 
General SheafFe (skefe), from Fort George, and nearly all were 
killed or taken prisoners. General Van Rensselaer, disgusted 
with the conduct of the militia, soon retired from the service, 
when the command on the Niagara frontier devolved on Gen- 
eral Smyth. Smyth accomplished nothing : after projecting 
two invasions of Canada, neither of which was carried out, he 
also resigned. 

XVIII. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean, du- 
ring 1812, were as decided as their reverses on the land. The 
first of importance was the capture of the sloop Alert by the 
frigate Essex, Captain Porter. The second, of greater im- 
portance, was achieved by Captain Isaac Hull,* nephew of 
General Hull, on the 19th of August, off the coast of Massa- 

* Captain Isaac Hull, afterward Commodore, was born in Derby, Conn., in 1775. During the war with 
the Barbary States, from 1803 to ISO.S, he served with distinction in the squadrons of Comrnodores Preble 
and Barron", and co-operated with Eaton in the capture of Derne, He died in Philadelphia, in 1S43. 



XVI. Questions. — 15. Give an account of the repulse and loss sustained by the 
British. 46i "Where was the main body of the American militia at the time sta- 
tioned ? 47. Why did they not cross over to Queenstown ? 

XVII. 48. Give a further account of the battle of Queenstown. 49. Who suc- 
ceeded General Van Rensselaer in the command of the forces on the Niagara fron- 
tier ? 50. Why had Van Kensselaer resigned ? 51. What can you state of Smyth 
nnd his operations ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



217 



cluisetts. Hull commanded the American frigate Constitu- 
tion, and Dacres the British frigate Guerriere [gare-e-are'). 
The action between tlie two frigates lasted about forty min- 
utes, and resulted in the captui-e of the Guerriere. The cap- 
tured vessel had been so much injured it was found impossible 
to bring her into port, and she was consequently burned by 
the victors. 

XIX. In October, tlie American sloop-of war Wasp, Captain 
Jones, while cruising off the coast of North Carolina, fell in with 
the British brig Frolic, Captain Whinyates, and after a conflict 
of three-quarters of an hour, boarded her. A melancholy 
scene of destruction was presented. The decks were covered 
with the dead and the wounded. Not twenty of the Frolic's 
crew escaped unhurt. Scarcely had the enemy's vessel been 
taken possession of, when an English ship of seventy-four 
guns hove in sight, and captured both vessels. 

XX. A second naval victory by the Americans occurred in 
this same month, October. The frigate United States, Com- 
modore Decatur, encountered the British frigate Macedonia 
{mas-se-do'-nc-a) west of the Ca- 
nary {Jca-na'-re) Islands, and, after 
an action of nearly two hours, 
compelled her to surrender. She 
was taken to New York. 

XXI. A little more than a 
month later, the Constitution, 
then commanded by Commodore 
Bainbridge, gained her second 
victory, in the capture of the 
frigate Java (jah'-va). The ac- 




COMMODORE RAINBRIDGE. 



XVIII. Questions.— 52. What 



comparison is made between tlie land reverses 
and the ocean triumphs ? 53. Which was the first important naval victory ? 54. The 
second? 55. When did the action between the Constitution and the Guerriere take 
place ? 56. Give an account of it. 

XIX. 57. Give an account of the action between the Wasp and the Frolic. 5S, 
What event deprived Captain Jones of the fruits of his victory ? 

XX. 59. Give an account of the action between the United States and Maecdoniaa 

10 



218 Madison's administration. 

tion took place off the coast of Brazil, on the 29th 
of Decciriber, and lasted nearly two hours. Bain- 
bridge,* finding the captured frigate so much riddled that it 
was impossible to get her into an American port, destroyed 
her by fire, and the Constitution then put into San Salvador, 
where the prisoners were landed on parole. 

XXII. In the belief that the navy of the United States 
would be entirely destroyed or captured by that of England, 
it had been decided, at the beginning of the war, to lay up 
our ships to save them. But, happily, that policy was soon 
departed from. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, 
and British commerce suffered in every direction. During 
the year 1812, more than three hundred vessels, with not less 
than three thousand prisoners, beside valuable cargoes, w'fere 
taken by the Americans. 



EVENTS OF 1813. 

I. For the campaign of 1813 three armies were raised. 
That of the West, near the head of Lake Erie, was commanded 
by General Harrison ; that of the Centre, between Lakes Erie 
and Ontario, by General Dearborn ; and that of the North, 
near Lake Champlain, by General Hampton. 

II. The leading object of the army of the West was to re- 
cover Michigan and avenge the disgrace of Hull. A division 
of the army, composed mostly of Kentuckians, commanded by 

» William Bainbridge was bnm in Princeton, N. J., in 1774. In 1S03 he was in command of the frigate 
Philadelphia when that vessel struck on a rock and was captured in the harbor of Tripoli. He and his 
crew, of more than three hundred persons, were taken prisoners by the Tripolitans and held in captivity 
nineteen months. He died in Philadelphia, in 1833. 



XXI. Questions. — 60. Give an account of the action between the Constitution 
and the Java. 61. What did Bainbrids^e do with his prize and prisoners ? 

XXII. 62. What policy had been decided upon at the beginning of the war, with 
reference to American ships? 63. Why was that decision made? &4. What is 
stated of the successes of the Americans on the ocean, during the year 1812? 

Events of 1813.— I. 1. What armies were raised for the campaign of 1813 ? 

II. 2. What was the object of the army of the West? 3. What command did 
Winchester have? 4. What place did he reach in January? 5. How did his men at 
first employ themselves there ? 6. What did he learn while there ? 7. Whr4 request 
did he receive ? 



Madison's administration. 219 

General Winchester, reached the rapids of the Maumee on the 
1 0th of January. Here, while constructing huts for the re- 
ception of supplies, Winchester learned that Frenchtown, then 
a small settlement, nearly forty miles distant, was threatened 
with an attack from a body of British and Indians. He, at 
the same time, received an urgent request from the inhabi- 
tants to come to their assistance. 

TIL Accordingly, he sent a detachment of five hundred men, 
under Colonel Lewis, in advance, while he prepared to follow. 
Lewis, ascertaining that the British and Indians were already 
in possession of the town, hurried forward, and, on the 18th 
of January, made a charge upon the enemy, driving them into 
the woods. On the following day, Winchester arrived. The 
Americans were, on the 2 2d, attacked by a force of fifteen 
hundred British and Indians, commanded by General Proctor. 
They made a brave defense, but Winchester, who had been 
made prisoner during the engagement, agreed upon a capitu- 
lation, and the Americans surrendered on condition that 
they should be protected. But Proctor failed to observe 
the condition : his Indian allies murdered the wounded 
prisoners who were unable to travel, and then set fire to the 
houses. 

IV. Upon hearing of AVinchester's defeat, Harrison took a 
position on the Maumee River, where he constructed a forti- 
fied camp, which, in honor of the governor of Ohio, he called 
Fort Meigs [megz). On the 1st of May, Proctor advanced 
against this fort, and, with a force of not less than a thousand 
British and Indians, commenced a siege. Four days after, 



III. Questions.— S. How did he act in response to the request ? 9. What did 
Lewis accomplish '? 10. What battle took place on the following day ? Ans. — The 
battle of Frenchtown. 11. Give an account of it. 12. Give an account of the massa- 
cre that followed. 13. How is Frenchtown situated? (See map, p. 214.) 

lY. 14. Where did Harrison make a stand, upon hearing of Winchester's misfor- 
tune? 15. Describe the Maumee. (See map, p. 192.) 16. Is Fort Meigs above or 
below Toledo? (See map, p. 214.) 17. How was Fort Meigs threatened? IS. Give 
an account of the event that took place on the 5th of May. 19. When and why did 
Proctor abandon the siege ? 



220 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 

General Clay* arrived, with twelve hundred Kentuck- 
1 81 3 

ians, and successfully attacked the besiegers, compel- 
ling them to disperse ; but, unfortunately, a large body of his 
troops, while pursuing the enemy, was surrounded and cap- 
tured. On the ninth day of the month, Proctor, deserted 
by his allies, and despairing of success, withdrew, and returned 
to Fort Maiden. 

Y. In a little more than two months after, Proctor and 
Tecumseh again threatened Fort Meigs ; but, finding it well 
garrisoned, terminated a brief siege by a sullen withdrawal 
Proctor's next movement was against Fort Stephenson, at 
Lower Sandusky, now Fremont, situated on the Sandusky 
River. The place was garrisoned by only one hundred and 
fifty men, under the command of Major Croghan,f a young 
man not yet twenty-two years old, and they had but one gun, 
a six-pounder. Proctor's force consisted of more than twelve 
hundred men, half regulars and half Indians. 

VI. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
breach was effected, when the enemy, on the 2d of August, 
attempted to carry the place by assault ; but they were met 
by a volley of musketry and a discharge from the six-pounder 
with such terrible effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in confu- 
sion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number killed or 
wounded. 

VII. The naval supremacy on Lake Erie (e-re) and Lake 
Ontario (on-ta'-re-o)^ became an object of much importance to 
the belligerent governments, and, as early as the beginning of 
October, 1812, preparations were in progress, on both sides, to 



* Green Clay was born in Virginia, in 1757. After his success in driving the British and Indians from 
the siege of Fort Meigs, he was left in command there, and defended the fort when it was a second time 
threatened. He died in 1826. 

t George Croghan was born in Kentucky, in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort 
Meigs (Aliiy 5), and served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred at New Orleans, in 1849. 



V. Questions.— 20. What can jou state of the second demonstration against 
Fort Meigs ? 21. To what object did Proctor next direct his attention ? 22. la 
what direction from Fort Meigs was Fort Stephenson? (See map, p. 214.) 23. How 
was Fort Stephenson prepared to resist Proctor ? 

YI. 24. Give an account of Proctor's ettbrts against the fort. 



[ADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



221 



secure it. To Cominodoie Channcey* was given the general 
command of the American naval forces on the two lakes, while 
to Commodore Perrvf was assigned the immediate command 
on Lake Erie. On the part of the enemy, Sir James Yeo 
held the general command, and Commodore Barclay the spe- 
cial one on Lake Erie. 

VIIL By the first of August, 1813, two squadrons had 
been fitted out on Lake Erie. One of these, the American, 
consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty-four guns ; and the 
other, the Britisli, consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty- 
three guns. They met, on the 10th of September, near the 
western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle of 
four hours' duration took place, resulting in a complete and 
brilliant victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy 
having; surrendered. In dis- 



patching information of his 
victory to General Harrison, 
Perry wrote: "We have met 
the enemy, and they are ours." 
IX. The consequences of 
the victory were highly impor- 
tant. The Americans complete- 
ly established their naval su- 
premacy on the lake, Detroit 
was evacuated by the British, 
the Indians of Michiiran were 




COMMODORE PKRUY. 



* Isaac Chauncey was born in Connecticut, in ITTi. When a young man, he was engaged in the mer- 
chant service, and during; a voyage, a mortal sicliness prevailed, leaving him on board as the only survivor, 
lie navigated the vessel into port, for which he was rewarded by being appointed to the command of her. 
He served in the war against Tripoli, and during the war of ISl'i, he rendered important service on Lake 
Ontario, by his active co-operation with the land forces. His death occurred at Washington, in 1840. 

t Oliver Hazard Perry was born at Newport, R. I., in 1785. He died at Port Spain, Island of Trinidad, 
of yellow fever, contracted while he was engaged on government service, up the Orinoco River, in Soutti 
America. 



VII. Questions. — 25. What is said of the naval supremacy on Lakes Erie and On- 
tario? 26. What command was given to Chauncey? 27. To Perry? 2S. To Too? 
•20. To Barclay ? 

VIII. 30. How larcre a fleet did Perry command? SI. Barclay? 82. When did 
the battle of Lake Erie take place? 33. What produced enthusiasm among the 
Americans? Aiis. — A flag floating from the mainmast of Perry's ship, ni)on which 
were the dying words of Lawrence: "Don't give up the ship." 34. Give an account 
of the battle. 85. IIow did Perry inform Il.arrison of his victory ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



intimidated, and the way to success for the army at Fort 
Meigs was clearly opened. Harrison saw his opportu- 
nity, and was not slow to profit by it. 

X. Having been re-enforced by a large body of Kentuckians, 
under Governor Shelby, Harrison resolved to seek Proctor and 
give him battle. While, in conformity with his orders, a regi- 
ment of horse, one thousand strong, proceeded by land, cross- 
ing the river at Detroit, the rest of the army crossed Lake 
Erie in Perry's fleet, and landed near Fort Maiden. But 
Proctor, on hearing of Barclay's defeat and Harrison's ap- 
proach, was seized with alarm ; and when the fort was reached, 
it was found deserted, and Proctor and Tecumseh were in full 
retreat towards the Thames [temz) River. The Americans 
followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th of October, overtook 
them near the Moravian village on the Thames, about eighty 
miles from Detroit. 

XI. The enemy, seeing that a battle could not be avoided, 
took a favorable position on a narrow strip of land between 
the river and an extensive swamp. The Americans charged, 
breaking the line of the British, and soon compelling them to 
surrender; but the contest with the Indians was more obsti- 
nate. At length, Tecumseh fell, mortally wounded, and the 
savage warriors dispersed in all directions. Proctor was gone: 
he had fled at the first onset, leaving his carriage, private pa- 
pers, and even his sword, behind him. 

XII. Besides six hundred prisoners taken by Harrison, sev- 
eral cannon and a large quantity of stores and ammunition 
fell into his hands. By the victory thus achieved, the terri- 
tory which Hull had surrendered was entirely recovered, the 



IX. Questions. — 86. What were the important consequences of the battle? 

X. 37. What accession arrived for Harrison's army ? 38. What did Harrison ro- 
Bolve upon ? 39. How did the two parts of his army proceed ? 40. Why did not 
Proctor remain at Fort Maiden ? 41. Howls Fort Maiden situated? (See map, p. 
214.) 42. What is said of the flight of Proctor and the pursuit ? 43. When was the 
battle of the Thames fought ? 

XI. 44. Give an account of it. 45. Where was the battle fought? (See map, p. 
214.) 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



223 



destruction of Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy was completed, 
and the war on the western frontier was terminated. 

XIII. In the spring of 1813, several months before the suc- 
cesses of Perry and Harrison had been achieved, the Southern 
Indians were visited by Tecumseh and nrged to take up arms 
against the whites. The Creeks yielded, and began to com- 
mit depredations upon the settlements of the Americans. In 
the latter part of August, fifteen hundred of their warriors 
surprised Fort Mims,* on the Alabama lliver, and massacred 
nearly three hundred men, women, and children. 

Xiy. This sanguinary and unprovoked attack aroused the 
whole South, and a large force, under Generals Jackson and 
Cotfee, marched into 
the country of the 
Creeks to avenge the 
deed of horror. Sev- 
eral battles were fought 
in quick succession, at 
Talladega, Autossee, 
Emucfa, and other 
places, in every one of 
which the Indians were 
defeated. 

XV At length a 
thousand warrio rs, 
with their women and 
children, made a final 
stand at Tohopeka, or, 



STATE OF 

ALABAMA 




* The name of this place was also written Fart Mimmn. The fort was situated on the east side of the 
Alabama, about ten miles above its junction with the Tombigbee. 



XII. Questions. — 46. "What were the fruits of Harrison''s victory? 

XIII. 4T. AVhat had Tecumseh beea about in the spring of 1S13? 43. What fol- 
lowed? 49. What is said of the massacre at Fort Mims? 50. In what direction 
from Mobile was Fort Mims? (See map, p. 223.) 

XIV. 51. What effect did the massacre have upon the people of the South? 52. 
What can you say of the battles that were fought? 53. Give the location of the 
three places named. (See map, p. 223.) 54. What two rivers uniting form the Ala- 
bama River? Ans.—ThQ Coosa and the Tallapoosa. 



224 



MADISONS ADMINISTRATION. 



1813. 



as the whites called it, the Horse- Shoe Bend of the 
Tallapoosa River, where they had established a camp, 
skillfully fortified. Here, on the 27th of March, 1814, they 
were attacked by a force of three thousand men, under Jack- 
son. The doomed Creeks, being hemmed in on all sides by 
their assailants, fought with the energy of despair, and not till 
almost six hundred of their number were slain did the battle 
cease : their defeat was complete. 

XVI. While these events were transpiring at the South, 
others of equal moment were taking place at the North. To- 
wards the latter part of April, 1813, General Dearborn, with 
seventeen hundred men, embarked. on board Chauncey's fleet, 
at Sackett's Harbor, with the design of going against York, 
the capital of Upper Canada. 

XVn. On the 27th, the fleet anchored off that town, and 
on the same day the troops effected a landing in the face of a 
severe fire from British and Indians, commanded by General 
Sheaffe. Still they pressed forward, led by General Pike/'^ 

and were carrying every thing 




GENERAL PIKE. 



before tliem, when the enemy's 
magazine exploded, mortally 
wounding Pike, and making sad 
havoc among his men. After 
a moment's pause, the Ameri- 
cans continued to advance, and 
were soon in possession of the 
town. 

XVIII. The capture of York 
havinir been attained, Dearborn 



■» Zebulon Montgomery Pilte was born in New Jersey, in 1779. He made two important expeditions , 
one in 1805 and 6, to explore the sources of tlie Mississippi, and the other about a year after, to examine 
ilie region west of the Red River. 

XV. Questions. — 55. Where did the battle of Tohopeka take place ? (See map, 



p. 228.) 56. Give an account of the battle. 

XVI. 5T. What movement was made on Lake Ontario towards the latter part of 
April •? 

XVII. 58. When did the battle of York take place? 59. Give an account of it 
Co. By what name is York now known? A/ik — Toronto. 61. How is Toronto sit- 
uated ? (See map, p. 215.) 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION, 



225 



returned to Sackett's Harbor, whence, after being largely re- 
enforced, lie sailed to attack Fort George, situated on the Ni- 
agara Eiver, near its mouth. The British made but a short 
defense, and then retreated to Burlington Heights, at the 
western extreniity of Lake Ontario, pursued by a large force, 
under Generals Chandler and Winder. On the night of the 
6th of June, nine days after the capture of the fort, the Brit- 
ish suddenly fell upon the camp of the pursuing Americans, 
and, though they were repulsed, in the darkness and confusion 
both Chandler and Winder were made prisoners. 

XIX. The British in Canada, on being informed that Chaun- 
cey's fleet, carrying a large body of troops, had sailed from 
Sackett's Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake in Yeo's 
fleet, to attack the place. Sir George Prevost, the British 
commander, effected a landing on 
the 24th of May. The militia 
fired a couple of volleys upon the 
invaders, and then, panic-struck, 
broke and fled. A small body of 
regulars acted with more firmness. 
Wliile the advance of the Bi-itish 
was held in check by a galling fire 
from the regulars. General Brown,* 
the American commander, rallied 
the militia, and led them by a cir- 
cuitous route, as if he designed to 
seize the enemy's boats and cut off their retreat. The strata- 
geni succeeded completely, and the British made a rush for 
their boats, leaving their dead and wounded behind. 

XX. Dearborn remained at Ft. George more than a fortnight 




GENEEAI, BUOWN. 



1T75. He died in Washington, in 



* Jacob Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvai 

XVIII. QtTESTioN8.-62. Against what place di.l Dearborn next proceed? 63 
Was Fort George above or below Queonstown ? (See map. p. 215.) 64. What sue 
cess did Dearborn meet with against Fort George? 65. What took place afterward? 

XIX. 66. How is Sackett's Harbor situated? (See map, p. 62.) 67 What in 
duced the British to attack the place? 68. When did they .ittack it? 69. Give hl 
account of the tattle. 

10* 



226 Madison's administration. 

after the misfortune to Chandler and Winder, without 
doing any thing. Not so the British. They busied 
themselves in taking possession of the mountain passes there, 
thus narrowing the hmits of Dearborn's position, and cutting 
off his communications with the country. At length, a detach- 
ment of six hundred men was sent to break up a post wliicli the 
British had established seventeen miles from the fort. After pro- 
ceeding fifteen miles, the Americans were suddenly surround- 
ed by a body of British and Indians, and compelled to surrender 
themselves prisoners of war. Dearborn,* not long after, resign- 
ed his command, and was succeeded by General Wilkinson. 

XXI. General Armstrong, upon whom President Madison 
had recently conferred the appointment of Secretary of War, 
devised a plan for the invasion of Canada, by wliich the two 
armies — that of the Centre, under Wilkinson, and that of the 
North, under Hampton — were to form a junction on the St. 
Lawrence, and proceed against Montreal. 

XXII. In passing down the St. Lawrence, the fleet of boats 
employed in conveying Wilkinson's army, was harassed by the 
British whenever an opportunity occurred. Near Williams- 
burg, a strong detachment was landed to make an advance, 
disperse a body of the enemy, and cover the descent of the 
fleet. At Chrysler's {kris'-lers) Field, a severe battle ensued 
on the 11th of November, in which the Americans, though 
losing about one-fifth of their entire force engaged, maintained 
their position. 



Henrv Dearliorn was born in New Hampshire, in 1751. He was in the battle of Bunker Hill, 

"iuebec, 

! expedition against 
cessful operations before Yorktown. He died in Massachusetts, in 1829. 



" nenry i^eariiorn was Dorn in iNew Hampsnire, in n&l. He was m tne Dattie ot uunKer HUl, i 
■with Arnold in die expedition through the wilderness of Maine, and participated in the battle of Quel 
where he was taken prisoner. Being exchanged, he served under Gates in the Northern campaign, ! 
did good service at the battle of Monmouth, in Sullivan's expedition against the Indiana, and in the s 



XX. Questions. — 70. What is said of Dearborn's inactivity at Fort Erie? 71. 
What, of the activity of the British? 72. Give an account of the mishap to the 
American detachment. 73. Who succeeded Dearborn in the command ? 

XXI. 74. What ofllce did Armstrong hold? 75. What plan of action did he 
devise? 

XXII. 76. What annoyance did Wilkinson experience while sailing down the Bt. 
Lawrence? 77. What did he do when near Williamsburg ? 7S. How is Williams- 
burg situated ? (See map, p. 62.) 79. When did a battle take place near Williams- 
burg ? 80. By what name is that battle known t 81. Give an account of it. 



Madison's administration. 227 

XXIII. Hampton,* in the mean time, had entered Canada, 
encounted the Britisli near St. John's, and been defeated. In 
consequence of a hostile feeling which existed between him 
and Wilkinson, he declined to co-operate with that com- 
mander, but made Ids way back to Lake Champlain, and left 
his army in winter quarters at Plattsburg-, under the com- 
mand of General Izard. Wilkinson went into winter quarters 
at French Mills, about nine miles east of St. Regis. 

XXIV. During 1813, there were many severe battles on 
the ocean ; and though the American seamen w^ere not so uni. 
formly successful as in the preceding year, tlicir gallantry 
continued to be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of 
February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, when 
oft' the mouth of the Dcmerara River, fell in with a British 
brig, which, after an action o-f only fifteen minutes, struck her 
colors and raised a signal of distress. She proved to be the 
brig Peacock, Captain Peake, and was so riddled that she sunk 
in a few minutes after the surrender, carrying down with her 
nine of her own crew and three of the Hornet's. 

XXY. On his return to the United States, Lawrence was 
promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then 
lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 1st, the 
British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared off" the 
harbor for the express purpose of meeting the Chesapeake. 
Though the American frigate had imperfect equipments and an 
ill-assorted crew, while the British ship had a select crew and 



* Wade Hampton was born in South Carolina, in 1755. He took an active part in the Revolutionary 
War, serving under Marion and Sumter. After he retired from the army, in 1814, he engaged in agricul- 
tural pursuits, and was considered the wealthiest farmer in the United Slates, owning extensive planta- 
tions, and about three thousand slaves. He died in South Carolina, in 1835. 



XXIII. Questions.— 82. "What misfortune had befallen Hampton in the mean 
time? 83. How is St. John's situated? (See map, p. 231.) 84. What did he neglect 
to do? 85. Why? 86. Where and in whose charge did he leave his command ? 8T. 
How is Plattsburg situated ? (See map, p. 149.) SB. Where did Wilkinson go into 
winter quarters? 89. Where is St. Regis? Ans.— On the south side of the St. Lawrence. 

XXIV. 90. What is said of the naval successes of the Americans during the year 
1813? 91. Give an account of the action between the Hornet and Pelican. 

XXV. 92. How was Lawrence rewarded for his victory over the Peacock? 93. 
What movement was made by the Shannon ? 94. In what condition were the two 
ships for action? 



228 



Madison's administration. 




LAWKEXCK. 



was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still felt impelled 
to go ont and engage her. 

XXVI. At about six o'clock in 
the afternoon the two vessels met, 
and a terrific contest of fifteen 
niinntes ensued. Lawrence* was 
mortally wounded in the early part 
of the action, and his last injunc- 
tion as he was borne below was, 
" Don't give up the ship." The 
Chesapeake, after having all her 
superior officers either killed or 
wounded, was boarded by the en- 
emy and her flag hauled down. 
XXVIL The second disaster to the American navy that oc- 
curred during the year was the loss of the brig Argus, Lieuten- 
ant Allen, f on the 14th of August. After Allen had conveyed 
the American minister, Mr. Crawford, to France, he proceeded 
to cruise in the waters about England, and was successful in 
taking a large number of prizes and capturing property to tlie 
amount of two millions of dollars. While in the English 
Channel he fell in with the sloop-of-war Pelican, and in the 
action which ensued, and which resulted in the capture of the 
Argus, he was mortally wounded. He was taken to Plymouth, 
England, where he died on the day after the action. 

XXVIIL Fortune next favored the Americans. On the 
oth of September, Lieutenant Burrows, while in command of 



» James Lawrence was born in Burlington, N. J., in 1781. He was one of Decatur's party that board- 
ed and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 1804. 

t_ William Henry Allen was born in Rhode Island, in 1784. He was the first lieutenant of the frigate 
I'nited States when that vessel captured the Macedonian. 



XX Vr. Questions.— 05. Give an account of the action. 

XXVII. 90. What vessel did Lieutenant Allen command in the summer of 1813 ? 
9". What duty did he perform before making a cruise? 98. What were his suc- 
cesses? 99. When did the Argus and Pelican meet? 100. Give an account of the 
action between them. 

XXVIII, 101. Where did a naval action take place on the 5th of September? 
102. Give an account of it. 103. What honors were paid to the dead commanders? 
104. Where is Portland ? (See map of Maine.,' 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



229 



the brig Enterprise, fell in Avith the British brig- Boxer, Capr 
tain Blyth, off the coast of Maine. An action of forty min- 
utes ensned, resulting in the capture of the Boxer. Both 
commanders were killed in the engagement, and their bodies 
were buried side by side at Portland, with the honors of war. 

XXIX. In 1812, Captain Por- 
ter,* commanding the American "^ ^ 
frigate Essex, in a short cruise 
captured a number of British 
merchantmen, and, after an action 
of only eight minutes, took the 
sloop-of-war Alert. In 1812 and 
'13, Porter, in command of the 
same vessel, made a long and I'e- 
markable cruise of more than a 
year, in the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans. Besides capturing a great 
many ships, and making prisoners 
of more than four hundred men, 

he did immense service to the American shipping by the pro- 
tection which he afforded. 

XXX. At length, on the 28th of March, 1814, he was at- 
tacked in the harbor of Valparaiso {yal-pa-r~t'-s6)^ by two 
British war vessels that had been expressly dispatched in 
quest of him, and, after one of the most desperate conflicts of 
the war, Avas forced to surrender. 




COMMODOKK POTiTEE 



* Daviii Porter was born in Boston, Mass., in 1780. When the frigate Philadelphia was captured by 
the Tripolitans, in 1803, Porter was made captive and held nineteen months. In 1824 he commanded an 
expedition against the pirates of the West Indies. He subsequently entered the service of Mexico, as com- 
mander-in-chief of her naval forces ; but, in 1839, returned to the United States. At the time of his death, 
which occurred at Constantinople, in 1843, he was resident minister of the United States there. 



XXIX. Questions.— 105. AVhat wore Porter's successes in 1812 ? lOG. What, in 
1818? 

XXX. 107. Where was he attacked hj- two British war vessels? lOS. Where is 
Valparaiso? (See map of South America.) 109. Give an account of the action. 



230 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



EEYIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1809 ? 210 

2. Give an account of the naval action which occurred in 1811 ?. 211 

3. What hostile movement among the Indians was begun in 1804 ? 211 

4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe 211, 212 

5. What were the causes of the War of 1812 ? 212 

6. When did President Madison issue his war proclamation ? . . , . 212 
1. On what expedition was Gen. Hull engaged at the time ? 213 

8. What movement agamst the British did he first make ? 213 

9. What can you say of the loss of a fort further north ? 213 

10. Give an account of the first battle of Brownstown 213, 214 

11. Give an account of the second battle of Brownstown 214 

12. Give an account of Brock's operations and Hull's surrender. . . 214 

13. What further account can you give of Hull himself? 215 

14. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown 215, 216 

15. Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere. . . .216, 217 

16. Of the action between the Wasp and the Frohc. . 217 

17. Of the action between the United States and Macedonia 217 

18. Of the action between the Constitution and the Java 217, 218 

19. State the events preliminary to the battle of Frenchtown. 218, 219 

20. Give an account of that battle, with the massacre 219 

21. Under what circumstances was Fort Meigs constructed ? 219 

22. What can you say of Clay's operations and success? 219, 220 

23. Give an account of the battle of Fort Stephenson 220 

24. Whathostile preparations were made on the northern lakes ? 220, 221 

25. Give an account of the battle of Lake Erie 221 

26. What effects did the result of the battle have ? 221, 222 

27. State the events preliminary to the battle of the Thames 222 

28. Give an account of it, with the effects of the victory 222, 223 

29. State the events preliminary to the battle of Tohopeka 223 

30. Give an account of the battle of Tohopeka 223, 224 

31. Of the expedition from Sackett's Harbor against York 224 

32. Of the expedition from the same place against Fort George. . . . 225 

33. Of the British expedition against Sackett's Harbor 225 

34. Of the operations of Wilkinson and Hampton 226, 227 

35. Of the action between the Hornet and Peacock 227 

36. Of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon 227, 228 

37. Of Lieutenant Allen's operations and sad fate 228 

38. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 228, 229 

39. Of Porter's operations and final defeat 229 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



231 



EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 

I. In the early part of 1813, a proposition from the Rus- 
sian Emperor was received, in which he oifered to mediate be- 
tween the belligerent powers, England and the United States. 
It was accepted on the part of the American government, and 
President Madison appointed three commissioners to proceed 
to St. Petersburg to negotiate a treaty. It was not, however, 
accepted on the part of the other belligerents ; but towards the 
close of the year the American government was informed that 
Great Britain was ready to make a treaty of peace. Accord- 
ingly, two persons were added to the commission previously 
appointed, and, in January, 1814, they sailed for Europe, 
where they joined their three associates. The belligerent 
governments however continued to prosecute war measures, 
and even with more vigor than before. 

II. Towards the close of P'ebruary, 
1814, Wilkinson broke up his winter 
quarters at French Mills and removed 
to Plattsburg, and Brown marched to 
Sackett's Harbor, taking two thousand 
men, mainly for the protection of the 
fleet there. 

III. Late in the following month, 
Wilkinson* advanced as far as Rouse's 
Point, where he determined to erect a 
battery, but the British penetrating his 

* James Wilkinson was born in Maryland, in 1757. He served in Canada under Arnold, in 1776 and on 
thestnttot Gates in 1777. During Washington's administration he was engaged on th^e Northwestern 
troutieragamst the Indians, and commanded one of the divisi.ms of Wayne's army in the battle of the 
Maumee. He subsequently was governor of the Louisiana territory, and'an active agent in exposing the 
plans ot Burr, in 1806. He died in Mexico, in 1825. f o 

Events of 1814, and Close of the War.— Questions.— I. 1. When did a pro- 
position come from the Emperor of Russia ? 2. What was it? 3. What action was 
taken in relation thereto by the American government? 4. What by the British 
government? 5. Of what was th% American government afterward informed? 6. 
In accordance therewith, what action was taken by the American government ? 

IT. 7. What movement did Wilkinson make toward the close of the winter? 8. 
To M'hat place did General Brown march ? 



: f.^V^.lt ONTR E AL-JE3^ 

LnPrtiii-je/ |l ? 

St JoTMni 

C A-N AMD A 

T ill ^ 

n't Coiufll iJM. 



PAUT OF THE SOREL RIVER. 



'-82 Madison's administration. 

design, concentrated a force of two thousand men at 
La Colle Mill, three miles below the point. An at- 
tack which he made upon the British, on the last day of the 
month, was unsuccessful, and he returned to Plattsburg. In 
consequence of this defeat, he was tried by a court-martial, 
and, tliough acquitted, was superseded in the command by 
General Izard. 

IV. Brown did not remain long at Sackett's Harbor; but, 
having been appointed to the command of the army destined 
to act on the Niagara frontier against Canada, lie made haste 
to carry out the views of the Secretary of War for another 
invasion of the enemy's territory. Preparations being com- 
pleted, on the 3d of July a large force, the advance of Brown's 
command, crossed the Niagara River, and took Fort Erie 
without a struggle. Pushing forward next day along the 
bank of the river, the American army reached a plain on the 
south side of the Chippewa River, in view of the enemy's 
camp on the other side of that stream. 

V. General Brown determined to attack the British in 
their position ; and, apparently, the British commander in- 
tended a similar operation against the Americans, ibr the 
morning of the 5th beheld both armies deploying into the 
plain. The battle that ensued was severe, resulting in the 
defeat of the British, who made good their retreat across the 
Chippewa. This brilliant victory was owing to the admirable 
discipline of the American army, no less than to the skill and 
bravery of General Scott. 

VI. The British commander, General Riall, made no at- 

III. Questions. — 9. What movement did Wilkinson make from Plattshurg ? 10. 
How did the British anticipate him? 11. IIow are House's Point and La Colle situ- 
ated? (See map, p. 124.) 12. AVlien did the battle of La Colle Mill take place? 
13. Give an account of it. 14. What was the consequence to Wilkinson ? 

IV. 15, To what command had Brown been assigned while at Sacketfs Harbor? 
IG. Give an account of the taking of Fort Erie. IT. How was Fort Erie situated? 
(See map, p. 233.) 18. What movement was mad* on the 4th of July ? 

Y. 19. What is said of the intention of the two commanders ? 20. Give an ac- 
count of the battle of Chippewa. 21. How is Chippewa situated ? (See map, p.- 233.) 
22. To what was the success of the xVmericans at Chippewa owing ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



233 



near the head of Lake On- 



tempt to dispute the passage of the Chippewa, but, hurriedly 
burnino" the bridge after he had effected a crossing, continued 
his retreat to Burhngton Heights 
tario. Tlie American 
army rested but two 
days after the battle, 
then advanced across 
the Chippewa and took 
post at Queenstown, in- 
tending to make a fur- 
ther advance towards 
Fort George, which the 
British then held. Not 
liaving the necessary 
cannon with which to 
attack the fort, they fell 
back, after a few days, 
to the Chippewa. 

YII. Here, on the 
25th of July, Brown was informed tliat General Drummond, 
who had reached Fort George with re-enforcements, had 
crossed the Niagara to attack Fort Schlosscr (shlos'-scr), 
where supplies for the American army were deposited. Be- 
lievinor that a demonstration aixainst the forts at the mouth 
of the river would induce the British to return. Brown ordered 
Scott to advance with twelve hundred men. 

VIII. A march of but two miles had been accomplished when, 
about sunset, Scott unexpectedly came upon a British force of 
two thousand men advantageously posted at Lundy'sLane, in the 
immediate vicinity of Niagara Falls. The most obstinate bat- 




YI. Questions.— 23. What was Eiall's moveuumt after the battle? 24. What 
Brown's ? 

VII. 25. Where was Brown on the 25th of July? 26. What information did he 
get there? 27. Where is Fort Schlosser situated ? 2S. What order did Brown give 
to Scott? 29. What was his object? 

VIII. 30. Where is Lnndy's Lane? (See map, p. 233.) 31. Give an account of 
the battle fought there while Scott was in command. 



234 Madison's administration. 

tie of the war ensued. Scott took the offensive; and 
thoiig-h the enemy outnumbered him, he sustained the 
unequal contest for an hour, when General Brown, with the 
main body of the army, arrived upon the field. In the 
mean time, the British force had been largely augmented by 
re-enforcements under Drummond, who took the command. 

IX. It became evident to Brown that a battery, which the 
British had placed on a commanding hight, and which swept 
all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans be 
defeated. Upon asking Colonel Miller* if he could take it, 
the fearless soldier replied, " Fll try, sir." At the head of his 
regiment. Miller steadily advanced up the hight, while, at 
every step, his ranks were thinned by the enemy's fire ; but 
his troops pressed forward, and, in one determined charge, 
gained possession of the battery, and drove the enemy in con- 
fusion down the hill. 

X. Three times did the British rally and attempt to regain 
their lost battery, but without success : they were repulsed 
with fearful loss at every assault. Finally, at midnight, they 
withdrew, leaving the Americans in quiet possession of the 
field, each party losing about eight hundred men in killed and 
wounded. Brown and Scott having both been severely 
wounded, the command devolved upon General Ripley, who 
retired with his forces to Fort Erie, where General Gaines 
arrived soon afterward, and, being a senior officer, assumed 
the command. 

XL In a few days, General Drummond advanced against 
Fort Erie, and with a force of five thousand men, commenced 
a siege. On the loth of August, eleven days after, the enemy 

w 

* James Miller was born in N"e\v Hampshire, in 1776. He took part in the capture of Fort Erie an J in 
the battle of Chippewa. He died in New Hampshire, iu 1851. 



IX. Questions. — 32. What, during the battle, became evident to Brown ? 33. 
"What question was asked and reply given? 34. Give an account of Miller's heroic 
achievement. 

X. 35. Give a further account of the battle. 3G. "What officers were wounded in 
the battle? 37. Who, after the battle, took the command? 38. Whither did Eipley 
retire? 39. By whom was he succeeded? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 235 

undertook to carry the fort by assault, bat Avere repulsed with 
the loss of more than a thousand men. Though the wounds 
which Brown had received at Lundy's Lane were yet un- 
healed, he repaired to the fort and took the command. 

XII. Having ascertained that formidable preparations were 
being made for pressing the siege, he resolved not to await 
their completion. Accordingly, at noon, on the l^th of Sep- 
tember, a sortie was made with nearly the whole of his dis- 
posable force. In the space of an hour, the advanced works 
of the besiegers, which had cost nearly fifty days' labor to 
erect, were destroyed, and about seven hundred of their num- 
ber either fell or were taken prisoners. Drummond, upon 
being informed soon afterward that Izard was approaching 
with re-enforcements, retired to Fort George. The Ameri- 
cans, in November, abandoned and destroyed Fort Erie, and, 
crossing the Niagara, went into winter quarters. 

XIII. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg on his march 
for the relief of Brown, left General Macomb* {ma-koom') in 
command of only fifteen hundred men ; but, as the enemy 
began to threaten Plattsburg, this force was augmented by 
volunteers from Vermont. Sir George Prevost, at the head 
of fourteen thousand men, a large number of whom were vet- 
erans who had served under WelUngton, in Europe, marched 
against Macomb ; and the British fleet on Lake Cham plain, 
commanded by Commodore Downie (doum^-e), sailed to 
attack the American fleet, under Commodore MacDonough 
(mac-don'-o). 

* Alexander Macomb was born in Michigan, in 1782. lie died at Washington, in 1841. 



XI. Questions. — 40. How was Fort Erie threatened by Drummond ? 41. What 
took place on the 15th of August? 42. Who afterward took command at Fort 
Erie? 

XII. 43. When did Brown make a sortie from the fort? 44. What induced liini 
to make it? 45. What was his success? 4G. Why did Drummond afterward retire 
to Fort George? 4T. What did the Americans do in November? 

XIII. 48. In what state for defense did Izard leave Plattsburg? 49. How was 
Macomb's force augmented? 50. What southward movement did Prevost make? 
51. What movement was made by Downie ? 



23G 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



1814. 



Xiy. Macomb withdrew his forces to the soutli 
side of the Saranac River, and prepared to dispute any 
attempt whicli the enemy might make to cross, while Prevost 
took a position on the north side, where he erected batteries. 
For four days the two armies were on the opposite banks of 
the Saranac, and all attempts of the British to force a passage 
were successfully resisted. 

Xy. On. the 1 1th of Septem- 
ber, the battle of Plattsburg 
and of Lake Champlain took 
place. The British commenced 
the one on the land by opening 
a heavy cannonade upon the 
American works, while at the 
same time their fleet bore down 
and enffao-ed MacDonoufyh's* 
vessels, which were at anchor 
in the bay of Plattsburg. Af- 
ter an action of two hours and 
a quarter between the two fleets, flag after flag of the British 
struck, and the victory of MacDonough was complete. 

XVI. The contest on the land continued throughout the 
day. The British undertook to cross the Saranac, making the 
attempt in three columns, but without success. After the de- 
feat of Downie, the fire from their batteries slackened, and at 
nightfall ceased entirely. They then commenced a hasty retreat, 
leaving behind their sick and wounded, and a large quantity of 
military stores. Of the army of fourteen thousand men which 
Prevost led against Macomb, two hundred and fifty were 




COMMODORE MACDONOUGII. 



* Thomas MacDonough was 1 
jiarty which boarded and destro 



-irn in New Castle Co., Delaware, in 1783. He was one of Decatur's 
ed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 18U4. He died at 



XIY. Questions. — 52. IIoav did Macomb prepare to meet Prevost ? 53. Where 
did Prevost take a position f 54. What is said of his attempts to cross the Saranac ? 
55. Into -what body of water does the Saranac flow? (See map, p. 140.) 

XV. 56. Give an account of the battle of Lake Champlain. 

XVI. 5T. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg. 58. What l.jsses were sus- 
tained by each party ? 



Madison's administration. 



2S1 



Liiled or Avounded, and more than two thousand deserted. 
The loss of the Americans was one lumdred and twenty. 

XVIL During the greater part of 1814 the whole Atlantic 
seaboai-d was locked up by British cruisers, from which de- 
scents were often made upon small towns. About the middle 
of August, a squadron of the enemy arrived in Chesapeake 
Bay, bringing a large body of troops, commanded by General 
Ross. This force, it was evident, was intended to strike a 
heavy blow at some of the important cities. 

XYIII. Ross, with five 
thousand men, landed at 
Benedict, situated on the 
Patuxent River, twenty-five 
miles from its mouth. Plis 
first object was the destruc- 
tion of an American flotilla, 
commanded by Commodore 
Barney, which had harassed 
and injured the lighter vessels 
of the enemy's fleet, but which 
was then lying in the Patux- 
ent. As the British apj)roach- 
ed, Barney, rather than have 
his boats fall into their hands, 
burnt them. 

XIX. Ross's next object 
was the capture of Washing- 
ton; but, instead of making a 
direct march, he proceeded 
by the way of Bladensburg, 
where he met with some op- 
position from the mihtia under General Winder, but the only 

XVIL Questions.— 59. What is said of the operations of British cruisers during 
the most of 1814? 60. What arrival tooli place in August? 61. What was the evi"- 
dent intention of the force? 

XVIII. ,62. Where did Ross land? 63. On which side of the Patuxent is Bene- 
dict? (See map, p. 237.) 64. What was Koss's first object ? 65. Did he succeed ? 




PART OF VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 



238 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATIOrf. 



1814. 



check that he received was from a body of seamen 
and marines, commanded by Barney.* He reached 
Washington on the 24th of August, burned the capitol, presi- 
dent's house, and other buildings, and, after effecting this 
wanton destruction, made a hasty retreat to the shipping, a 
division of which was still in the Patuxent. 

XX. In the mean 
time, a division of 
the fleet had ascend- 
ed the Potomac as 
far as Alexandria, the 
people of which, to 
save their city from 
bombardment, sur- 
rendered their mer- 
chandise and ship- 
ping to the enemy. 
The two divisions of 
the fleet then uni- 
ting, it was determin- 
ed to make an attack 
on Baltimore. 

XXI. On the 12th 
of September, Ross landed his troops at North Point, fourteen 




BALTIMORE 
-vxciifl-iTir 



* Joshua Barney was born in Baltimore, in 1759. Though he was but a youth at the beginning of the 
Revolution, he was appointed master's mate in a sloop-of-war, in which vessel he aided in capturing the 
town of New Providence, on one of the Bahama Islands. He was engaged in several naval enterprises, 
and was three times made prisoner. Ills death occurred at Pittsburg, Pa., in 1818. 



XIX. Questions. — G6. "What was his second object ? G7. "What route did he tako 
to "Washington ? 68. On which side of the Potomac is Washington? (See n)ap, p. 
237.) 69. In which direction from Bladensburg is Washington ? (See same map.) 
70. What opposition and check did Ross meet with on his march ? 71. When did he 
reach Washington ? 72. What did he eflFect there f 73. What did he then do ? 

XX. 74. What had another division of the fleet been doing in the mean time? 
75. What did the British then determine upon. 

XXI. 76. When did Eoss land at North Point; 77. What is the name of the 
other point at the mouth of the Patapsco? (See map, p. 238.) 78. How far is North 
Point from Baltimore? 79, What was done by the enemy's vessels on the 12th? 
80. How far is Fort McHenry from Baltimore ? 81. What befell Iloss himself? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



239 



miles from Baltimore, while sixteen of the enemy's ships moved 
np the Patapsco River, to bombard Fort McHeiiry, com- 
manding the channel, at the distance of about two miles below 
the city. On his march Ross was met by an advance corps 
of Americans, and, in a slight skirmish, killed. 

XXII. General Brooke, Ross's successor, gave the order to 
continue the advance, but the progress of the British at one 
point was disputed, for more than an hour, by a body of militia, 
commanded by General Strieker. The Americans then fell 
back in good order, and took a position near the defenses of 
the city. Brooke resumed the march, but the resolute front 
which the Americans presented, deterred him from making an 
attack until he could hear from the fleet. 

XXIII. In the mean time, Fort McHenry had been sub- 
jected to a heavy bombardment. The firing commenced on 
the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the follow- 
ing morning, but without making any serious impression. 
Brooke, therefore, seeing no prospect of success against the 
city, embarked his troops, and the 
whole force of the enemy withdrew. 

XXIV. During the summer, the 
authorities of Pensacola, then a Span- 
ish port, allowed the British to take 
possession of their forts, and fit out an 
expedition against Fort Bowyer {Jm'- 
yer), now Fort Morgan, situated at the 

, , , ., , J 7/\ -r, MOBILE AND VICINITY. 

entrance to Mobile (ino-beeL ) Bay. 

On the 15th of September, the fort was assailed by a British 




XXII. Questions.— 82. Who succeeded Iloss? 83. Give an account of the battle 
that took place. 84. Why did not Striclcer attack the Anioricans at their position 
near the defenses of Baltimore? 

XXIII. S5. Give an account of the attack upon Fort MclTenry. SO. What did 
Brooke then do ? 

XXIV. 87. How is Pensacola situated? (See map, p. 223.) 88. Did Pensacola 
belong to Spain or the United States in 1814? 89. Which of the belligerent powers 
did the authorities of Pensacola favor during the war? 90. How did that appear? 
91. In what direction from Mobile is Fort Morgan? (Sec map, p. 223.) 92. Give an 
account of the attack upon Fort Morgan. 



240 Madison's administration. 

lleet, aided by a combined force of Indians and ma- 
rines ; but the enemy were repnlsed, losing one of 

their ships and many men. The other ships effected their 

escape, returning to Pensacola. 

XXV. Fk^rida was then a Spanish province, but it was 
nscd by the English, who made Pensacola the rendezvous of 
their forces, and from that port fitted out expeditions against 
the United States. The Spaniards made not the least attempt 
to prevent this abuse of neutral territory ; indeed, it is certain 
they had no disposition to interfere with the operations of the 
English. Jackson, who, iu 1814, was in command at Mobile, 
placed himself at the head of three thousand men, and marched 
upon Pensacola. Negotiations failing, he seized the town by 
force, and compelled the British to leave. 

XXVI. Returning to Mobile, he made preparations to meet 
an anticipated attack upon that place ; but learning that the Brit- 
ish were about to invade Louisiana for the special purpose of se- 
curing possession of New Orleans, he sent the mass of his troops 
to that city, and reached it himself at the beginning of Decem- 
ber. He found the city in no condition for defense, and at once 
adopted the most energetic measures to oppose the enem}^ 

XXVII. Towards the middle of December, a British squad- 
ron entered Lake Borgne (born), the shortest avenue of ap- 
proach from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans, carrying a 
land force of over twelve thousand men, many of whom were 
veterans who had served under Wellington. This army was 
commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham, one of their most dis- 
tinguished military leaders. On the 14th, Lieutenant Jones, 
commanding a flotilla of American gunboats, was attacked by 

XXV. Questions. — 93. "What is said of the use made by the English of Pensa- 
cola, and of the disposition of the authorities there towards the United States? 94. 
State what was done by Jackson. 

XXVI. 95. "Where did Jackson go after leaving Pensacola? 96. What did he do 
there ? 97. What information did he receive while there ? 93. "What course did he 
then pursue? 

XXVII. 99. With what force did the British advance against New Orleans? 100- 
What avenue of approach did they take to that city? lOl. Give an account of the 
action of the 14th of December. 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 241 

a portion of the British squadron, and, after a sanguinary en- 
gagement, was compelled to surrender, thus giving the enemy 
the control of the route to New Orleans. 

XXVIII. The vanguard of the British army landed on the 
16th, and marched to a place on the Mississippi, about nine miles 
from New Orleans, where an encampment was formed on the 
morningof the 23d. Here the British were attacked by Jack- 
son on the following night. The contest was spirited, and the 
result advantageous to the Americans, as the enemy's advance 
was thereby checked, giving Jackson more time to prepare his 
line of defenses, four miles from the city. On the 28th of De- 
cember, and again on the first day of the new year, the British 
attacked the American works, but without success. 

XXIX. Pakenham at length determined to make a general 
assault. Accordingly, on the 8th of January, 1815, the battle 
of New Orleans, which w^as the final contest of the war, was 
fought. The British advanced in the face of a destructive 
fire from the American batteries : when they were within reach 
of the muskets and rifies from behind the intrenchments, vol- 
ley after volley w^as poured upon them with such terrible eff'ect, 
that they were thrown into confusion. Pakenham was slain, 
and his troops fled in dismay, leaving two thousand of their 
number killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Americans lost 
only thirteen, seven killed and six wounded. 

XXX. A large number of citizens of the United States, be- 
longing to the Federal party,* had been opposed to the war 
from its very commencement, and they continued to oppose 
its prosecution till the close. These persons were mostly resi- 



* The people of the United States were, at that time, divided into two great political parties, callinjj 
themselves Democrats and Federalists. The former were in favor of prosecuting the war, while the latter 
were opposed. 



XXVIII. Questions.— 102. Of the landing of the British, their march and en- 
caMipnient. 103. Of the battle on the 23d of December, 104. Of the two following 
attacks. 

XXIX. 105. When did the battle of New Orleans take place? 106. Give sn ac- 
count of it 107. What losses were sustained by both parties ? 108. In what direc- 
tion from Mobile is New Orleans ? (Sec map, p. 223.) 

11 



242 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



1814. 



dents of New England. They regarded the war as un- 
necessary and impolitic ; the losses, too, which they 
were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not with- 
out influence upon them. 

XXXI. For the purpose of considering their grievances, 
and devising means of redress, a convention was held at Hart- 
ford, Connecticut, in December, 1814. The friends of Presi- 
dent Madison and of the war looked upon this assemblage of 
delegates, commonly known as the " Hartford Convention," as 
a treasonable body ; but their doings were, to say the least, 
harmless, their principal act being the adoption of a document 
which presented a statement of grievances, and recommended 
several amendments to the Constitution. After three weeks 
of secret session, the convention adjourned. 

, — -. XXXII. The joyful tidings of 

peace at length reached the 
United States. In February, 
1815, an English sloop-of-war 
arrived from Europe, bearing a 
treaty of peace which liad been 
agreed upon by British and 
American commissioners who 
had assembled at Ghent, a city 
of Belgium. The document was 
signed on the 24th of December, 
fifteen days before the battle of 
New Orleans. The commissioners 
on the part of the United States, who had negotiated it, Avere 




HENRY CLAY. 



* Henry Clay was born in Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1777. He died at Washington, in 1852, and it ' 
said of hfm, in a eulogy pronounced by John C. Breckinridge, a political adversary, that . " As a leade 
H deliberative body, Mr. Clay had no equal in America." 



XXX. Questions. — 109. "What is said of the course pursued by certain persons 
ivho were opposed to the war? 110. State what is said of their residence, opinions, 
&c. 

XXXI. 111. Give an account of the "Hartford Convention," and its doings. 

XXXII. 112. What news reached the United States in February, 1815? 113. 
At what place did the commissioners meet who negotiated the treaty? 114. "Who 
were the American commissioners? 115. When was the treaty signed at Ghent? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



243 



Henry Clay, John Qiiincy Adams, Jonathan Russell, James 
A. Bayard, and Albert Gallatin.* 

XXXITI. The two great points of dispute — the encroach- 
ments upon American commerce, and the impressment of 
American seamen — which were the main causes of the war, 
were left untouched by the treaty. The omission, however, 
was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the 
European war, all encroachments upon American commerce 
ceased, and, by the great success of the American navy and 
privateers, the impressment question was effectually disposed of. 

* Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1761. In 1780, he arrived in the United States, 
and at once aided the Americans, with his hands and money, in their military operations in Maine. He 
was, at one time, a teacher of French in Harvard Collee;e, was several times elected to the House of 
Representatives from Pennsylvania, and he was Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson and Madison. 
His death occurred at Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., in 1849. 



XXXIII. Questions. — 116. In what respects was the treaty incomplete and un- 
satisfactory ? 117. By what events were these omissions rendered UDimportant? 



PHINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 





BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


MEN ENGAGED. 




American. British. 


Amer. 1 British. 


1812. 
Aug. 5, 

Aug. 9, ] 

Oct. 13, 

1813. 
Jan. 22, 
April 27, 
May 5, 
May 29, 
Aug. 2, 
Oct' 5, 
Nov. 11, 

1814. 
March 30, 
July 5, 
July 25, 
Aug. 15, 
Aug. 24, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 12, 
Sept. 13, 
Sep. 15. 
Sept. 17, 
Dec. 23, 

1815. 
Jan. 8, 


1 

Brownstown Van Horn 

Maguaga, or 2d of^ Invrillpr* 

Brownstown ... P''^®'^ 

Queenstown Van Eensselaer 


Tecumseh* . . . 

Tecumseh 

Brock* 


200 

600 

1,200 


600 

900 

2,500 


Frenchtown 

York 

Fort Meigs 

Sackett's Harbor... 
Fort Stephenson... 
Thames 


Winchester. .. 

Pike* 

Clay* 

Brown* . ... 

Croghan* 

Harrison* 

Boyd 


Proctor* .... 

Sheaffe 

Proctor 

Prevost 

Proctor 

Proctor 

Morrison 


800 
1,700 
1,200 
1,000 

100 
2,500 
1,200 


1,500 
1,500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,800 
2,000 
2,000 


Chrysler's Field . . . 


La Colle Mill 

Chippewa 

Lundy's Lane 

Fort Erie (assault). . 

Bladensburg 

Plattsburg 


Wilkinson ... 

Brown* 

Brown* 

Gaines* 

Winder 

Macomb* 

Strieker 

Armistead*. .. 
LaAvrencc* . . . 

Brown* 

Jackson 


Hancock* 

Eiall 

Drummond .. 
Drummond. .. 

Ross* 

Prevost 

Brooke* 

Cochrane 

Nicholls 

Drummond. .. 
Keane 


4,000 
1,900 
3,500 
2,500 
3,500 
3,000 
2,000 
1,000 
120 
2.500 
2.000 


2.000 
2,100 
5,000 
5,000 
5,000 
14,000 
5,000 

16 ships. 

Mixed 
8.500 
2,500 


North Point 

FortMcHenry 

Fort Bowyer 

Fort Erie (sortie) . . 
9 miles from N. 0.. 


New Orleans 


Jackson* 


Pakenham 


6,000 


12,000 



244 



Madison's administration. 



PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



WHERE FOUGHT. 



COMMANDERS. 



1812. 
Aug. 18, 

Aug. 19, 

Oct. 18, 

Oct. 25, 

Dec. 29, 

1S13. 
Feb. 24, 

June 1, 

Aug. 14, 

Sept. 5, 

Sept. 10, 
1814. 

March 28. 

April 29, 

June 28, 

Sept. 1, 

Sept. 11, 

Dec. 14, 

1815. 
Jan. 15, 

Feb. 20, 

March 23, 



OS Newfoundland . . 
Off Massachusetts . . . 
Off North Carolina. 
Near Canary Islands 
Off San Salvador . . . 



Off Demarara 

Massachusetts Bay 
British Channel . . 
Off coast of Maine 
Lake Erie 



Harbor of Valparaiso 

Off coast of Florida . ..-j 

Near British Channel \ 

Near Africa J 

Lake Champlain < 

Lake Borgne < 

Off New Jersey i 

Off Island of Madeira 

Off Brazil 3 



Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. Sloop Alert 

Am. Frig. Constitution. 
Br. Frig. Guerriere .... 

Ajn. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Brig Frolic 

Am. Frig. United States 
Br. Frig. Macedonian . . 
Am. Frig. Constitution. 
Br. Frig. Java 

Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Brig Peacock 

Am. Frig. Chesapeake . . 

Br. Frig." Shannon 

Am. Brig Arjjus 

Br. Sloop Pelican 

Am. Brig Enterprise . . . 

Br. Brig Boxer 

Am. 9 ves. 54 guns 

Br. 6 ves. 63 guns 

Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. BrigPhcebe 

Br. Sloop Cherub 

Am. Sloop Peacock. . . . 

Br. Brig Epervier 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Sloop Reindeer 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Sloop Avon 

Am. 14 vessels, 86 tfuns. 
Br. II vessels. 95 guns . 

Am. 5 gunboats 

Br. 40 barges 

Am. Frig. President 

Br. (Squadron) 

Am. Frijr. Constitution. 

Br. Ship Cyane 

Br. Ship Levant 

Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Bris Penguin , 



Porter.* 

Lausharne. 

Hull.* 

Dacrcs. 

Jones.* 

Whinyates. 

Decatur.* 

Garden. 

Bainbridge.= 

Lambert. 



Lawrence.* 

Peake. 

Lawrence. 

Broke.* 

Allen. 

Maples.* 

Burrows.* 

Blyth. 

Pt'rry.* 

Barclay. 



Porter. 

Hillvar.* 

Tucker. 

Warrington.* 

Wales. 

Blakely.* 

Manners. 

Blakely.* 

Arbuthnot. 

McDonough.* 

Downie. 

Jones. 

Lockyer.* 

Decatur. 

Hayes.* 

Stewart.* 

Falcon. 

Douglass. 

Biddle.* 

Dickenson. 



WAR WITH ALGIERS. 



XXXIV. During " The War of 1812," the Algerines, be- 
lieving that the United States were unable to protect their 
interests in the Mediterranean, resumed their old practice of 



XXXIV. Questions.— 118. What is said of the Algerines during " The War of 
1812 V 119. Who was sent against them? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



245 



piracy, seized several American vessels, and insulted and 
plundered the consul of the United States. In May, 1815, a 
naval force, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Medi- 
terranean. 

XXXV. On the iTth of June, Decatur encountered the 
lai'gest vessel in the Algerine navy, and captured her, after a 
running fight of twenty-five minutes. Two days after this 
success he captured another frigate, with more tlian five hun- 
dred men. He then ap- 
peared before Algiers, 
and compelled the Dey 
to liberate the American 
prisoners in his hands, 
and relinquish all future 
claims to the annual 
tribute which the United 
States had paid to Al- 
giers since 1795, for the 
purpose of securing the 
American commerce from 
molestation in the Medi- 
terranean. 

XXXVI. Decatur 
next proceeded to Tunis 
(too'-nis) and Tripoli, 
and from both powers 
exacted payment for 
American vessels which 
the English had been allowed to capture in their harbors during 
the war. They were likewise compelled to make indemnity 
for other losses which American citizens had sustained at their 




XXXV. Questions.— 120. Give the account of Decatur's two successes against 
the Algerine vessels. 121. What did he further accomplish against Algiers? 

XXXVI. 122. To what two places did Decatur next proceed? 123. What did he 
compel the two powers to do ? 



246 

hands, and to agree to abstain from further depredations upon 
the commerce of the United States. 

XXXVII. During Madison's administration, two States 
were added to the Union : Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana, 
previously a portion of the Northwest Territory, in 1816. 
Madison, having served two presidential terms, like Jefferson, 
followed the example of Washington, and declined a second 
re-election. He was succeeded by James Monroe, also of 
Virginia. 



XXXVII. Questions.— 124 When were Louisiana and Indiana admitted into 
the Union? 125. "Why was not Madison elected President for a third term? 126. 
By whom was he succeeded ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What peace proposition was made in 1813 ? 231 

2. What further can you say of the proposition? 231 

3. How came five U. S. commissioners to be chosen? 231 

4. What movement did Wilkinson make in Feb., 1814 ? 231 

5. What movement, at the same time, was made by Brown? 231 

6. Give an account of the battle of La Colle Mill 231, 232 

7. What was the consequence to Wilkinson of his defeat ? 232 

8. What was Brown's object after leaving Sackett's Harbor?. . . , 232 

9. When and how did the vVmericans capture Fort Erie ? 232 

10. What battle was fought July 5, 1814? Ans. Battle of Chippewa. 

11. What were the preliminary movements of the battle? 232 

12. Give an account of the battle, with its results 232 

13. What was Riall's first movement after the battle ? 232, 233 

14. What movements were made by the American army? 233 

15. What information did Brown receive on the 25th of July ?. . . . 233 

16. State the preliminaries of the battle of Lundy's Lane 233 

17. Which battle was the most obstinate of the war? 233, 234 

18. When did the battle of Lundy's Lane take place ? 234 

19. Who commanded the Americans there before Brown arrived?. 234 

20. Who beside Scott distinguislied himself in the battle ? 234 

21. State how Miller distinguislied himself. 234 

22. What efforts were made by the British to regain the battery?. 234 

23. At what time and how did the battle end? 234 

24. Give an account of Drummond's assault upon Fort Erie. . .234, 235 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 247 

PAGE 

25. Who commanded the Americans on that occasion? 234 

26. Who took the command again after the battle ? 235 

27. When did Brown make a sortie from Fort Erie? 235 

"28. Why did he make it then instead of at a later day? 235 

29. Give an account of it, with its result 235 

30. What movements were afterwards made by both armies? 235 

31. Who commanded at Plattsburg after Izard left? 235 

32. Who commanded the army that advanced against Plattsburg?. 235 

33. Of how many men did Prevost's army consist? 235 

34. Who commanded the American fleet on Lake Champlain? .... 235 

35. Who commanded the fleet tliat sailed against MacDonough?. . 235 

36. What positions did the twO armies occupy before the battle ? . . 236 
31. Give an account of the action between MacDonough and Downie 236 

38. Give an account of the battle between Macomb andPrevost. . 236 

39. With how many men did Prevost effect his retreat? 236, 231 

40. What loss did the Americans sustain in the battle ? 237 

41. What did the British cruisers effect during 1814? 237 

42. What naval accessions did the British have in Aug. of that year? 237 

43. How did General Ross commence operations ? 237 

44. Why did Commodore Barney destroy his flotilla ? 237 

45. What was Ross's object after the flotilla was destroyed? 237 

46. Give an account of what took place at Bladensburg 237, 238 

47. Give an account of Ross's operations at Washington 238 

48. How was Alexandria threatened and finally saved ? 238 

49. What city did the British next determine to attack ? 238 

50. What operations, under Ross, took place on the 12 of Sept. ? 238, 239 

51. Whom did General Brooke succeed in command? 239 

52. What operations took place under the command of Brooke?. . . 239 

53. How many of the British ships proceeded against Baltimore?. 239 

54. Give an account of the efforts made to reduce tlxe fort 239 

55. What aid did the people of Pensacola extend to the British?. . 239 

56. Give an account of tlie expedition against Mobile 239, 240 

57. Give an account of Jackson's expedition against Pensacola . . . 240 

58. Why did Jackson afterwards leave Mobile for New Orleans ?. . 240 

59. How did the British commence operations against New Orleans ? 240 

60. Give an account of the naval battle in Lake Borgne 240, 241 

61 . Give an account of the battle nine miles from New Orleans. . 241 

62. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans 241 

63. Give an account of the Federalists and their convention. . .241, 242 

64. When, where, and by whom was the treaty of peace nego- 

tiated ? 242, 243 

65. Give an account of Decatur's success agrainst Aluiers, &c., 244, 245, 246 



FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONROe's ADMINISTRATION, IN 181 7, 
TO THE CLOSE OF TYLEr's, IN 1845. 

MONEOE'S ADMI1SI8TEATI0K 




T. James Monroe, the 
fifth President of the 
United States, was in- 
augurated at Washing- 
ton, on the 4th of March, 
1817 ; and his adminis- 
tration commenced un- 
der very favorable cir- 
cumstances.* We were 
at peace with all foreign 
powers, our commerce 
rode every sea unmo- 
s\ lested, and the strife at 
K^-"" home, between the two 
great political parties, 
Democrats and Federal- 
ists, had entirely ceased. 

11. Towards the close 
of 181 7, the Seminole 
Indians, joined by some 
Creeks, commenced de- 
predations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and Ala- 

* President Monroe's cabinet consisted of John Quincv Adams. Secretarv of State : WilKiam H. Craw- 
ford, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Calhoun, Secretarv of War; Benjamin W. Crowninshield. Secre- 
tary of the Navy ; and William Wirt, Attorney-General. 



Monkoe'8 Admixistratiox. I. Questions. — 1. When and where was Monroe 
inaugurated ? 2. How did his administration commence ? 3. State the three cir- 
cumstances. 



Monroe's administration. 



249 



bama. General Gaines 
was sent against them, 
but his force bein<r in- 
sufficient, General Jack- 
son Avas ordered into 
service, Jackson soon 
overran the Indian 
country, and being con- 
vinced that the Semi- 
noles had been instigated 
to hostilities by persons 
in Florida, he seized 
the Spanish forts, both 
at St. Mark's and Pensa- 
cola. 

III. Two British sub- 
jects, Arbuthnot and Am- 
brister, having fallen into 
his hands, were tried by 
a court-martial, on a 
charge of having incited the Indians to hostilities, found guilty, 
and executed. Jackson's invasion of Florida, a territory be- 
longing to a nation at peace with the United States, and his 
summary proceedings in the prosecution of the war, were 
condemned by many persons ; but they were approved by the 
President and Congress. 

IV. A treaty was made in 1819, by which Florida was 
ceded to the United States ; but it was not till towards the 
close of 1820 that the King of Spain ratified the treaty, nor till 
July, 1821, that the government of Spain surrendered posses- 
sion of the province. Although the Seminoles, a tierce and 




II. Questions.— 4. What troubles commenced towards the close of 1S17? 5. 
Who was first sent against the Seminoles ? 6. Who was next sent ? 7. Of what was 
Jackson soon convinced? S. What did he accordingly do ? 9. How are St. Mark's 
and Pensacola situated? (See map, p. 223, also of Florida.) 

HI. 10. State the cases of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 11. What acts of Jackson 
were much condemned ? 
11* 



250 



MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 



warlike Indian race, occu- 
pied the best lands in the 
territory, immigration set 
in, and a considerable 
population soon estab- 
lished themselves in the 
country. 

y. The Mississippi 
Territory, which em- 
braced the present States 
of Alabama and Missis- 
sippi, was divided in 
1817, and the western 
portion admitted into the 
Union as the State of 
Mississippi. Illinois (?7- 
lin-oi), which up to 1 800 
had been a part of the 
Northwest Territory, and 
from that time to 1809, 
had formed, with Indiana, 
the Indiana Territory, and subsequently by itself the Illinois 
Territory, was admitted into the Union as a State in 1818. 
Alabama was admitted in 1819. In 1820, Maine, which had, 
up to that time, been a district of Massachusetts, was organized 
as a State, and admitted into the Union. 

VI. The most important event of Monroe's administration, 
was the controversy preceding the admission of Missouri 
(mis-soo'-j-e) into the Union, by which, for the first time, the 




IV. Questions. — 12. State the facts connected with the acquisition of Florida. 
J8. What is said of the Seminoles and their possessions ? 14 Of immigration to 
Florida? 

V. 15. When was Mississippi admitted into the Union? 16. What can you state 
of the previous history of Mississippi? 17. When was Illinois admitted into the 
Union? 18. What can you state of the previous history of Illinois? 19. When was 
Maine admitted? 20. What can you state of the previous history of Maine ? 

VI. 21. What was the most important event of Monroe's administration ? 22. 
IIow were the States arrayed on the slavery question? 



Monroe's administration. 



251 



,;^^t.. 



country was divided upon 
the slavery question ; the 
States of the North op- 
posing the admission of 
Missouri as a slave State, 
while those of the South 
favored such admission. 

Vir. In Congress, the 
debate was long and acri- 
monious. At length a 
bill, known as the " Mis- 
souri Compromise," was 
passed, by which it was 
declared that slavery was 
prohibited forever in all 
territory north of thirty- 
six degrees and thirty 
minutes north latitude. 
Under this compromise, 
Missouri was admitted 
into the Union in 1821, and the slavery agitation subsided 
for a time. 

VIII. Another important event of Monroe's administration 
was the recognition of the Spanish American republics, which 
had declared and maintained their independence for several 
years. In 1823, the year following the recognition, President 
Monroe declared in his annual message, that, " as a principle, 
the American continents, by the free and independent position 




* The territory now known as Alabama was origriiially apart of Georgia. In 1798, all the region com- 
prising the present States of Alabama and Mississippi was organized as the territory of Mississippi. In 
1817, its western portion became the State of Mississippi, while the other part continued to be the territory 
of Alabama until its admission as a State. 



YII. Questions. — 2S. What is said of the debate in Congress? 24. "What bill 
was passed ? 25. "What was the important declaration of the bill ? 26. What is ^aid 
uf the admission of Missouri ? 

Yin. 27. WJiat other important event took place during the administration of 
Monroe ? 28. Recite the whole of the " Monroe Doctrine." 29. "When and under 
what circumstances was that " doctrine" put forth? 



252 



MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 




SFAL OF MAINE.* 



which they have assumed and 
maintained, are henceforth not to 
be considered as subject for future 
colonization by any European 
power ;" a declaration which has 
since been famous as the " Monroe 
Doctrine." 

IX. During Monroe's adminis- 
tration, two events occurred which 
are worthy of notice. The first 

was the President's tour, in 1817, through the eastern and 
other States, for the purpose of making a personal examina- 
tion of military posts. The second was the visit of La- 
fayette to this country. The distinguished visitor arrived in 
the summer of 1824; and his tour, which was extended 
through all of the twenty -four States, was everywhere signal- 
ized by tokens of respect from a 
grateful people. 

X. Monroe, having served two 
presidential terms, declined, in 
imitation of his predecessors, 
Washington, Jefferson, and Madi- 
son, being a candidate for a third 
term, and was succeeded by 
John Quincy Adams, of Massa- 

. chusetts. 

PEAL OF JlISS()URI.t 




* Authors are notagn^eed with regard to the derivation of the name given to this State. The prevailing 
opinion is that Maine was so called in compliment to Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, who, 
it was supposed, owned the province of Maine, in France. The Coat of Arms of the State of Maine is de- 
lineated on the seal (given above), and contains the motto of the State, Diripo, signifying I direct. 

t This State takes its name from the great river which passes through it. The word Missouri, signifying 
Mud River, was applied to the river by the Indians, because of the turbid character of that stream. The 
motto of Missouri (shown on the seal of the State above) is : Salus populi suprema lex— The welfare (' 
the people is the first great luvv. 



IX. Qtrr.STiONS.— 30. "What accotmt can you give of Monroe's tour in 1817? 31. 
What of Lafayette's visit to the United States in 1S24? 

X. 32. Why was not Monroe elected President for a third term ? 33. By whom 
was he succeeded ? 



(OTIN QUINCY ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 



253 



JOHK QUmCY ADAMS. 



I. Four candidates 
were put in nomination 
to succeed President 
Monroe, and the con- 
sequence was that none 
of them had a majority 
of the electoral votes. 
The election then went 
to the House of Rep- 
resentatives, for the 
second time, Jefferson 
having heen thus elect- 
ed, in 1801 ; and John 
Quincy Adams was 
chosen the sixth Presi- 
dent of the United 
States. His inaugura- 
tion took place at 
Washington, on the 
4th of March, 1825.* 

IT. On the fiftieth 
anniversary of American Independence, July the 4th, 1826, 
occurred the death of the two venerable ex-presidents, John 
Adams and Thonias Jefferson. As this remarkable coinci- 




• The cabinet of President John Quincy Adams was constitnted as follows: Henry Clay, Secretary of 
State; Richard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury ; James Barbour, Secretary of War; Samuel L. South- 
ard, Secretary of the Navy ; aud William Wirt, Attorney-General. 



Adams's Administration. — I. Questions. — 1. How many candidates wore put 
in nomination to succeed Monroe? 2. What was the consequence? 3. Where did 
the election then go? 4. Who was elected? 5. When did his inauguration take 
place ? 

II. 6. What remarkable coincidence occurred during the administration of John 
Quincy Adams? 1. When did it occur ? 8. State the parallels in their lives. 



254 Jackson's administration. 



dence took place more than a year after the commencement 
of the tenth presidential term, John Adams lived to see his 
son President. When it is recollected that Adams and Jeffer- 
son were members of the committee that framed the Declara- 
tion of Independence; that both signed the important document; 
that both had been foreign ministers, vice-presidents, and presi- 
dents of the United States ; and that each had lived to a vener- 
able ao-e, the coincidence of then- deaths is indeed remarkable. 
III. The administration of John Quincy Adams was one of 
wisdom and peace ; and under it the nation made rapid in- 
crease in population and wealth. Towards its close the presi- 
dential contest for the succession was carried on with great 
animation and virulence, and resulted in the election of 
Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. 



JACKSON'S ADMmiSTEATlON. 

I. The inauguration of Jackson took place at Washington, 
on the 4th of March, 1829,* and the new president at once 
commenced a series of vigorous measures which he carried 
out for eight years. The practice of removing office-holders, 
and appointing the political friends of the President, was 
begun by him. 

II. In his first annual message to Congress, President Jackson 
took strong ground against the renewal of the charter of the 
United States Bank, arguing that " such an institution is not au- 
thorized by the constitution." Notwithstanding this opposition, 

* President Jackson's cabinet consisted of Martin Van Bnren, Secretary of State ; Samuel D. Ingham, 
Secretary of the Treasury ; John H. Eaton, Secretary of War ; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy ; John 
McPherson Berrien, Attorney-General ; and William T. Barry, Postmaster-General. The Postmaster- 
General was, for the first time, made a member of the cabinet. In 1831, in consequence of a personal 
quarrel, chancres were made in the cabinet. Edward Livingrston was Secretary of State ; Louis McLane, 
Secretary of the Treasury ; Lewis Cass, Secretary of War ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Navy ; and 
Roger B1 Taney, Attorney-General. Other changes afterward took place. 



III. QuKSTiONS. — 9. What is said of the administration of John Quincy Adams? 
10. Of the contest for the presidential succession ? 11. W^hat was the result of the 
contest ? 

Jackson's Administration. — I. 1. When was Jackson inaugurated? 2. How did 
he commence and continue to govern ? 3. What practice did he begin ? 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



255 



Congress, in 1832, 
passed a bill to re- 
charter the bank, but 
Jackson vetoed it ; and 
as it subsequently 
failed to receive suffi- 
cient votes to secure its 
passage over the veto, 
the orighial charter ex- 
pired by limitation in 
1836, and the bank 
then ceased to be a 
national institution. 

III. In 1832, the 
Northwest frontier suf- 
fered from Indian hos- 
tilities ; but after sev- 
eral skirmishes, most 
of the savages were 
driven west of the Mis- 
sissippi River. Black 
Hawk, their most 
noted leader, and from whom the contest became generally 
known as The Black Hawk War, was taken prisoner. 
After a detention of some montlis, during which he was 
conducted through Washington and other cities, for the pur- 
pose of convincing him that resistance against the power of 
the whites was useless, he was allowed to rejoin his people. 

IV. A tariff bill, which had been passed by Congress 
during the administration of John Quinoy Adams, had been 




II. QuKSTiONS. — 4. What stand did Jackson take with reference to the United 
States Bank? 5. What was his main objection ? 6. What action did Congress take? 
7. How came it that the bank ceased to be a national institution ? 

III. 8. Give an account of The Black Hawk War. 9. How was Black Hawk 
treated after the war ? 

IV. 10. What is said of a tariflf bill, passed before Jackson was President? 11. 
How was the dissatisfaction increased ? 



256 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 




BLACK HAWK. 



witlid 
leaclei 



exceedingly distasteful to the cotton- 
growing States; and when, in 1832, 
an act was passed imposing addi- 
tional duties on foreign goods, the 
dissatisfaction was greatly increased, 
especially in South Carolina. 

V. A convention, held in that 
State, declared the tariff acts uncon- 
stitutional, and, therefore, null and 
void. It also declared that duties 
should not be paid, and proclaimed 
that any attempts on the part of the 
general government to enforce the 
collection of duties would produce the 
rawal of South Carolina from the Union. One of the chief 
•s of the nullifiers, as those persons in South Carolina who 
sustained the declarations of the 
convention were called, was John 
C. Calhoun,* who had recently re- 
signed the vice-presidency of the 
United States. Another leader, of 
not much less distinction, was 
Robert Y. Hayne, who, when a 
United States Senator, in 1830, 
was the first to declare and defend 
in Congress the doctrine of nullifi- 
cation, and to whom Daniel Web- 
ster, of Massachusetts, then replied 
in one of the most remarkable 




JOH:^ 0. CALHOUN. 



* John C. Calhoun was born in the district of Abbeville, S. C, in 1789. He was for six vears a repre- 
sentative in Conjrress ; for a number of years was a United States Senator : was Secretary of War in Mon- 
roe's cabinet ; and was twice elected Vice-President of the United States. In 1845, while Secretary of 
State in Tyler's cabinet, he was " the author of the annexation of Texas." He died at Washington, in 
1850. 



Y. Questions.— 12. What was declared by a South Carolina Convention ? 13. 
What else did it declare ? 14. Who was the grreat leader of the nullifiers ? 15 
What high position had Calhoun resigned ? 16. Who was another leader of the nul- 
lifiers ? IT. What did Hayne do in 1S30? 18. Who replied to him? 19. What i3 
said of that reply ? 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



257 



speeches ever delivered in Con- 
gress. Although Hayne was the 
first to declare this doctrine in 
Congress, Calhoun, in a papci- 
known as the " South Carolina 
Exposition," was its author. 

VI. In this crisis, President 
Jackson acted with that prompt- 
ness and energy which were so 
characteristic. of the man. By his 
direction an army, under General 
Scott, was ordered to Charleston; 
and he issued a proclamation 
against the nullificrs and their doctrine, which met with a 
cordial response from every friend of the Union. A " com- 
promise bill," offered by Mr. Clay and passed by Congress, 
was accepted by Calhoun and his friends, and thus the danger 
which threatened the Union was averted. 




DANIEL WEBSTER.* 



blockhouse: 



Ft. Clinch 



THE SEMINOLE WAR. 
VII. Towards the close of 
1835, the Seminole Indians, 
influenced by Micanopy, their 
head sachem, and by Osceola 
(os-c-o'-Ia)j the most noted of 
their chiefs, and a man of 
great cunning and courage, 
commenced hostilities against 
the settlements of the whites 
in Florida. This outbreak of 
the Seminoles had its orio-in 






Ft.HiisscIl 

PAYAICS LANDS )?' 

a 

Ft.lCniyl^^ 






Ng 



CLINCHSDA 

FtCooper) 
^ yrtMc.Chive 

Ft.Armstromf ^^^^^^ 

Ft. Cross ■* S^'^^i s s /I CRC/ 



PART OF FLORIDA. 



* Daniel Webster waa born at Salisbury, N". II., in 1782. A larg:e portion of his life was passed at 
Washingrton, either as a member of Congress or the cabinet. In 184L', while Secretary of State in Tyler's 
cabinet, he negrotiated with Lord Ashburton a treaty settlino: the differences between the United States 
and Great Britain in relation to the northeastern \)o"undarv, dilferences which had disturbed the relations 
of the two countries for more than sixty years. Webster diedat Marshfield, Mass., in 1852. 



VI. Questions.— 20. IIow did Jackson act in this crisis? 21. What was done by 
his direction ? 22. What proclamation did he issue ? 23. How was the danger to 
the Union averted ? 



i8 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



in an attempt to remove them from Florida to lands west of 
the Mississippi, in accordance with the terms of a treaty 
which had been made with some of the chiefs, but which a 
majority of the tribe did not consider binding. 

VIII. In consequence of the offensive conduct of Osceola 
in opposition to the fulfilment of the treaty, the government 
agent, General Thompson, put him in irons, and kept him a 
prisoner for six days at Fort King. By feigning penitence 
and making promises, Osceola obtained his liberty ; but, in- 
stead of doing as he had agreed, he placed himself at the 
head of a war party of Indians and fugitive slaves, and com- 
menced the work of slaughter and devastation. 

IX. On the 28th of Decem- 
ber, 1835, he approached a 
house in which Thompson 
and some friends were dining, 
and, making a sudden attack, 
killed five of the number, in- 
cluding Thompson, and car- 
ried off their scalps, in re- 
venge for the imprisonment 
which he had suffered. On 
the very day of Thompson's 
^•'"'^"^^- death, "Dade's massacre" oc- 

curred. Major Dade, with a 
detachment of one hundred and ten soldiers, while marching 
from Tumpa Bay to join General Clinch, at Fort Drane, was 
suddenly attacked ; and that young commander and the whole 
of his detachment, except four men, were massacred. 




YII. Questions.— 24. What troubles broke out in 1S35? 25. "Why did the Sem- 
inoles so act ? 26. What was the character of Osceola ? 

YIII. 2". Why was Osceola put in irons and imprisoned? 23. In what direction 
was Fort King from Fort Dade '? (^See map, p. 257.) 29. How long was Osceola kept 
at Fort King ? 30. How did he obtain his liberty ? 31. What did he do instead of 
performing his promises? 

IX. 32. How did he have revenge for his treatment at Fort King? 33. Give an 
account of Dade's massacre. 34. In what direction was Dade marching when he 
was attacked? (See map, p. 257.) 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



259 



X. On the 30tli of December, two days after, Osceola en- 
countered an American force of six liundred men under Gen- 
eral Clinch, at the crossing of the Withlacoochee River, but, 
after a hard-fought action of upward of an hour, was com- 
pelled to retreat. In February and March, 1836, at the head 
of a force of more than a thousand Indians, he fought several 
actions against the troops under General Gaines, in the most 
important of which, occurring on the 29th of February, near 
the scene of Clinch's battle-ground, one American was killed, 
and more than thirty, including Gaines, were wounded. 

XI. In May, 1836, a 
large number of the 
Creeks joined the Senii- 
noles, and in Georgia and 
Alabama, as well as Flor- 
ida, committed great de- 
vastations, compelling 
thousands of whites to 
flee for their lives. Gen- 
eral Scott, who had been 
appointed to the com- 
mand in the South, pro 
secuted the war with 
vigor, but he was soon su- 
perseded by General Jes- 
sup. The Creeks were 
speedily reduced, and 
transported beyond the 
Mississippi. 

XII. In October, 1836, 

Governor Call, of Georgia, took command of the forces in 
Florida. A detachment of more than five hundred of his men 

X. Questions. — 35. Give an account of the battle of Withlacoochee. 36. Of the 
battles in February and March of 1S36. 

XL 37. What took place in May, 1836? 38. Who Avas then sent against the In- 
dians? 39, Who was next sent? 40. How was the war ended as respects the 
Creeks ? 




260 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



encountered the Indians at a place a short distance from the 
scene of Dade's massacre ; and although the enemy dispersed 
after the action, vet neither in this nor in other battles could 
the Americans claim a decided victory. 

XIII. For upwards of a year did Osceola"'^ conduct the 
struggle against superior forces, with energy and skill ; but, in 

October, 1837, he ap- 
peared in Jessup's camp, 
near St. Augustine, with 
a flag of truce, for the 
purpose of holding a 
conference. Suspecting 
a repetition of treachery, 
and desiring to prevent 
further bloodshed, Jes- 
sup disregarded the flag 
and seized the chief, who 
was taken to Fort Moul- 
trie, and there kept in 
confinement till his 
death, which occurred 
on the last day of Jan- 
uary, 1838. 

XIV. The capture of 

Osceola did not end the 

war with the Seminoles. 

They amused Jessup for 

a while with overtures, but he, finding the Indians not sincere, 

directed Colonel Taylo«r (afterward General Taylor, and Pres- 




* Osceola waa born in Florida. His father was an Indian trader, an Englishman named Powell, and 
his mother was the dausrhter of an Indian chief. 



XII. Questions. — 41. Who took command of the forces in Florida towards the 
latter part of 1836 ? 42. What is said of the battles fought by CalPs forces ? 

XIII. 43. How long did Osceola conduct the strnggle ? 44. In what manner did 
he conduct it? 45. What mistake did he make ? 46. Whydid Jessup seize Osceola? 
4T. "What further can you state of Osceola? 



VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 



261 



ident of the United States) to proceed against them. With 
about a thousand men Taylor accordingly marched, and on 
the 25th of December, 1S37, encomitered the Indians in 
strong force on the northern side of Lake Okeechobee, and 
defeated them in one of the most desperate and hotly con- 
tested battles in the annals of our warfare with the red men. 

Xy. Though the Seminoles continued their hostilities 
through the administration of Jackson, as well as that of his 
immediate successor, they never again rallied in large force. 
A treaty was made with them in 1839, but it was not till 
1842 that peace was finally secured. 



YA^ BURET'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. Jackson was 
succeeded in the 
presidency by 
Martin Van Bu- 
ren, of New York. 
Van Buren's ad- 
ministration was 
continued during 
one term, or four 
years, extending 

from the 4th of March, 1837,f the day of inauguration, to the 
4th of March, 1841. 




OCEAN STEAMEK.=^ 



* The first regular passages across the Atlantic by steamships were made in 1838, by the Sirius and 
Great Western. 

t President Van Buren's cabinet was constituted as follows: John Forsyth, Secretary of State; Levi 
Woodbury, Secretary of the Treasury ; Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War ; Mahlon Dickerson, Secretary 
of the Navy ; Benjamin F. Butler, Attorney-General ; and Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General. All of 
these, except Poinsett, had held their respective offices in Jackson's cabinet at the close of his last term. 
In 1838, Dickerson and Butler resigned, and James K. Paulding was appointed in the place of the former, 
and Felix Grundy in that of the latter. Grundy was succeeded in 1840, by Henry D. Gilpin, and Kendall 
by John M. Niles. 



XIV. Questions. — iS. Did the capture of Osceola end the war or not? 49. 
Whom did Jessup order to go against the Seminoles? 50. Give an aecount of the 
battle of Okeechobee. 

XV. 51. What is said of the subsequent part of the Seminole war? 

Van Buren's Adnwnistration. — I. 1. Who was Jackson's successor in the presi- 
dency? 2. When was Van Buren inaugurated? 



26: 



VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 



II. Soon after liis inauguration, a revolution in monetary 
affiiirs took place, producing great distress in all branches of 
business throughout the country. Commerce and manufac- 
tures were prostrated, and the ciash was linally consummated 
by the suspension of specie payments by all the banks. In 
this crisis, the President called an extraordinary session of 

Congress, but little 
was accomplished by 
it for the general -re- 
lief. 

III. In the latter 
part of 1837 an in- 
surrectionary move- 
ment commenced in 
Canada, having for its 
object the overthrow 
of the British rule 
there, and the estab- 
lishment of an inde- 
pendent government. 
The movement enlist- 
ed the sympathy of 
Americans, particu- 
larly of those living 
along the borders in 
New York, and it 
engaged their active 
co-operation. A pro- 
clamation, issued by the President, forbidding interference in 
the affairs of Canada, together with the decided measures taken 




MVrTIN- Y \X rUKEN- 
\\ ab born at Kinderhook, Cuh 
Co., N. Y., December 5, 1782. II 
married, in 1804, to Miss Hanuah 
His death occurred at Kinderhook, on 
the 24thof.Tiiiy. lSO->. 





II. Questions.— 3. What took place soon after his Inauguration ? 4. How were 
commerce, manufactures, and the banks affected ? 5. What did the President do in 
the crisis? 

III. C. What insurrection at the North, beyond the limits of the United States, 
broke out in 1S3T'? 7. What was its object? S. What proclamation did the Pres- 
ident issue ? 9. Why did he find it necessary to issue it ? 



Harrison's administration. 



263 

by the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the 
attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 

HAKEISON'S ADMINISTRATION'. 






I. Van Buren's suc- 
cessor in office was 
William Henry Harri- 
son, of Ohio, the hero 
of Tippecanoe and the 
Thames. The inaugu- 
ration took place on the 
4th ofMarch, 1841. His 
cabinet was judiciously 
composed,* and the 
people anticipated for 
liim a successful admin- 
istration ; but within a 
month, and after a brief 4 
illness of only eight 
days, he died : the sad 
event occurring on the 
4th of April. 

II. By virtue of a 
provision of the Con- 
stitution, John Tyler, 
of Virginia, then Vice-f resident, became President ; his in- 
auguration taking place on the 6th of April, 1841. Thus, for 
the first time in the history of the United States, the admin- 
istration devolved on the Vice-President. 




IlARBTsoN's Admikistration.-I. QtTE8TiONS.-l. Who succcfidcd Tan Buren in 
tlie presidency ? 2. When was Harrison inau^rurated? 3. What is said of his cab- 
inet ? 4. Of the anticipations of the people ? 5. What was the length of his admin- 
istration ? 6. How was it brought to a close ? 

II. 7. Who was his successor? 8. By what right did Tyler become President? 
9. What is noted as peculiar in the accession of Tyler to the presidency? 



rC-4 



TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 



TYLER'S ADMIlSriSTRATION.* 




I. In 1842 serious 
difficulties occurred in 
Rhode Island, growing 
out of a movement 
which was stigmatized 
by its opponents as the 
Dorr Rebellion. The 
government of Rhode 
Island, at that time, was 
based upon a charter 
granted by Charles IL, 
in 1663, and conse- 
quently no change had 
taken place in her fun- 
damental law during a 
period of almost one 
hundred and eighty 
years. The movement 
in 1842 had its origin 
in a determination 
among the citizens to 
substitute a liberal constitution in place of the old charter. 

II. Th^ people soon became divided into two parties, those 
who favored the movement being called the suffrage party, 
and those who were opposed, the charter party ; and so vio- 



* President Tyler retained the cabinet oflRcers of his predecessor until September, 1841, when all but 
VV^ebster resigned. His cabinet was then constituted as follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; 
Walter Forward, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Spencer, Secretary of War; Abel P. Upshur, Sec- 
retary of the Navy; Charles A. Wickliffe, Postmaster-General ; and Hugh S. Legare, Attorney -General. 
In May, 1843, Webster resigned, and Legare was appointed acting secretary in his place. In the following 
month Legare died, and thereupon Upshur was transferred to the State Department, and Thomas W. Gil- 
mer was .aripointed Secretary of the Navy. On the 28th of February, 1844, both Upshur and Gilmer were 
killed by the bursting of a gun on board the United States war steamer Princeton, while on an excursion 
on the Potomac. A large party, including the President and many ladies, were on board at the time, 
John C. Calhoun was then made Secretary of State, and John Y. Mason, Secretary of the Navy 



TvLF.t'.'s AnMiNiSTRATioN. — I. Qhestions. — 1. Whon did the "Dorr ReheUiov'' 
occur? 2. What was the object on the part of those engaged in it? 



TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 



265 



SV>'a. 



lent did the controversy grow that both parties at length ap- 
pealed to arms. The Governor of the State, at the head of a 
large niilitary force, marched against a body of the suffrage 
party, who had appeared in arms at Providence. Upon his 
approach they dispersed. They again assembled at another 
place, but, upon being approached, again dispersed without 
resistance ; and this ended the affair. A constitution, the one 
now in force, was soon afterward adopted. 

III. Thomas W. Dorr, 
the leader of the suffrage 
party in the insurrection, 
was afterward arrested, 
tried, convicted of high 
treason, and sentenced to 
imprisonment for life. 
lie was, however, par- 
doned in 1847 ; and, at a 
later period, his civil 
rights were restored to 
him, and the record of 
liis sentence was ex- 
punged. 

ANNEXATION OP 
TEXAS. 

IV. A proposition for 
the admission of Texas 
into the Union caus- 
ed excited discussion 

throughout the whole country during the closing months 
of Tyler's administration. Texas had been a province of 
Mexico, but in consequence of the arbitrary policy pur- 

II. Questions.— 3. "What division of parties soon took place? 4. What is stated 
as evidence of the violence of the controversy ? 5. Give an account of the "Kobel- 
lion." 

III. G. What account can you give of Thomas W. Dorr? 
12 




266 



TYLERS ADMINISTRATION. 



sued by that government 
towards her inhabitants, 
the most of whom were 
from the United States, 
they declared their in- 
dependence, and by 
force of arms sustained 
the declaration. 

V. A bill for the ad- 
mission of Texas, under 
certain conditions, was 
passed by Congress three 
days before the expira- 
tion of Tyler's term of 
office, and at once was 
signed by him. Tyler's 
last important official act 
was the signing of the 
bill admitting Florida 
and Iowa into the 

Union. He was succeeded in the presidency by James K. 

Polk, of Tennessee. 




IV. Questions.— 7. Whatimportant proposition was made in relation to Texas ? 
8. What did the proposition cause? 9. "What can you state of the previous history 
of Texas? 

V. 10. What progress did the proposition for the admission of Texas make during 
Tyler's administration? 11. When were Florida and Iowa admitted into the Union? 
12. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency ? 



EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

In what condition were the United States, in 1817 ? 248 

What Indian troubles commenced in 1817 ? 248 

What did Jackson accomphsh against the Indians? 249 

When was Missouri admitted into the Union?. 251 

What controversy preceded the admission of Missouri?. . .250, 251 

When and by whom was the "Monroe Doctrine " enunciated?.. 251 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 267 

PAGE 

7. What interesting events occurred m 1817 and 1824? 252 

8. How was John Quincy Adams elected to the Presidency? 253 

9. When did the ex-Presidents, Adams and Jefferson, die? 253 

10. Give aa account of Jackson's Bank controversy 254, 255 

11. Give an account of the Indian war which broke out in 1832.. . 255 

12. How did the "nullification troubles" in S. C. commence ? 255, 256 

13. What action was taken by a convention in that State? 256 

14. What can you state of J. C. Calhoun and Robert Y. Hayne ? 256, 257 

15. What anti-nullification measures did Jackson adopt? 257 

16. What can you state of " Clay's Compromise Bill?" 257 

17. What Indian troubles commenced in the year 1835 ? 257 

18. What was the cause of the Seminole War? 257, 258 

19. What was done to Osceola because of his offensive conduct?. . 258 

20. By what means did lie obtain his liberty? 258 

21. State the circumstances of Thompson's massacre... 258 

22. Give an account of the other event happening the same day. . . 258 

23. Give an account of the battle which happened Dec. 30 259 

24. What events took place in February and March, 1836 ? 259 

25. State what was done by the Indians in May of tlie same year, , 259 

26. State what you can of Scott's and Jessup's part in the war. . . 259 

27. Who afterward took command against the Indians? 259 

28. What can you say of a battle fought by a body of his men ? 259, 260 

29. Under what circumstances was Jessup at last captured? 260 

30. What can you state of his subsequent history ? 260 

31. What was the last great battle of the war? 261 

32. When and wliere did it occur ? 261 

33. What can you say of the battle and its result? 261 

34. What further account can you give of the war? 261 

35. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1837 ? 261 

36. What can you say of the revolution in monetary affairs ? 262 

37. Give an account of the Canadian insurrection 262, 263 

38. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1841 ? 263 

39. Give an account of Harrison subsequent to his inauguration. . . 263 

40. Who succeeded Harrison in the Presidency ? 263 

41. What troubles occurred in Rhode Island in 1842 ? 264 

42. How did the troubles originate ? 264 

43. Give an account of the trouble 264, 265 

44. What proceedings were afterward taken against Dorr ? 265 

45. What was afterward done in relation to the proceedings? 265 

46. What can you state of the early history of Texas ? 265, 266 

47. What can you say of the bill for the admission of Texas? 266 



268 



folk's administration. 




CALIFORNIA, 



{Questions to he answered from the above map.) 
. How is San Antonio de Bexar situated? Vera Cruz? Alvarado? Matamoras? 
Jalapa' Puebla? Saltillo ? Leavenworth ? San Francisco? Into what body ol 
water does the Rio Grande flow ? In what direction is Santa Fe from Leavenworth ? 
Saltillo from Matamoras ? Victoria from Saltillo ? City of Mexico from Jalapa ? 



folk's administration. 



269 



SECTION VIII. 

THE BEGINNING OF POLk's ADMINISTRATION, IN 1845, 
TO THE CLOSE OF BUCIIANAn's, IN 18G1. 

POLK'S ADMINISTKATIO]^. 



T. Polk's inangura- 
tion took place on the 
4th of March, 1845.* 
His administration con- 
tinued during only 
one term, or four 
years, ending on the 
4th of March, 1849; 
but it was an eventful 
one. At the beginning 
of it, he found the 
country involved in dis- 
putes with Mexico, in 
consequence of the pas- 
sasce of the bill for the 
admission of Texas. 
On the 4th of July, 
1845, the legislature of 
Texas approved this 
bill, and, by the act of 
approval, Texas was ad- 




* President Polk's cabinet was constituted as follows: Jaaies Buchanan, Secretary of State: Robert .1. 
Walker, Secretary of the Treasury, William L. Marcy Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Secretary ot 
the Navy; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General , and John Y. Mason, Attorney-General. 



Polk's Administkation.— I. Qpestions. 1. When -was Polk inaugurated? 2. 
When did his term of office begin and end ? 3. In what disnutes were the United 
States a party at the beginning of his administration ? 4. When and by what act 
was the annexation of Texas consummated? 



270 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



mittcd into the Union, 
making the whole num- 
ber of States twenty- 
eiofht. 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 

II. The annexation of 
Texas led to a war with 
Mexico ; for, notwith- 
standing the independ- 
ence of Texas had been 
acknowledged by the 
United States, England, 
France, and other gov- 
ernments, Mexico still 
claimed it as a part of 
her own territory, and 
considered the act of 
annexation as sufficient 
cause of war. 

III. The Mexican minister at Washington having protested 
against the measure of annexation, and returned home, and his 
government having assumed a belligerent attitude, General Tay- 
lor, who was then in command of a camp in the western part of 
Louisiana, was directed to hold his army in readiness to protect 
the Texan territory. By the advice of the Texan authorities, 
he was induced to concentrate his troops at Corpus Christi* 




* Corpus Christi is a L:Uin term, signifying the body of Christ. 



t Texas h:is no motto. 



ir. Questions.— 5. WHiat did the annexation of Texas lead to? 6. Rj what 
^'ovcrnments had the independence of Texas been acknowledged? 7. What claim 
Jid Mexico still maintain ? 8. What then was the cause of the war between Mexico 
ind the United States? 

III. 9. What conrse did the Mexican minister pursue ? 10. What, his govern- 
ment? 11. Where was Taylor at the time? 12. What direction did he receive? 
13, Where did he afterwards concentrate his troops? 14. Into what body of water 
does the Nue es How? (See map, p. 271.) 15. Why did Taylor go to Corpus 
Christi ? 



folk's administration. 



271 



(kor'-pus kris'-te), situated on the western bank of the 
Nueces {noo-a' -thes) River, near its mouth, where, in November, 
his forces amounted to about four thousand men, 

EVENTS OF 1846. 
IV. The United States, by the annexation of Texas, claim- 
ed the Rio Grande {re'-o grahn'-da) as their boundary, while 
the Mexicans maintained that the western hmits of Texas 
never extended beyond 
the Nueces. In conse- 
quence of these con- 
flicting claims, the 
country between the 
two rivers, in time, ac- 
quired the appellation 
of the " disputed terri- 
tory ;" and when, early 
in 1846, President 
Polk ordered Taylor 
to proceed with his 
forces to the Rio 
Grande, across this 
territory, the advance 
was treated by the 
Mexicans as the actual commencement of hostilities. 

V. On his route from Corpus Christi to the Rio Grande, 
Taylor established a depot at Point Isabel (iz-a-beV), about 
twenty-one miles northeast of Matamoras {mat-a-mo'-ras). On 
reaching the Rio Grande he took a position opposite Matamo- 
ras, and'' erected a fortress, which was afterward named Fort 

IV QuE^TiONS.-lG. What two boundary claims were maintained? 17. What 
re-ion was known as the " disputed territory ?" IS. What movement did Polk order 
Taylor to make? 19. How did the Mexicans regard the movement? 

V 20. Where is Point Isabel? (See map, p. 271.) 21. What use did Taylor make 
of the place ? 22. Where was Fort Brown erected ? 23. By whom was it erected ? 
24. Why was it called Fort Brown? 25. Give au account of the disaster to Thorn- 
ton. 




272 

Brown, in honor of its brave defender. Learninir 

1846. , ,' ^ . ,,. . ^ 

that the Mexicans were asseuibhng troops at a point 

liigher np the river, Taylor sent Captain Thornton, with a 
party of sixty-three dragoons, to reconnoiter. On the 26th 
of April, this little band was attacked, and, after a loss of six- 
teen men, was compelled to surrender. 

YI. Thus was shed the first blood in the war. The news 
of this affair produced the wildest excitement throughout the 
United States ; and a war-spirit, unknown before to exist, was 
at once aroused. The President sent a message to Congress, 
announcing that Mexico had " invaded our territory, and shed 
the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil ;" and Con- 
gress,, adopting the spirit of the message, declared that " war 
existed by the act of Mexico." 

YII. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the Rio 
Grande for the purpose, as Taylor thought, of moving against 
Point Isabel, he marched to the relief of that place, leaving a 
small garrison for the defense of Fort Brown. Having placed 
the depot in a better condition to resist an attack, he set out 
on Ms return to tlie fort. 

VIII. On the 8tli of May, the Mexican army, numbering 
full six thousand men, commanded by General Arista {ah- 
rees'-tali), was discovered upon a beautiful prairie, called Palo 
Alto* [pah'-lo ahV-to), drawn up in battle array, prepared to 
dispute his progress. Although the Americans numbered not 
more than two thousand three hundred men, they pressed for- 
ward to the attack ; and from noon till twilight, a hot contest 
was maintained. The enemy then were driven from their 
position, and tho victorious Americans encamped upon the 

* Palo Alto, a Spanish tenn, sijcnif\-iii5 " tall timber." 



VI. Questions.— 26. What effect did the news of it have in the United States ? 
27. What is said of the President's message ? 2S. Of the action of Congress ? 

VII. 29. Why did Taylor march to the relief of Point Isabel? 30. Did he remain 
at the Point or not? 31. In what direction did he then march? 

VIII. 32. When did the battle of Palo Alto take ^iiace ? 33. Give an account of 
it. 31. AVhat loss was sustained by each party ? 



folk's administration. 2*73 



battle-field. The loss of the Mexicans was about six hundred ; 
that of the victors, was only nine killed and forty-four 
wounded, but among the mortally wounded was the brave 
Major Ringgold, who died four days after. 

IX, On the following day, May the 9th, Taylor resumed his 
march, and, towards evening, encountered the enemy under 
Arista, within three miles of Fort Brown, posted in and near 
a ravine called Resaca de la Palma* (rd-sah' -kah da lah pahV- 
mah). The action was commenced on both sides by the artil- 
lery, but the Mexican guns, well aimed and rapidly discharged, 
were holding the Americans in check, when Captain May was 
ordered to silence them. At the head of his dragoons, May 
rushed forward with great fury, killed or dispersed the gun- 
ners, and captured General La Yega {lah vd'-gah). The charge 
being supported by the infantry, a general engagement en- 
sued ; and, after a most obstinate resistance, the Mexicans gave 
way, their retreat becoming a perfect rout. Their loss, in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners, was at least one thousand, 
while the killed and wounded of the victors did not much 
exceed a hundred. 

X. During the greater part of Taylor's absence from Fort 
Brown, a period of nearly eight days, it had been subjected to a 
bombardment from the Mexican batteries in Matamoras. The gar- 
rison made a successful defense, though their heroic commander. 
Major Brown, was mortally wounded by the bursting of a 
shell. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande 
and took possession of Matamoras without opposition ; but, 
owing to the difficulties experienced in getting re-enforce- 
ments and supplies, it was not till the end of more than three 

* Uesaca de la Palma, a Spanish term, signifying " a ravine of palm-trees." 



IX. Questions. — 35. When did Taylor next meet the enemy? 36. What battle 
ensued? 31. Give an account of it. 3S. AVhat loss was sustained by each party ? 

X. 39. IIow long had Taylor been absent from Fort Brown ? 40. What had 
occurred there during his absence? 41. What is said of the defense made? 42. 
What is said of the taking of Matamoras? 43. How is Matamoras situated ? (See 
map, p. 271.) 44. How long did Taylor remain at Matamoras? 45. Why did he 
not advance sooner? 



274 POLKS ADMINISTRATION. 

months that he found himself stroni? enough to make a 
1846. . ,, , OS 

further advance. 

XL He then directed his march against Monterey (mon-td- 
ra'), an inland city of Mexico, strong in its natural defenses, 
and, besides, well garrisoned by about ten thousand regular 
troops, under General Ampudia (am-poo' -de-ah). After gar- 
risonino- several towns on his route, he reached Monterey on 
the 9th of September, with a force of less than seven thou- 
sand men. On the 19th he commenced operations ; and, after 
a series of assaults, continued through three days, in which 
Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, Am- 
pudia capitulated on the 24th. An armistice of eight weeks 
was agreed upon, or the truce was to continue till the ex- 
piration of that period, unless instructions to renew hostilities 
should be received in the mean time from either of the respec- 
tive governments. 

XII. Before the eight weeks had expired, Taylor received 
orders from Washington, directing him to renew offensive 
operations. Accordingly, one division of his army, under 
General Worth, occupied Saltillo [sahl-teeV-yo), while, at a lit- 
tle later period, another division, under General Patterson, 
took possession of Victoria, with the intention of going 
ao-ainst Tampico (tam-pe'-co), but ascertained, before proceed- 
in(T, that the place had already surrendered to Commodore 
Conner, commanding the "Home Squadron" in the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

XIII. In the mean time. General Wool, Avith an army of 
about three thousand men, had set out from San Antonio de 



XI. Questions. — 46. Against what place did he next proceed? 47. In what di- 
rection from Mataiuoras is Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 48. "What is said of its 
defenses and the g.arrison then there? 49. When did he capture Monterey? 50. 
Give an account of the efforts which resulted in the capture. 51. What is said of 
the armistice? 

XII. 52. Why did Taylor renew offensive operations? 53. What w.as done by 
Gesneral "Worth ? 54. What, by General Patterson ? 55. What, by Commodore Con- 
ner? 5C. In what direction is Saltillo from Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 57. Vic- 
toria from Monterey ? (See map, p. 268.) 68. Tampico from Monterey ? (See same 
map.) 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 275 



Bexar {san an-to'-nc-o da ba-har'), a town in Texas, with the 
design of penetrating the province of Chiluialma [che-wah'- 
ivah). After crossing the Kio Grande, and learning that Mon- 
terey was in the possession of the Americans, influenced by 
the advice of Taylor, he abandoned the design against Chihua- 
hua, and joined General Worth at Saltillo. 

XIV. In June, 1846, an expedition under General Kearny 
set out from Leavenworth {Icv'-en-wurth), on the Missouri 
River, to conquer New Mexico and California. Kearny ac- 
complished the march of nine hundred miles to Santa Fe 
(san'-tah/a), the capital of New Mexico, and took possession 
of the country without opposition. After organizing a new 
government for the place, he proceeded westward, but soon 
met a messenger who informed him that California was already 
in possession of the Americans. All the troops with him, 
except a hundred, then returned to Santa Fe ; and, with the 
small force remaining, he completed his journey across the 
continent. 

XV. With less than a thousand men, being the main body 
of Kearny's invading army, Colonel Doniphan, starting from 
Santa Fe, marched more than a thousand miles throuo;h Mex- 
ico, and arrived at Saltillo. During this brilliant achievement 
he fought and was victorious in two battles, one, that of Bra- 
cito* {brah-the'-to), on the 25th of December, 1846, and the 
other, of Sacramento {sah-crah-mane'-to), on the 28th of Feb- 



XIII. Questions.— 59. How is San Antonio de Bexar situated? (See map, p. 
268) 60. By what name is the place often called? ^ns.— San Antonio. 61. Where 
is Chihuahua? (See same map.) 62. What march did General Wool make? 63. 
Why did he not continue to Chihuahua ? 64. What did ho do instead ? 

XIV. 65. What expedition set out in June? 66. In what direction is New Mex- 
ico from Leavenworth ? (See map, p. 268.) 6T. What was Leavenworth then called ? 
^«s.— Fort Leavenworth. 68. What did Kearny accomplish? 60. How is Santa 
Fe situated? (See map, p. 268.) TO. Give an account of Kearny's subsequent 
movements. 

XV. 71. What march did Doniphan make? 72. What two successes did ho 
achieve? 73. How are Bracito and Sacramento situated ? (See map, p. 2G8.) 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



1846. 



ruary, 1847. While these events — the successes of 
Taylor, Doniphan, and others — were transpiring in 
Texas and the eastern part of Mexico, the Pacific coast had 
also become the scene of important occurrences. 

XVI. Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fre- 
mont,* Avho had been brevettcd captain for valuable services 
rendered the Government in western explorations, was sent to 
make a survey of the then unknown regions lying between 
the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, as well as to dis- 
cover, if possible, a new and diorter route than the one al- 
ready known from the western base of the mountains to the 
mouth of the Columbia River. After a series of perilous ad- 
ventures among the mountains, and encounters with hostile 
Indians, lie made his way into California, then a department 
of Mexico, to recruit his men, secure supplies, and obtain from 
the Mexican authorities permission to winter in the country. 

XVII. The permission was grant- 
ed, but in a few days it w^as revoked, 
the order of revocation requiring him 
to leave the country at once, accom- 
panied by a threat of destruction in 
case of non-compliance. His men 
being in an exhausted condition and 
not yet furnished with supplies, and 
consequently in no condition to re- 
pass the mountains at that time, he 
refused to go. Learning that Gen- 
eral Castro, the governor of the 
province, was mustering a force to come against him, he took 

* Fremont was born in Savannah. Georgia, in 1813. He conducted five exploring e.xpeditions, the first 
to the Rotky Mountains, and the otners as far as California. 




JOUN C. FKEMONT. 



XVI. Qtestions.— T4. On what expedition had Fremont been sent? 75. What 
trials did he meet with ? TO. Why did he enter California? 

XVII. 77. Was the permission granted or not? 78. AVhat fickleness did the au- 
thorities of California betray? 79. Why did Fremont refuse to go? SO. Of what 
movement did he soon hear? 81. What defensive course did he then adopt? S2. 
W^hat did Castro do instead of attacking Fremont? 



folk's administration. 277 

a position on a mountain peak, thirty miles east of ^Monterey, 
where, in March, 1846, he built a rude fort, hoisted the Uni- 
ted States flag, and determined to defend himself. Castro 
gathered a force of not less than five hundred men in the 
vicinity of the Americans, but spent several days in doing 
little more than making idle threats. 

XA^III. At length Fremont, tired of inaction, and convinced 
that he could not obtain the needed supplies, withdrew \vith his 
party, and, taking a northern route, passed through the valley of 
the Sacramento, and slowly pursued his journey into Oregon. 
Here, on the 9th of May, he was overtaken by a messenger 
with dispatches from Washington, directing him to protect 
the interests of the United States in California. Retracing 
his steps, he found Castro already marching against the Amer- 
ican settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers flocked to 
Fremont's standard with such alacrity and in such large num- 
bers that he soon found himself able to confront the Mexican 
general. Several skirmishes took place, in which the enemy 
were defeated, and finally compelled to retreat towards the 
southern part of the province. 

XIX. On the 5th of July, 1846, California was declared to 
be independent, and free from all Mexican rule. A few days 
later, Commodore Sloate, who commanded the United States 
squadron on the Pacific coast, having previously received in- 
formation that hostilities had commenced on the Rio Grande, 
took possession of Monterey. Towards the latter part of the 
month, Commodore Stockton arrived at Monterey, took com- 
mand of the squadron, and, with Fremont's co-operation, soon 
gained possession of the whole of California. 

XVIII. Questions. — 83. What did Fremont do in consequence of the inaction of 
Castro? 84. "Why did he retrace his steps from Oregon ? 85. What did he find as 
regards a movement of Castro? 86. How did the settlers act? 87. What successes 
did Fremont have ? 

XIX. 88. What took place on the 5th of July? SO. What was done by Commo- 
dore Sloate? 90. Is the Monterey on the Pacific north or south of San Francisco? 
(See map, p. 268.) 91. What did Commodore Stockton accomplish ? 



278 folk's administration. 



EVENTS OF 1847. 

I. In the mean time, it had been decided by the authorities 
at Washington that, in order to " conquer a peace," the central 
part of the Mexican RepubUc would have to be penetrated, 
and the capital itself menaced. Accordingly, a plan of inva- 
sion was arranged by which Vera Cruz, the most important 
Mexican city on the Gulf of Mexico, was to be captured ; and 
then an army, under General Scott, was to march through Mex- 
ico against the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor 
of a large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the 
chief command of the American forces in Mexico, he being 
the senior officer. 

II. Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle of Bue- 
na Vista {Inva'-nah vees'-tah), fought on the 23d of February, 
1847, nearly five months after his preceding one, that of Mon- 
terey. Learning, towards the latter part of February, that 
Santa Anna {san-tah an'-nah), the ablest of the Mexican gen- 
erals, with an army of not less than twenty thousand men, 
was moving to attack his little force of less than five thousand, 
he took a position at Buena Vista, a mountain pass nine miles 
in advance of Saltillo, and awaited the approach of the ene- 
mv. On the morning of the 23d, the Mexicans appeared, and 
beo:an the attack. The battle continued until sunset ; and, 
although the Mexicans fought with resolution, and more than 
once seemed on the eve of victory, their immense superiority 
in numbers and heroic fighting were of no avail ; they were 
signally defeated, losing, in killed and wounded, about two 
thousand. The loss of the Americans was between seven and 
eio-ht hundred. Santa Anna made good his retreat with his 

Events of 1847. — I. Questions. — 1. What, in the mean time, had been decided 
at "Washington ? 2. What plan of invasion was accordingly arranged? 3. How did 
this o[)erate as regards Taylor's troops and command? 

II. 4. Which was Taylor's last battle in Mexico? 5. When did it occur ? 6. Give 
an account of it. 7. What loss did the Mexicans sustain ? S. What, the Americans? 
9. What was the effect of the victory along the Eio Grande frontier? 



folk's administration. 



279 



disheartened followers, and, during the rest of the war, the 
Americans were left in quiet possession of the frontier of the 
Rio Grande and the valley of that river. 

SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN IN" MEXICO. 



OSanJoab. (LeX Hio 



ME 



% 




*ChsPputte 
'YChurutt 



SCOTT'S 
CAM PAI GN 



III. Scott's campaign 
was commenced by an 
attack on Vera Cruz, 
which was defended by 
the strong fortress of 
San Juan de Ulloa (san 
luhahn da ool-yo'-ah), 
standing upon tlie island 
of the same name, about 
half a mile from the 
shore. On the 9th of 
March, 1847, he effect- 
ed the landing of his 
entire army, consisting 
of twelve thousand 
troops, without the 
least casualty ; and the city was at once invested from shore 
to shore. After a delay of several days, for the purpose of 
completing preparations, and also to induce, if possible, the 
Mexican commander to surrender, the Americans opened a 
tremendous fire from their land batteries, as well as from their 
fleet, under Commodore Conner. The bombardment was 
continued for five days ; and so destructive to life and prop- 
erty was it, that, on the 27th, the city and fortress were com- 
pelled to surrender. 

IV. The march towards the interior was commenced on 
the 8th of April, the army taking the national road by the 
way of Jalapa {hal-lah' -pah). At Cerro Gordo {thar'-ro g or'-do), 

III. Questions— 10. How did Scott begin his campaign ? 11. How is Vera Cruz 
situated? (See tnap, p. 279.) 12. How was it defended? 13. When did Scott 
otfect alanding? 14 Give an account of the operations that followed 



280 folk's administration. 

a mountain pass, about fifty miles from A^era Cruz, 
Santa Anna was strongly fortified, prepared to resist 
the advance of the Americans. Scott had with him only 
about eio:ht thousand men — those who were not sick and 
wounded having been left to gariison Vera Cruz and its 
fort — while Santa Anna had an army of nearly double the 
numerical strength of Scott's, 

V. On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made 
upon the works of the enemy ; and, before noon, the whole 
were in the possession of the Americans. Besides losing the 
most of their artillery and munitions of war, the Mexicans 
had one thousand of their number killed or wounded, and 
three thousand made prisoners. On the following day, April 
19th, the Americans entered Jalapa : farther on in their 
march they took without opposition the strong castle of Pe- 
rote ['pa-ro'-td), and, on the 15th of May, they entered the 
ancient and populous city of Puebla [poo-d'-blah), 

VI. The American army had been so reduced by sickness, 
death, and other causes, that Scott deemed it advisable to 
rest at Puebla for re- enforcements. After a halt of nearly 
three months, during which Santa iVnna had time to create a 
new army and to fortify the capital, he resumed his march, 
passing through a beautiful region without the least resist- 
ance, and reaching the town of Ayotla {fxh-yot'-laK), fifteen 
miles from the city of Mexico. 

VII. Finding that the direct route by the national road 
was strongly fortified, and being anxious to spare the lives of 

IV. Questions.— 15. When did Scott march from Vera Cruz? 16. What road 
did he take? IT. How is Jalapa situated? (See map, p. 279.) 18. "Where were 
the Mexicans posted to dispute Scott's advance ? 19. "What is said of the strength of 
the respective armies? 

Y. 20. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 21. Give an account of the 
further advance of the Americans, and their three captures. 22. In what direction 
from Vera Cruz isPerote? (See map, p. 279.) 23. In what direction from Vera 
Cruz is Puebla ? (See same map.) 

VI. 24. At what place did Scott make along rest? 25. Why did he remain there 
so long? 26. What advantage did this give to the Mexicans? 27. What is said of 
his further march ? 



folk's administration. 



281 



his men, Scott* turned southward, and, passing around Lake 
Chalco, encamped at San Augustin [san aw-gus-teen')^ about 
ten miles from the capital. Thence the approaches to the 
city were guarded by batteries at Contreras (con-tra' -ras) and 
San Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco {clioo- 
roo-hoos' -co) and Chapultepec {chah-jjool-td-jyh'). 

YIII. In a night march, the 
Americans advanced upon Con- 
treras. At sunrise, on the 20th 
of August, they commenced the 
attack, and, in less than twenty 
minutes, the Mexican batteries 
were carried and the victory was 
complete. The garrison of San 
Antonio, being somewhat unsup- 
ported by the loss of Contreras, 
made but a slight resistance, and 
then retreated before the pursuing Americans, commanded by 
General Worth. On the same day, the 20th, a grand move- 
ment upon Churubusco was next directed, to which the vic- 
tory already achieved opened the way. After an obstinate 
and bloody conflict, the Mexicans, who were commanded by 
Santa Anna, though numbering at least twenty-five thousand, 
were driven from the fort and from every part of the battle- 
field. Some retreated to Chapultepec, the fortress nearest the 
capital, and others fled to the city itself. 

IX. On the day after these two battles, and while Scott 
was at an advanced position within three miles of the city, 
Santa Anna asked for an armistice, for the purpose, it was 
stated, of negotiating a peace. The request was granted, and 




GENERAL SCOTT. 



* Winfield Scott w;i3 born in Petersbiirpr, Virginia, in ITsS. 

VII. Questions. — 28. Why did Scott turn southward from Ayotla? 29. "Where 
did he encamp? 30. In what direction is San Augustin from the city of Mexico? 
(See map, p. 279.) 81. IIow were the approaches from San Augustin to the city of 
Mexico guarded ? 

YIII. 32. Give an account of the battle of Contreras. 33. Of Churubusco, 



282 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



1847. 



for several days efforts were made to bring the war 
to a close, but without success. The Mexican com- 
mander not only refused to agree to the terms proposed by 
the Americans ; but, while offering others, more becoming a 
conqueror, he actually violated the armistice by strengthening 
his defenses. 

X. Scott, losing all confidence 
in the integrity of his foe, declared 
the truce at an end, and ordered 
General Worth to storm the Moli- 
no del Rey {rno-le'-no dale ra), an 
outer defense of Chapultepec. Ac- 
cordingly, on the 8th of September, 
the attack was made ; and, after a 
hard-fought battle, in which Worth* 
lost nearly a fourth of his men, the 
Mexicans were driven from their 
position. Chapultepec itself, a 
strongly fortified castle, situated on 
a lofty hill, was vet to be taken before the capital could be 
reached. 

XI. Several batteries were erected to bear upon the place, 
and, on the 12th of September, a heavy fire was commenced, 
which made sevei-al breaches through the stone wall defenses. 
On the next day, the 13th, the battle of Chapultepec was 
fought. The Americans, in two columns, the one headed by 




SANTA ANNA. 



* William Jenkins Worth was born in Hudson, Columbia Co., N. Y., in n94. In the war of 1812 he 
performed an honorable part , beinsr twice promoted, once for gallant conduct in the battle of Chippewa, 
and again for iuiportant service in the battle of Lundy's Lane. His distinguished services, in l!i4'2, 
against the Florida Indians, were also rewarded by promotion. He was with Taylor in Mexico, and for 
his achievements in the battle of Monterey he waa brevetted a major-general. Afterward he joined 
Scott's army. His death occurred in Texas, in 1849. 



IX. Questions.— 34. What request did Santa Anna make? 85. Where was Scott 
at the time? 8G. How did Scott treat the request? 87. What followed for several 
days? 38. What perfidy was Santa Anna guilty of? 

X. 39. What order did Scott give to Worth ? 40. When was the battle of Molino 
del Eey fought? 41. Give an account of it. 42. What yet remained to be done? 

XI. 43. How was Chapultepec menaced on the 12th of September ? 44. Give an 
account of the next day's battle. 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



283 



General Pillow, and the other by General Quitman, advanced 
to the assault, and in the most gallant style carried the out- 
works and then the castle, though at the expense of many 
lives. 



XII. Quitman pur- 
sued the flying Mexi- 
cans ; and at night his 
division rested within 
the gates of the city, 
while Worth's division, 
which had advanced by 
a circuitous route, halt- 
ed in the suburbs. Du- 
ring the night, Santa 
Anna, with most of his 
army and the princi- 
pal officers of govern- 
ment, fled from the city. 
On the following morn- 
ing, September 14th, the 
American army passed 
into the city, and run- 
ning up the United 
States flag on the na- 
tional palace, took for- 
mal possession of the Mexican capital amid the greatest enthu- 
siasm. 

XIII. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness of 
the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege to the 
place; and, after Santa Anna's* flight from the capital, he 

* Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was born in Jalapn, Mexico, in 1798. 




XII. Questions. — 45. What is said of Quitman's and Wortli's advance? 4G. State 
ivhat took place on tlie following morning. 

XIII. 47. To what place in the mean time had the Mexicans laid siege ? 4S. "What 
circumstance had induced them to commence the siege ? 49. By whom were they 
joined during the siege ? 50. Why did Santa Anna afterward leave the besiegers? 
51. Give an account of the battle that followed. 



284 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION, 



joined tlie besiegers with some thousands of his fugitive 
troops. Learning that General Lane, with a body of re- 
cruits, was on his march from Vera Cruz to re-enforce Scott, 
Santa Anna left Puebla to intercept him. At Huamantla 
{whah-mant' -kill) the encounter took place, and though tbe 
Mexicans were vastly superior in numbers to the Americans, 
the result was, as usual, a total defeat to them. 

XIY. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was 
signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo (fjwah-dah-loo' -pa e-daJd'-tjv)^ 
a small town about four miles from the capital, and Mexico 
was soon after evacuated by the American armies. By the 
treaty, all the territory north of the Rio Grande, togeth(^r 
with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquish- 
ed to the United States. On the part of the United States, 
it was agreed that $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory, 
and that debts due from Mexico to Ameiican citizens, to the 
amount of 18,000,000, should be assumed. After the treaty 
had been ratified by both governments, peace was proclaimed 
by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848. 

XIY. Questions.— 52. When was a treaty of peace signed? 53. At what place? 
54. What territory did the United States acquire by the treaty? 55. What amount 
of money was paid by the Uoitcd States ? 5(5. When did Tresident Polk issue a pro- 
clamation of neace ? 



clamation of peace ? 



PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAE WITH MEXICO. 
(The Americans were successful in every battle ) 



PATES. 


UATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FORCES ENGAGED. 


AMEKIOAN. 


MEXICAN. 


AMER. 


MEX. 


1S46. 
May 8, 
May 9, 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 

1S47. 
Feb. 23, 
Feb. 28, 
March 27, 
April IS 

Aug.20,-j 

Sept. 8, 
Sept. 13, 
Oct. 9, 


Palo Alto 


Taylor. . . . 
Taylor. . . . 
Taylor.... 
Doniphan. 




2.300 

2.200 

6,G00 

500 


6,000 

5.000 

10,000 

1,200 


Eesaca de la P.ilma. 
Monterey 


Arista 

Ampudia 

P(jnce de Leon . 


Bracito 




Buena Vista 

Sacramento 

Vera Cruz .... 

Cerro Gordo 

Contreras 

Churubusco 

Molinodel Key.... 
Cliapult(pec 


Taylor 

Doniphan. 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott. ... 
Worth. . . . 

Scott 

Laue 


Santa Anna 

Trias . 


4.700 

900 

12.000 

8,500 

4.000 

8.000 

3,500 

7.200 

500 


17,000 

4,000 

C,000 

] 2.000 

7,000 

25.000 

14,000 

25,000 

1,000 


Morales 

Santa Anna 

Valencia 

Santa Anna 

Alvarez 

Bravo 

Santa Anna 





REVIEW QUESTIONS. 285 

REVIEW QUESTION'S. 

PAGE 

1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1845 ? 269 

2. By what process did Texas become a State of the Union ? 260, 209 

3. What was the consequence of the annexation of Texas ? .... 270 

4. Wliy did Mexico consider the annexation a cause of war ?. . . . 270 

5. What powers had acknowledged the independence of Texas?. 270 

6. Why did Taylor take his army from Louisiana to Texas ? 270, 271 

7. What conflicting boundary claims grew out of the annexation ? 271 

8. Why did Taylor advance to the Rio Grande ? 271 

9. How was the advance of Taylor treated by the Mexicans ? 271 

10. Where did Taylor establish a depot? 271 

11. Where did he take a position and erect a fortress? 271 

12. What misfortune oocurred on the 26th of April, 1846 ? 272 

13. How did the news of the affair affect the people of the U. S. ?.. 272 

14. What effect did it have upon the President and Congress ? 27 2 

15. What movements led to the battle of Palo Alto ? 272 

16. Give an account of the battle, with its results . . . .272, 273 

IT, Give the preliminaries of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 273 

18. Give an account of the battle, with its results , 273 

19. What took place at Fort Brown during Taylor's absence ?.. . . 273 
20j When did Taylor enter and leave Matamoi'as ? 273, 274 

21. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Monterey 274 

22. Give an account of the battle, with its result 274 

23. By whom were Saltillo, Victoria, and Tampico taken? 274 

24. What can j^ou state of Gen. Wool's march ? 274, 275 

25. Give an account of Gen. Kearny's expedition 275 

26. Of Doniphan's expedition and two battles 275, 276 

27. Of Fremont and his expedition to California 276 

28. What was done by Fremont in March, 1846 ? 276, 277 

29. Give an account of Fremont's further operations 277 

30. What was done in July, 1846, and by Com. Stockton ? 277 

31. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista, with its results.. 278 

32. Give an account of the taking of Vera Cruz 279 

33. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo 279. 280 

34. Of Scott's progress from Cerro Gordo to San Augustin.. . .280, 281 

35. Of the battles of Contreras and Churubusco 281 

36. What efforts were made to negotiate a peace ? 281, 282 

37. Give an account of the battle of the Molino del Rey 282 

38. Of Santa Anna's flight and the taking of the city of Mexico 283 

39. Of the siege of Puebla and battle of Huamantla 283, 284 

40. Of the treaty of peace, with its principal provisions 284 



286 



TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. 



TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. Polk's successor 
in the presidency was 
General Zacliary Tay- 
lor, the hero who had 
achieved such bril- 
Uant victories in the 
war with Mexico. 
His inauguration took 
place at Washington, 
on the 5th of March, 
1849,* the 4th being 
Sunday. One of the 
earhest and most diffi- 
cult of the questions 
which commanded 
the attention of his 
administration, grew 
out of tlie acquisition 
of CaUfornia and New 
Mexico. 

II. In February, 
1848, gold began to 

be found in California in large quantities. When the news of 
the discovery reached the Atlantic States, and spread through- 
out the other States, a wonderful excitement was at once cre- 
ated, and in a very short time thousands of emigrants were 




* President Taylor's cabinet consisted of John M. Clayton, Secretary of State ; William M. Meredith, 
Secretary of the Treasury ; George W. Crawford, Secretary of War; William B. Preston, Secretary of 
the Navy ; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Interior ; Jacob Collamer, Postmaster-Oeneral ; and Reverdy 
Johnson, Attorney-General. The department of the Interior had been created by Congress on the 3d of 
JIarch, two days before Taylor's inauguration. 



Taylou's Administration. — I. Qitestions. — 1. "Who succeeded Polk in the Presi- 
dency ? 2. When was Taylor inaugurated ? 

IL 3. When was an important discovery made in California? 4. What was it? 
5. What was the consequence ? 



TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. 



287 



on their way to the land of gold. The rush thither was truly 
marvelous ; not only did people go from the United States, 
but they likewise flocked from Europe, iVsia, South America, 
and even the isles of the sea. 

III. So rapidly did the territory become populated, that in 
September, 1849, there was ** sufficient number of settlers 
there to constitute a State; and a constitution was then adopted, 
preparatory to petition- 
ing Congress for ad- 
mission into the Union. 
An article of the Con- 
stitution, by which sla- 
very was excluded from 
California, became a 
cause for a violent dis- 
pute, not only in Con- 
gress, but in the legis- 
latures of the several 
States, and among the 
people throughout the 
Union. While Con- 
gress was in session, 
engaged in angry de- 
bate, President Taylor, 
after an administration 
of only one year, four 
months, and four days, 
died on the 9th of July, 
] 850, at the presidential mansion 




III. Qttestioxs. — 6. Wh.-it did the people of California do in September, 1849? 
7. What became a cause for a violent dispute in Consrress and elsewhere? S, What 
calamity befell the nation while Congress was in session? 



288 



FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. 



FILLMORE'S ADMIOTSTEATIOI^. 

I. By the death of Taylor, the Vice-President of the Uni- 
ted States, Millard Fillmore, became President, taking the 
oath of office on the 10th of Jfflly, 1850.* 

11. The question in 
relation to the admis- 
sion of California had 
been greatly compli- 
cated in Congress, by 
the application of New- 
Mexico for admission 
into the Union, and by 
a claim on the part of 
Texas to a large por- 
tion of New Mexico. 
For the purpose of 
making " an amicable 
arrangement of all 
questions in contro- 
versy between the Free 
and the Slav'e States 
growing out of the 
subject of slavery," 
Henry Clay made a 

.:—<m,i^^^.~~^ ^ - proposition, known as 

-^^^"^^'-^''C^--^-"'^- the "Omnibus Bill," 

or the "Compromise Act of 1850." 




* President Fillmore's cabinet was constituted as follows' Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomas 
Corwin, Secretary of the Treasury ; Charles M. Conrad, Secretary of War; Alexander H. H. Stuart, Sec- 
retary of the Interior ; William A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy ; Nathan K. Hall, Postmaster-Gen- 
eral ;'aud John J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 



Fillmore's Administuation. — I. Questioxs. — 1. Who succeeded Taylor? 

11. 2. How had the question of California's admission been complicated? 3. 
"\Vhat was the object of the " Omnibus Bill ?" 4. Who offered that bill ? 5. By what 
other name \o it also known ? 



Pierce's administration. 289 

III. Although Mr. Clay's proposition did not pass Con- 
gress in the shape offered, the result aimed at was attained, 
after Taylor's death, by separate bills. These provided for 
the admission of California as a free State ; territorial govern- 
ments for New Mexico and Utah, leaving the admission or ex- 
clusion of slavery to be decided by the people of the respec- 
tive territories ; the settlement of the claim made by Texas ; 
the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia ; 
and the surrender of fugitives from labor, this last bill being 
known as the " Fugitive Slave Law." 

IV. Fillmore remained President during the unexpired part 
of the term for which Taylor was elected, a period of nearly 
two years and eight months, when he was succeeded by Frank- 
lin Pierce, of New Hampshire. 



PIEKCE'S ADMINTISTRATIOISr. 

I. Pierce was President for only one term, or four years, 
extending from the 4th of March, 1853,* the day of his inau- 
guration, to the 4th of March, 1857. 

II. His administration had scarcely commenced when 
the controversy was renewed between the slaveholding and 
non-slaveholding sections of the Union, the one being in 
favor of, and the other opposed to, the extension of slavery 
into the Territories of the United States. This fresh outbreak 

* President Pierce's cabinet was as follows: William L. Marcy, Secretary of State ; James Guthrie, 
Secretary of the Treasury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War; Jairies C. Dobbin, Secretary of the Navy; 
Robert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior ; James Campbell, Postmaster-General ; and Caleb Gushing, 
Attorney-General. 



III. Qtjesttons.— 6. In what shape did Mr. Clay's bill afterward appear ? 7. What 
did the separate bills provide for? 8. What was the object of the "Fugitive Slave 
Law ?" 

IV. 9. For how long a time was Fillmore President? 10. By whom was he suc- 
ceeded? 

Pierce's Administration. — I. 1. When was Pierce inaugurated? 2. How loiig 
vras he President? 

II. 3. What controversy was renewed at the beginning of his administration? 
4. What were the slaveholding States in favor of ? 6. What th.e non-slaveholding? 
6. How did this fresh outbreak begin ? 

13 



290 



PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. 



-P.Q<. 






had its origin mainly 
Avitli Congress, in the 
introduction there of 
Nvhat is known as tlie 
"Kansas - Nebraska 
Bill." 

III. By tlie " Mis- 
souri Compromise 
Bill," passed in 1820, 
it Avas provided that, 
in consideration of the 
admission of Missouri 
as a Slave State, slavery 
should forever be pro- 
hibited in all the re- 
maining territories of 
the United States 
north of latitude thirty- 
six degrees and thirty 
minntes, the southern 
boundary of that 
State. By the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill," which Congress 
passed in 1854, this prohibition was repealed, and the two 
territories of Kansas and Nebraska were duly organized. 

lY. No sooner had the bill passed than emigrants from 
both sections of the Union began to pour into Kansas, those 
from the North being determined to make it a free State, 
while those from the South were equally resolved the other 
way. And with such undue zeal was the strife carried on, 
that frequent collisions took place, in which blood was some- 
times shed. 




III. Questions. — 7. Whon w:is the "Missouri Compromise Bill" passed? 8. 
What was its important provision ? 9. W'hen was the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 
passed? 10. "What was its important provision? 

IV. 11. "What began to be done as soon as the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill" was 
passed? 12. What were the people of the North determined upon? 13. What those 
of the South ? 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 



291 




RIVER 8TEAMF.K. 



V. The Kansas 
controversy, in 
Congress and ev- 
erywhere else 
thronghout the 
Union, as well as 
the strife in the 
Territory, contin- 
ued all through Pierce's administration, and into and nearly 
to the close of his successor's. In the course of the debate 
in Congress, Mr. Sumner, of Massachusetts, made a speech, 
partly directed against South Carolina and some of her repre- 
sentatives. For this he was afterward assaulted by a repre- 
sentative from that State, while writing at his desk in the 
Senate-chamber, and so seriously injured that he was not able 
to resume his legislative duties until two years after. 



BUCHANAN^S ADMIKISTEATIOIN^. 

I. James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, Pierce's successor in 
the presidency, was inaugurated at Washington on the 4th 
of March, 1857.* His administration continued one term, 
ending on the 4th of March, 1861. 

II. The slavery question continued to be the prominent 
topic of discussion in Congress and throughout the country 
during the four years of his administration, and, even in the 
last one, the Kansas strife seemed very little nearer a con- 
clusion than it had been at any previous time. As his term 
of office drew towards its close, no less than four candidates 
were nominated to succeed him. 



* President Buchanan's cabinet was constituted as follows : Lewis Cass, Secretary of State ; Howell 
Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury; John B. Floyd, Secretary of War; Isaac Toucey, Secretary of the 
Mavy ; Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior ; Aaron V. Brown, Postmaster-General ; and Jeremiah 
S. Black, Attorney- General. 



V. Questions.— 14. IIow long did the Kansas controversy continue? 15. What 
affair took place in the course of the debate in Congress? 

Buchanan's Ad.ministration.— I. 1. Who succeeded Pierce in the presidency ? 
2. When was Buchanan inaugurated ? 

II. 3. What is said of the slavery question ? 4. Of the Kansas strife ? 5. Of 
presidential successors? 



292 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 



III. The Democratic 
party _ was divided be- 
tween Stephen A. 
Douglas, of Illinois, 
and John C. Breckin- 
ridge, of Kentucky, 
The Republican party, 
opposed to the further 
extension of slavery, 
nominated Abraham 
Lincoln, of Illinois ; 
while the Americaa 
party presented for its 
candidate John C.Bell, 
of Tennessee. After 
an exciting canvass, in 
which the slavery ques- 
tion w^as the all-ab- 
sorbing one, the elec- 
tion resulted in the 
success of the Repub- 
lican nominee. 
IV. AYhen it became known that Lincoln w^ould be the 
next President, public meetings were held in Charleston and 
elsewhere in South Carolina, at which resolutions were 
adopted in favor of the secession of the State from the L^nion. 
In pursuance of a special act of the South Carolina legisla- 
ture, delegates were elected to assemble in convention at 
Columbia on the 17th of December, 1860. • They accordingly 
met, but, in consequence of the prevalence of small-pox in 
that city, an adjournment to Charleston took place, where, on 




III. Questions. — 6. IIow was the Democratic party divided ? T. Who were the 
other candidates ? 8. To what was the Hei)ublican party opposed ? 9. What was 
the result of the election ? 

IV. 10. When Lincoln's success became known, how did the people of South 
Carolina act ? 11. What convention was held in the State? 12. What was done by 
the convention ? 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION, 



293 



the 20th of December, an ordinance of secession was unani- 
mously passed. 

V. In the mean time a great deal of interest was felt re- 
specting the forts in 
Charleston harbor, only 
one of which — Fort 
Moultrie — was garri- 
soned. Threats had 
been uttered and demon- 
strations made which 
rendered it probable 
that they would be 
seized by the South 
Carolinians. Towards 
the close of December, 
as the danger of an at- 
tack upon Fort Moultrie 
became more imminent, 
the commander. Major 
Anderson,* convinced 
that his position there 
would not be tenable if 
attacked by well-organ- 
ized and disciplined troops, on the 26th of December, 1860, 
withdrew the garrison, which consisted of only about eighty 
men, and established himself at Fort Sumter. 

VI. The excitement in Charleston, produced by this act of 
removal, was intense ; and it spread with lightning speed over 
the whole State. The authorities of South Carolina at once 

* Major Robert Anderson was horn near Louisville, Ky., in 1805. In 1825, he was jirrailuated at West Point. 
He was in the Seminole War, and with Scott's army in the Mexican War. At the battle of the Molino 
del Rey he was severely wounded. In May, 1861, he was made brigadier-general in the U. S. army. 

V. Questions. — 13. What interest was felt in the mean time? 14. What was 
the ground of concern respecting the forts? 15. Who commanded Fort Moultrie? 
16. How man)^ men did Anderson have with him ? 17. What movement did he 
make? 18. Why did he make the movement? 

VI. 19. How did Anderson's removal influence the people of Charleston and the 
other parts of the State? 20. What huildings did the State authorities seize ? 21. 
What disposition did they make of troops? 22. What was done with a view to a 
Southern Confederacy? 




294 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 





MAJOR ANDEESON. 



seized the United States 
custora - house, post- 
office, and arsenal, at 
Charleston, and sent 
troops to occupy Castle 
Pinckney and Fort 
Moultrie, in the harbor 
of that city ; and, at the 
close of the month, the 
State sent Commission- 
ers to the other Slave 
States, with a view to the 
formation of a Southern 
Confederacy. 

YIL On the 10th of 
January, 1861, the 
steamer Star of the 
West, which had been 
dispatched from New 
York with supplies and 
re-enforcements for Fort 
Sumter, arrived off Charleston, and 
was fired upon and driven back to 
sea by batteries erected to command 
the entrance of the harbor. The 
Star of the West thereupon re- 
turned to New York. During this 
month, January, five States, viz. : 
Mississippi, Blorida, Alabama, 
Georgia, and Louisiana, following 
the lead of South Carolina, passed 
secession ordinances, and, on the. 1st 



VII. Questions.— 23. Give the account connected with the Star of the "West. 
24. How many States, in January, 18G1, followed the lead of South Carolina? 25. 
When did Texas secede ? 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 



295 



of February, Texas did 
the same. 

VIIT. Nearly all the 
forts, arsenals, navy- 
yards, and custom-houses 
within these States, and 
which belonged to the 
United States, were 
seized by the secession- 
ists. Fort Sumter, still 
held by Major Anderson, 
and Fort Pickens, near 
Pensacola, which had 
been saved by the de- 
cided action of its com- 
mander, Lieutenant 
Slemmer, were the only 
important forts wliich 
remained in the posses- 
sion of the general gov- 
ernment on the 1st of 
February. The posts at the southern 
extremity of Florida alsco remained 
in the hands of the government. 

IX. In the mean time, upon the 
recommendation of the legislature 
of Virginia, delegates had been ap- 
pointed by twenty-one States to a 
so-called " Peace Conference,"' to 
decide upon a plan " for a settle- 
ment of all difficulties and the 
preservation of the Union." The 
convention assembled at Washina:- 





PENSACOLA AND V 



VIII. Questions.— 2C. What is said of the seizure of forts, arsenals, &c. ? 27. Of 
Forts Sumter and Pickens? 28. How is Fort Sumter situated ? (See map, p. 129.) 
29. IIow Is Fort Pickens situated? (See map, p. 295.) 30. What southern posts 
remained in the hands of the government? 



296 Buchanan's administration. 

ton, on the 4tli of February, and was organized by the unani- 
mous election of ex-President Tyler as chairman. After a 
session of three weeks it adjourned ; and the result of its 
labors, a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution, 
was laid before Congress, but without meeting the approval 
of that body. 



T 



^^ 







FORT SUJITEK. 



X. On the very day upon which the "Peace Congress" 
assembled, February 4th, a congress, composed of delegates 
from six of the Southern States, met at Montgomery, Ala. ; 
and, four days after, organized a Confederacy, by the adop- 
tion of a "Provisional Constitution," calling it the "Confed- 
erate States of America." This constitution was superseded, 
in little more than a month, by one intended to be permanent. 
On the 9th of February, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was 
elected President of the Confederacy by the Montgomery 
Congress, and, on the 18th, he was duly inaugurated. 

XI. In this distracted and sad condition were the affairs of 
the country upon the retirement of Buchanan from the presi- 
dency, and the assumption of the office by Lincoln. 

IX. Questions. — 31. When and where did the "Peace Convention" meet? 32. 
How many States were represented there? 38. Upon whose recommendation had 
the delegates been chosen? 34. W^ho was chosen president of the convention? 35 
Give a further account of the convention and its doings. 

X. 36. "Where did a second convention meet on the 4th of February? 37. Wliat 
States were represented in that convention ? 88. "What was done by the convc^n- 
tion ? 39. What was done on the 9th and 18th of Febru.iry ? 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



297 



SECTIOlSr IX. 



LINCOLIST'S ADMINISTRATIOIS'. 



^"^ 



4> 



I. On the 11th of 
February, 1861, Lincoln 
left his home at Spring-- 
lield, Illinois, for Wash- 
ington. On his way 
he made brief stops at 
various cities, and was 
everywhere received 
with great enthusiasm. 
It had been arranged 
that his route from 
Ilarrisburgh should be 
through Baltimore, 
but, in consequence of 
the excited state of 
feeling existing be- 
tween the political 
clubs of the last-named 
city, and desiring to 
prevent an anticipated 
outrage, he made a 
night journey, arriving 
in Washington at an early hour on the morning of the 22d 
of February. His inauguration took place on the 4th of 
March, " amid a greater display of military force than had 
ever before been witnessed on such an occasion.""* 




* President Lincoln's cabinet was constituted as follows: "William H. Seward, Secretary of State; 
Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War ; Gideon Welles, Secretary 
of the Navy; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the luterior; Edward Bates, Attorney-General; and Mont- 
gomery Blair, Postmaater-General. 

13* 



298 » Lincoln's administration. 

II. In his inaugural address, Lincoln annonnced that he 
had "no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the 
institution of slavery in the States where it exists ;" farther 
stating that, in his opinion, he liad no right to do so. This 
assurance, however, did not satisfy the politicians of the South ; 
the scepter of power had departed from them, and only by 
setting up a government of their own, with slavery as its 
corner-stone, could they again expect to rule. Their duty to 
the General Government they regarded as secondary to their 
duty to their respective States. 

THE GREAT REBELLION.— EVENTS OF 1861. 

I. The Confederates soon organized an army, and General 
Beauregard iho'-rc-gard), who had been a major in the service 
of the United States, was placed in command of the forces 
intended to drive Anderson from Fort Sumter. On the morn- 
ing of the 12th of April, 1861, the first shot was fired upon 
the fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four hours, the de- 
fense being but feeble, in consequence of the smallness of the 
garrison and a poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was com- 
pelled to capitulate. On the 14th lie departed with his com- 
mand, and sailed for New York. 

II. The news of this event, as it was flashed along the 
wires, produced an almost uncontrollable excitement through- 
out the country ; and the President's proclamation, issued on 
the following day, April 15th, calling for seventy-five thousand 

Lincoln's Administration.— L Qitkstions.— 1. Where did Lincoln live at the 
time of his election to the Presidency ? 2. What can jm.u state of his journey to 
Washington ? 3. When was he inaugurated ? 4. "^hat can you state of the occasion ? 

IL 5. What did Lincoln proclaim in reference to the Slavery question? 6. On 
what occasion did he proclaim it? 7, How did the politicians of the South receive 
the assurance ? 8. How did they expect to retain power ? 9. How did they regard 
their duty to the Nation ? 

Events of 1S6L— L 1. What command was given to Beauregard ? 2. When did 
hostilities actually commence? 3. By whom were they commenced ? 4. Why did 
not Anderson make a better defense ? 5. WHiat was the result of the attack ? 

IL 6. What effect did the news have? 7. News of what? 8. What action did 
President Lincoln take? 9. What can you state of the response? 10. What took 
place in Baltimore ? 11. Where were the troops going? 12. W^hat meetings of the 
people were held ? 



LINCOLIs's ADMINISTRATION. 299 

troops, was responded to at once by all the Free States. The 
national capital being nienciced, troops were hurried off for 
its defense. A Massachusetts regiment, while thus on its way 
to Washington, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of 
Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers, and two of the 
soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. This and other 
acts of the Secessionists aroused the people of the North : a 
great mass meeting was held in New York city, and similar 
gatherings took place in other cities, in favor of the Union. 

III. Nor were the Confederates inactive. They seized the 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry. They also made preparations to 
get possession of the navy -yard near Norfolk : the Union offi- 
cers there, despairing of a defense, set fire to the government 
buildings, and scuttled and sunk most of the vessels in the 
harbor. Immense quantities of ordnance, shot, and shell 
thus fell into the hands of the insurgents, and they likewise 
acquired by seizure, arsenals and strongholds in other direc- 
tions, as well as ships, steamboats, and government property, 
•wherever they could find it. In consequence of these act^i, 
President Lincoln issued a proclamation, April 19th, declar- 
ing certain Southern ports closed; and, eight days after, he 
issued an additional proclamation, extending the blockade to 
all ports in the Slave States south of Maryland. 

IV. It can hardly be said that the National Government 
made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. Then 
troops were sent into Virginia by order of General Scott, who 
commanded the army of the United States. Alexandria and 

III. Questions.— 18. What activity did the Confederates manifest? 14. How is 
Harper's Ferry situated ? (See map, p. 237.) 15. Norfollc? (Same map.) 16. Wliy 
did not tlie Union officers defend Norfolk ? 17. What did they do? IS. What then 
fell into the hands of the Confederates? 19. What else did they acquire ? 20. What 
proclamation did Lincoln issue? 21. Why did he do so? 22. When did he do it? 
23. What additional proclamation did he issue? 

IV. 24. When did the Government begin in earnest to move against the insur- 
gents? 25. Who, at the time, was in command of the Federal armies? 26. What 
places did the Government troops occujjy? 27. Where are those places? (See map, 
p. 320.) 23. What took place at Philippi? 29. At Big Bethel? 30. Where is Phi- 
lippi? (See map, p. 320.) 31. Big Bethel ? (Map, p. 312.) 32. Give dates of the battles. 



300 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION 



^-Western 




i^ « yr .'-'' 



r 



M 



{QueMions to he answered from the above map.) 

Where is Port Hudson? Baton Eonge? Natchez / Vicksburg? Memphis? 

Fort Pillow? Island No. 10? Paducah? Bowling Green ? Fort Donelson ? Fort 

Henry? Arkansas Post? Shreveport? Pea Eidge? Lawrence? Springfield? 

Corinth? New Orleans? Ship Island ? Port Gibson ? Ilnntsville? Little Eock? 



Lincoln's administration. 301 

Arlington Heights were occupied, and a camp at Pliilippi was 
surprised, June 3d, tlie Confederates being completely routed ; 
but seven days after, a Union force, sent from Fortress Monroe, 
was severely repulsed at Big Bethel. 

V. In the mean time efforts had been made by the Seces- 
sionists to take Missouri out of the Union : in this, however, 
they failed, mainly through the prompt action of General 
Lyon,* who captured a Confederate camp, defeated the enemy 
at Booneville, on the 17th of June, and frustrated the desiirns 
of the disloyal governor. On the 5th of July, a division of 
his troops, under Colonel Siegel (see-gel) defeated a body of the 
enemy at Carthage ; and, on the 2d of August, at Dug Sprins;, 
the loyal forces were again victorious; but on the 10th, having 
been confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing a retro- 
grade movement would be fatal to 
the cause, Lyon made an unsuc- 
cessful attack upon the enemy at 
Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, 
and was killed. 

VI. The Confederate army, to 
the number of about one hun- 
dred thousand men, occupied a 
line throuo;h Virginia from Har- 
per's Ferry to Norfolk, their "^ ^^'*^«^^-^^^5^•*^^^■^^'<!Siv- j=%v 

. , , . T JElFKUboJ* DAVIS. 

strongest position being on the 

direct road from Washington to Richmond, at a place called 

* Nathaniel Lj-on was born in Connectieut, July 14th, 1819. He served under Taylor and Scott in the 
Mexican War, and was promoted fur meritorious conduct. 

v. Questions. — 33.- What eflforts had been made meanwhile in Missouri? 34. 
Why were not the eiforts successful ? 35. What did General Lyon accomplish ■>. 
36. Where is Booneville ? (Sec map, p. 300.) 37. What account can you give of the 
battle of Carthage ? 38. Dug Spring ? 39. Wilson's Creek ? 40. Where is Carthage ? 
(See map, p. 800.) 41. Dug Spring ? 42. Wilson's Creek ? 

VI. 43. Where is Manassas Junction? (See map, p. 380.) 44. How large fin army 
did the Confederates have in July, 1861 ? 45. How was the army stationed ? 46. 
What place was then the capital of the Southern Confederacy? 47. What place had 
been the previous capital? 48. How is Richmond situated? (See map. p. 320.) 49. 
Montgomery ? (See map, p. 223.) 




302 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

Manassas Junction. Ricbmond was then the capital of 
the Southern Confederacy, the transfer from Montgom- 
ery, their first capital, having been effected in July, and Jef- 
ferson Davis had been chosen the President of the so-called 
" Confederate States of America." 

VII. About the middle of July a large army, commanded 
by General McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates at 
Manassas Junction. On the 18th, a division of this army, under 
General Tyler, encountered the enemy, under General Beau- 
regard, near Bull Run, and after a contest of three hours, fell 
back to Centreville. On the 21st occurred the battle of Bull 
Run. In this conflict, which was exceedingly desperate, and 
lasted ten hours, more than forty thousand men were engaged. 
At length the insurgents, being largely re-enforced, prevailed, 
and the Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward 
Washington. The Union loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners 
numbered nearly three thousand men : the loss of the enemy 
in killed and wounded did not much exceed half that number. 
VIII. On the following day, July 
2 2d, General McClellan succeeded 
McDowell in the command of the 
Potomac Army. McClellan had just 
closed with credit a brief campaign 
in West Virginia, where a division 
of his army, under General Rosecrans 
[roz'-krants), had defeated the enemy 
at Rich Mountain. This, with other 
victories, liad given him the entire 

GENERAL M"'CLELLAN. , i /» j i / • /^ 

control of that region, Conjrress, 




VII. Questions.— 50. Who commanded the army opposed to this large one of 
the Confederates ? 5L Give an account of General Tyler's operations. 52. Of the 
battle of Bull Eun. 58. W^here is Bull Run ? (Map, p. 230.) 54. Centreville ? (Same.) 

yill. 55. Was McDowell continued in the command of the army ? 56. By whom 
was he superseded ? 57. When did the change take place ? 58. Where had McClellan 
previously done good service ? 59. What did Rosecrans accomplish? 60. Where is 
Rich Mountain? (See map, p. 320.) 61. What action did Congress take? 62. The 
President ? 



Lincoln's administration. - 303 

which had met in extra sossioii on the 4th of July, promptly 
voted to raise 500,000 men, to serve three years or dm-ing 
the war; and in August, the President issued a proclamation 
forbidding all intercourse with the States in rebellion. 

IX. A naval expedition, commanded by Commodore String- 
ham, was successful in taking, August 2Qth, Ilatteras and 
Clark, two forts at Hatteras Inlet. A more important expedi- 
tion, consisting of about fifty vessels, and carrying fifteen 
thousand men, sailed from Hampton Roads, and on the 7th 
of November, after a fight of three hours, captured Forts 
Walker and Beauregard, at the entrance of Port Royal harbor. 
Commodore Dupont commanded the naval forces on the 
occasion, and General Sherman* those of the land. This vic- 
tory secured a fine rendezvous for the blockading squadron, 
and also a base for subsequent operations during the w^ar. In 
the mean time, Scott having resigned the command of the 
Union armies, McClellan was appointed in his place. 

X. Affairs in Missouri meanwhile kept growing worse in- 
stead of better. Colonel Mulligan, commanding two thousand 
five hundred men at Lexington, was attacked by a Confederate 
force of about ten thousand, under General Price, and, after 
four days' struggle, was compelled to surrender, September 
20. General Fremont, who two months before had been 
placed in command of the Western Department, thereupon 
marched from St. Louis against Price, who, instead of moving 
farther northward, retreated in an opposite direction, followed 
by Fremont. The pursuit was brought to a close at Spring- 

* Brig. -Gen. T. W. Sherman. 



IX. Questions.— 63. What success did Commodore Stringham meet with ? Gi. 
How large a fleet sailed from Hampton Roads ? 65. Who commanded it ? 66. W iio 
commanded the land forces on board ? 67. What success did they have ? 6S. What 
made the victory particularly important? 69. Where is Hatteras Inlet? (See map, 
p. 320.) 70. Port Eoyal harbor? (Same map.) 71. To what position did McClellan 
succeed ? 

X. 72. Give an account of the battle of Lexington, Missouri. 73. Of Fremont's 
operations. 74, By whom was Fremont succeeded in the command ? 75. By whom 
was Hunter succeeded ? 76. Where is Lexington ? (See map, p. 300.) 77. St. Louis ? 
(Same maj).) 78. Springfield? (Same map.) 



304 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

field, where Fi-emont, on the 2d of November, received 
an order removing liim from the command. He was 

succeeded by General Hunter, who retained the position until 

the appointment of General Halleck. 

XI. In the early part of October, the Confederate army 
which had threatened Washington began to fall back and the 
Union army to push forward. A division of General Stone's 
command, having crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry or 
Ball's Bluff, to make a reconnoissance, was disastrously de- 
feated, October 21, and its commander, Colonel Baker,* killed. 
In the mean time a number of battles and skirmishes had 
taken place in Kentucky and in other States. In one at Bel- 
mont, Missouri, on the 7th of November, General Grant, 
who commanded the Union troops, gained credit, though his 
men finally retired to their boats, the enemy having been 
largely re-enforced. 

XII. On the sea an event had occurred in the mean time 
which produced great excitement both in the United States 
and Great Britain, and a war between the two countries seemed 
for a time imminent. Captain Wilkes, in command of the 
frigate San Jacinto, intercepted the English steamer Trent in 
the Bahama Channel, and took from her Messrs. Mason and 
Slidell, Confederate commissioners to Europe. The two pris- 
oners were then brought to the United States, and placed in 
Fort Warren, near Boston. As the act committed by Wilkes 
was contrary to the doctrine of the sanctity of a neutral ves- 
sel, a doctrine which had long been avowed by the American 
Government, and as the British authorities resented the act 



*Edward D. Baker was born in England. He was a member of Con<jrress from Illinois, and an officer 
fti the Mexican War. At the t me of his death he was a United States Senator from Oregon. 



XL Qi'ESTiONS.— 79. Give an account of 1 he battle of Ball's Bluff. SO. By what 
other name is it also known? 8L Where is Ball's Bluff ? (See map, p. 320.) 82. 
Give an account of the battle of Belmont. 88. Whore is Belmont ? (See map, p. 800.) 

XIL 84. On what mission vv-ere Mason and Slidell sent? 85. Give an account of 
tneir captOre by Captain Wilkes. 86. What war did the act of Wilkes nearly lead 
to? 87. What disposition was finally made of the two commissioners? 88. Why 
were they given up by the United States Government? 



Lincoln's administration. 305 

as an insult to their flag, the two captured comiuissioners were 
put on board an EngUsh vessel bound for Europe. 

XIII. Since the beginning of tlie war the United States 
Government had increased its navy to about two hundred 
vessels. This had been done by completing those on the 
stocks, and by purchasing and chartering such steamers and 
other vessels as were found suitable for the public service. 
This whole force was required in blockading the ports of the 
South ; and as it was increased in the three succeeding years, 
the blockade became more effective. Meanwhile the relations 
of the United States witli England and France were by no 
means amicable. The rebellion had hardly been fully inau- 
gurated before Queen Victoria issued a proclamation, May 
13th, acknowledging the South as a belligerent power ; and 
France soon after did the same. The course thus pursued 
by the two powers was not considered friendly by the Govern- 
ment of the United States. 

XIY. During this year the Confederates fitted out a num- 
ber of privateers to prey upon the commerce of the North. 
On the 1st of June, the Savannah, a little schooner thus fitted 
out, captured a vessel ; but on the 3d, she fell in with the 
United States brig Perry, which she mistook for a merchant- 
man, and was easily made captive. Some of the Savannah's 
crew were afterward tried as pirates, but not convicted. Two 
months later the Petrel, formerly a revenue-cutter, which had 
been surrendered to the Confederates at the beginning of the 
war, ran the blockade of Charleston ; but, encountering the 
United States gunboat St. Lawrence, was sunk with five of 
her crew. 



XIIL Questions.— S9. IIow many vessels weie in the United States navy ar the 
close of 1861? 90. How had the increase in the navy been effected? 91. How 
was the navy employed ? 92. What caused unfriendly feclin^rs between the United 
States on the one side and England and France on the other ? 

XIV. 93. For what purpose was the schooner Savannah fitted out? 91. Whnt 
became of her? 9.o. Of her crew? 96. "What became of the Petrel? 97. Give the 
previous history of the Petrel. 



306 Lincoln's administration. 

XV. One of the most successful of the privateers was 
1 861 - 

the steamer Sumter, Captain Semmes, wliich ran the 

blockade of New Orleans on the 1 st of Jul}^ and having in fifteen 
days captured as many vessels, ran into the British port of Nas- 
sau, where she was supplied with coal. The Sumter made other 
captures in her subsequent cruise, and then crossed the At- 
lantic, enterino; the British harbor of Gibraltar. Here she 
was found by an United States gunboat, and from a Spanish 
port opposite was watched. Finally she was sold, and her 
crew went to England, where a faster steamer, the Alabama, 
was being constructed for the Confederate government. 
Semmes soon resumed his career of destruction upon the seas, 
luring vessels by hoisting the British flag, and then consign- 
ing his prizes to the flames. 



EVENTS OF 1862. 

I. At Cairo the Union troops established a base of opera- 
tions, General Grant being in command. From a point on 
the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo, the whole river, to 
its mouth, was in possession of the Confederates, and great 
preparations were being made on both sides for the mastery 
of the river. The Confederates had also built a line of forts 
stretching irregularly from the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap, 
the principal ones being at Columbus, Bowling Green, Mill 

XV. Questions.— 9S. What vessel did Semmos command in 1S61 ? 99. In what 
business was the Sumter engaged ? 100. From what American port did the Sumter 
escape? 101. IIow muny vessels did she capture in fifteen days? 102. Where did 
she get a supply of coal ? 103. What further account can you give of the Sumter? 
104. What vessel did Semmes next command? 105. Where was the Alabama built? 
106. By what means did Semmes get possession of his prizes? 107. What disposi- 
tion did he then make of them ? 

Events of 1862.— I. 1. Where is Cairo situated? (See map, p. 300.) 2. What 
was established at Cairo? 3. Who was in counnand there? 4. How much of the 
Mississippi was in possession of the Confederates in the beginning of 1862 ? 5. What 
line of forts had the Confederates built? 6. Give an account of the battle of Mill 
Spring. 7. Where is Mill Spring? (See map, p. 320.) 8. Columbus? (Map, p. 300.) 
9. Bowling Green ? (Same.) 10. Fort Henry ? (Same.) 11. Fort Donelson ? (Same.) 



Lincoln's administration. 307 




ADMIRAL FOOTE. 



Spring, and Forts Henry and Donelson. In January, 1862, 
two divisions of" Union troops, under Generals Thomas and 
Schoepff (f^hof), advanced against Mill Spring, and on tlie 
19th a battle took place, resulting in the defeat of the Con- 
federates, and the death of Zollicoffer {tsol'-lc-ko'-fer), one of 
tlieir ablest generals. 

II. On the 6th of February, Cap- 
tain, afterward Admiral Foote,* 
commanding a fleet of gunboats, 
reduced Fort Henry. Upon the 
approach of General Mitchell a few 
days later. Bowling Green was 
abandoned, the forces retiring to 
Fort Donelson. Simultaneously 
with Mitchell's movement, a land 
and naval expedition proceeded 
against Fort Donelson, which was 
assaulted by General Grant on the 15th. The battle lasted 
the whole of that day with varying fortune, but during the 
night several thousand men of the Confederate force escaped 
up the Cumberland, and on the following morning the fort 
was surrendered, General Buckner and sixteen thousand men 
becoming prisoners. The evacuation of Nashville and Colum- 
bus followed as a necessary consequence. 

III. While these events were transpii-ing, a powerful land 

* Andrew Hull Foote was born in Conn'^cticut, September 12th, 1806. He spent the most of his life 
in the naval service of his country. He was an active friend of religious and philanthropic enterpri?esi, 
being particularly active in discouraging profanity and intemperance. He died in Ne.v York, June iOth, 
1S63, while making preparations to take charge of the squadron olf Charleston. 

II. Questions.— 12. By whom was Fort Henry captured ? 13. When was the 
capture made ? 14. Why did the Confederates abandon Bowline; Oreen? 15. Give 
an acconnt of the movements against Fort Donelson. IG. What places did the Con- 
federates then abandon ? 17. Why did they leave ? 

III. 18. What expedition sailed from Hampton Eoads? 19. When did the vessels 
reach Ilatteras Inlet? 20. When did they commence an attack? 21. What place 
did they attack ? 22. What success did the troops have? 23. W^ho commanded the 
troops ? 24. What other success did the troops have ? 25. What were the successes 
of the fleet? 26, What expedition was successful? 27. Give an account of the 
capture of Fort Tula.^ki. 28. Where is Ihe fort situated ? 



308 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

and naval expedition was fitted out and placed under the 

logo 

*^* command of General Burnside and Commodore Golds- 
borough. It sailed from Hampton Roads, and, though a destruc- 
tiv^e storm sprang up soon after, most of the vessels reached 
Hatteras Inlet by the l7th of January, and entered Pamlico 
Sound. On the 7th of Feb., the fleet opened a fire upon Roan- 
oke Isl., while the troops landed, and, storming the enemy's in- 
trenchraents on the 8th, captured twenty-five hundred prisoners. 
This success was followed by the destruction of the Confed- 
erate flotilla at Elizabeth City, by the seizure of that and other 
places, and also by a victory gained by Burnside, at Newbern, 
on the 14th of March. An expedition, fitted out at Port 
Royal, against certain seaports in Florida, was entirely success- 
ful, and, on the 11th of x\pril. Fort Pulaski, at the mouth 
of the Savannah, was bombarded and captured. 

IV. No events of the war produced more interest than 
those which occurred at Hampton Roads, on the 8tli and 9th 
of March. \Yhen Norfolk was abandoned, at the beginning 
of the war, the steamship Merrimac was sank. She was, how- 
ever, soon raised by the Confederates, cut down almost to the 
water's edge, and covered with a plating of iron. On the 8th 
of Mai'ch, she made her appearance in Hampton Roads, sunk 
the frigate Cumberland, and compelled the frigate Congress to 
surrender. Night set in, and it was anticipated, on the next 
day, all the national vessels in the roads would be destroyed. 
During the night, however, a newly invented floating battery, 
the Monitor, commanded by Lieutenant Worden {ivur'den), 
arrived from New York, and on the following day en- 
countered the Merrimac. After a contest of several hours, 
the latter, in a disabled condition, retreated to Norfolk. 



IV. Questions.— 29. What havoc was committed on the Sth of March, 1SG2? 
30. Give the previous history of the Merrimac. 31. By what name did the Confed- 
erates call her? Ans. The Virsjinia. 32. Wliat was the prospect for the 9lh of 
March? 33. What occurred dnrino: the night? 34. What then followed ? 35. Where 
is Hampton Eoads? (See map, p. 312.) 36. Norfolk? (Same map.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 309 

V. Ill Missouri and Arkansas, movements of importance 
had in the mean Avhile occurred. The Confederates in those 
States were commanded by General Van Dorn. A division 
01 their army having retreated from Missouri before General 
Curtis, their forces, to the number of about twenty -five thou- 
sand, concentrated at Pea Ridge, where one of the most deter- 
mined battles of the war was fought. It took place on the 
6th, 7th, and 8th of March, and resulted in the signal defeat 
of the Confederates. Curtis, in his official report, commended 
General Siegel and others of his officers for their gallant con- 
duct. 

VI. Early in March, General McClellan ordered an advance 
from Washington toward Richmond, the enemy falling back 
from the position at Centreville and Manassas, which he haJ 
occupied nearly a year, and taking up a new line of defense 
along the Rappahannock. On the 23d, General Shields, com- 
manding a Union detachment, gained a splendid victory at 
Winchester. McClellan having taken the field, an organiza- 
tion of military departments was effected, Gen. Halleck being 
assigned to the AVest, Gen. Hunter to the South, Gen. Butler 
to the Gulf, Gen. Fremont to West Virginia and Eastern 
Tennessee, Gen. Banks to the Shenandoah, Gen. McDowell to 
the Rappahannock, and Gen. McClellan to the Potomac. 

VII. After the Confederates had evacuated Columbus, they 
retreated down the Mississippi to Island No. 10, and to New 
Madrid, Missouri: they also took a strong position at Corinth. 



V. Questions.— 37. "Where is Pea Eidge ? (See map, p. 800.) 88. Give an account 
of the battle that took place there. 39. What commendation did General Sii.gel 
receive ? 

YI. 40. What movement was made earl}^ in March ? 41. What movement did the 
Confederates make in consequence? 42. What success did General Sliields have ? 
43. What department organizations were effected ? 44. W^here is Winchester? (See 
map, p. 320.) 45. Into what river does the Rappahannock flow? (Same map.) 

VIL 46. To what places did the Confederates retreat from Columbus? 47. What 
took place at New Madrid ? 48. Describe the process l)y which the Confederates 
were compelled to evacuate Island No. 10. 49. Where is Columbus? (See map, [l 
800.) 50. New Madrid ? (Same map.) 51. Island No. 10 ? (Same map.) 



310 Lincoln's administration. 

On the 14th of March, General Pope succeeded in taldnir 
New Madrid, and on the 16th the bombardment of the 
island was opened by the gunboat fleet of Commodore Foote. 
The plan of attack required the co-operation of Pope, but as that 
officer had no means of crossing the Mississippi, the difficulty 
was overcome by cutting a canal twelve miles long, through 
the neck of land formed by a bend in the river opposite the 
island, by which the needed transports from Foote's fleet 
were enabled to reach him. As soon as his troops began to 
cross, April 7th, the enemy proceeded to evacuate the island; 
and on the following day the place, with about six thousand 
prisoners, was in the hands of the Unionists. 

VIII. In the mean time the main body of the Western 
army, under Grant, was advancing toward Corinth. On the 
6ih of April, having reached Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, on 
the Tennessee, here, early in the morning of that day, it was 
attacked by the enemy, commanded by Johnston and Beaure- 
gard. The battle raged till near nightfall, the Union troops 
being compelled to retreat to the river, where the gunboats 
aided them to make a stand. The arrival of re-enforcements 
under Buell enabled Grant to assume the olfensive on the 
following day, and the enemy were finally driven back toward 
Corinth. The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, 
numbered more than a hundred thousand men, and the losses 
were very severe. 

IX. Halleck, having arrived from St. Louis, took command 
in person of Grant's victorious army. He at once commenced 
an advance upon Corinth, slowly progressing every day for 
nearly two months, when, iVpril 30th, the place was found to 

VIII. Questions.— 52. Where is Corinth ? (See inap, p. 300.) 53. Shihih ? (Same 
map.) 54. Into what river does the Tennessee flow? (Same map.) 55. Describe 
what took place on the 6th of April. 56. Give an account of subsequent operations. 

IX. 57. Who then took command of Grant's army? 58. Give an account of his 
movements. 50. Of Mitchell's movements. 60. Of operations at and nenr Fort 
Pillow. 61. Of operations at and before Mem jdi is. 62. Where is Nashville? (See 
map, p. 800.) 63. Iluntsville ? (Same map.) 64. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) 65. Memphis ? 
(Same.) 



311 

be evacuated. A small body of troops under Mitchell mean- 
while had marched from Nashville, occupied several towns in 
Tennessee, and seized Huntsville, in Alabama. The Confede- 
rates, after their loss of Island No. 10, made a stand at Fort 
Wright, or, as it is also called. Fort Pillow. The fleet on the 
Mississippi, commanded by Commodore Footc, descended the 
river, and was unsuccessfully attacked by the enemy's fleet 
near the fort — the fort itself being afterward abandoned. On 
the 6th, two days later, Commodore Davis, Foote's successor, 
gained a victory over the fleet defending Memphis, and the 
town, in consequence, fell into his hand-^. 

X. Lower down the Mississippi, the Union cause had met 
with a success of still more importance. This was the capture 
of New Orleans, on the 2oth of April. Admiral Farragut's 
fleet of forty-five vessels, including a number of mortar-boats 
under the special command of Commodore Porter, ascended 
the Mississippi, and for six days boml>arded Forts Jackson and 
St. Philip, on opposite sides of the river, about seventy-five 
miles below the cit)^ Having broken the chain which had 
been stretched across the stream, Farragut ran past the forts, 
April 24th, and destroyed a squadron of the enemy's rams 
and gunboats. As he approached New Orleans, the Confede- 
rates set fire to the vast stores of cotton and sugar there. 
The two forts, Jackson and St. Philip, surrendered to Porter, 
and then General Butler moved up the river from Ship Island, 
and, taking formal possession of the city, placed it under 
martial law. 

XL At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his army, to the 

X. Questions. — 66. When was New Orleans oapturctl by the Uliion forces? 67. 
When was the capture made? 6S. By whom were tlie victors commanded? 69. 
Gi%-e an account of the achievement. TO. Who then took military possession of the 
city ? 71. Where is New Orleans? (See map, p. 300.) 

XI. 72. How larfre an army did General Mct'lellan have at Alexandria? 78. What 
movement did he make from x^lexandria ? 74. Give an account of oi)erations at 
Yorktown. 75. At Williamsburg. 76. At West Point. 77. Where is Alexandria? 
(See map. p. 237.) 78. Fortress Monroe ? (Map, p. 320.) 79. Yorktown ? (SanuV) SO. 
Kichmond ? (Same.) 81. Williamsburg ? (Same.) 82. West Point ? (Same.) 



312 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



18Qi 



number of eighty-five thousand men, for Fortress Mon- 
roe, wlience he advanced upon Yorktown. A siege com- 
menced on the 5th of April, and continued, with much fighting, 
until the 4th of May, when the place was found to be evacuated. 
The Confederates retreated toward Itichmond, pursued by the 
Union troops ; and at Williamsburg, where they were over- 
taken the following day, a severe action took place. The 
pursuers at first met with a serious check; but the timely 
arrival of General Kearny restored the battle, and the enemy 
fled. A division of the pursuing army proceeded up the 
York River, and, having landed near AVcst Point, were unsuc- 
cessfully attacked on the '7th. 

XII. President Lincoln at this time 
visited Fortress Monroe, and having 
urged a movement upon Norfolk, an ex- 
pedition was accordingly dispatched 
under General Wool. Upon approaching 
the city, the Union commander was met 
by the civil authorities and informed that 
the place had been abandoned by the 
Confederate army. Besides this aban- 
donment, the insurgents had burned the navy-yard near Nor- 
folk ; evacuated Craney Island, where they had erected formi- 
dable defenses ; and had also destroyed their iron-clad vessel, 
the Merrimac. They needed all their men to oppose the march 
of McClellan's army against Richmond. 

XIII. This army, in the mean time, was steadily advancing. 




MAP OF NORFOLK AND 
VICINITY. 



By the 20tli of May, most of the troops had reached the 



XII. Questions.— S3. "What visit did the President make? 84. What did he 
urge ? 85. What success did General Wool have ? 86. What previous acts had the 
insurgents committed? 87. Why did they do so? 88. Where is Norfolk ? (See 
map, p. 312.) 89. Craney Island? (Same map.) 

XIII. 90. What advance did McClellan's army make by the 22d of May ? 91. 
When wsjs the battle of Hanover Court House fought? 92. Give an account of the 
battle of Fair Oaks. 98 What can you state of General McDowell's movements? 
94. Into what river docs the Chickahominy H<>w V (See map, p. 29.) 95. Where is 
Fair Oaks? (See map, p. 313.) 9G. Bowling Green? (Sec map, p. 237.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



313 



Chickalioiiiiiiy, a small river running through a swampy 
country, and, on tlie 22 d, the stream was crossed. Five days 
later, a detachment under General Porter defeated the enemy 
at Hanover Court House. At Fair Oaks, a position within 
about five miles of Itichraond, a bloody battle took place 
on the last day of May and the first of June, the Xorth losing 
five thousand men and the South eight thousand, without 
advantage to either side. McDowell, who had been ordered 
to co-operate in the movement against Ptichmond, reached 
Bowling Green, when he was directed by the President to 
inarch for the Shenandoah. 

XIV. Banks's division, at the time, was at Strasburu:, and 
this force the enemy formed the plan of capturing ; but the 
Confederates meeting with resistance at Front Royal, Banks 
became aware of their purpose, and made a masterly retreat 
to the Potomac. Jackson, the pursuing general, advanced to 
Harper's Ferry, but, meeting with a repulse, made a retrograde 

movement. At Strasburg, he was 
overtaken, June 1st, by Fremont, who 
had made a forced march across the 
mountains, and was driven from the 
place. Fremont continued the pursuit, 
fighting an undecisive battle at Cross 
Keys and another at Port Republic. 
Although Jackson had failed to capture 

Banks's army, he had succeeded in preventing re-enforcements 

being sent to McClellan. 

XV. ]\IcClellan, believing that the force at his disposal was 




XIV. Questions. — 97. Give an account of Banks's retreat from Strasbnr^r. 9^. 
"Where, on the Potomac, did Jackson meet with defeat ? 99. Wliat took place at 
Strasburg? 100. At Cross Keys? 101. At Port Eepublic? 102. What was theresult 
of Jackson's expedition ? 10.3. Where is Strasburg? (Sec map, p. 320.) 104. Cross 
Keys? (Same map.) 105. Port Eejiublic? (Same.) 

XV. 106. W hat change of base did McClellan effect ? 107. Why did he make thi- 
change? lOS. What took place while the change was in progress? 109. IIow was 
the army protected at Harrison's Landing? 110. Where is the White House? (See 
map. p. 313.) 111. Hamson's Landing ? (Same map.) 112. What army changes were 
made ? 

U 



314 Lincoln's administration. 

not sufficient to protect liis lines, which extended from 
~" the AVhite House, on the Painunkey, where the army 
had its supplies, transferred his base of operations to Harrison's 
Landing", on the James. While this movement was in pi-ogress, 
the Confederates fell upon the Union troops, June 25th, and 
a series of destructive battles, lasting through seven days, 
took place. At this new position the Federal army remained 
until the ]4th of August, protected by a fleet of gunboats. 
Prior to this, the corps of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell had 
been consolidated with the army of the Potomac, and the 
command given to General Pope, and, on the 1st of July, the 
President issued a call for three hundred thousand more 
volunteers. On the 11th, Halleck was appointed commander- 
in-chief. Grant succeeding him in the command of the army 
of the Mississippi. 

XVI. Other operations of importance had in the mean time 
taken place, both in the east and west. General Hunter had 
made an unsuccessful attempt upon James Island, and great 
damage had been done to the property of Union people 
in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee, by guerrilla bands. A 
severe fight took place on the Yazoo lliver, July 15th, between 
the Confederate ram Arkansas and three Federal vessels, after 
which the ram ran through the fleets of Farragut and Davis 
to Vicksburg, Some days later she sailed down the Missis- 
sippi, to aid in an attack on Baton Rouge. In this movement, 
which proved unsuccessful, the ram was not able to take part, 
but on the following day, August 6th, after a brief action with 
the United States gunboat Essex, she took fire and was blown 
up. At luka (I-u'-kah), on the 19th of the folio whig month, 
Rosecrans fought and dispersed the Confederate force under 
Price, and on the 4th of October he gained another victory at 
Corinth. 

XVI. Questions.— 113. In what did General Hunter fail? 114. Where did 
guerrilla bands destroy property? 115. Give an account of the doings of the ram 
Arkansas. 116. What took place at luka? 117. At Corinth ? 118. Where is luka? 
(See map, p. 300.) 119. Corinth ? (Same map.) 



315 

■ XVII. Freed from the necessity of defending their own 
capital, the enemy undertook to menace that of the Union. 
!McClellan was ordered to withdraw from the James and 
co-operate with Pope against this movement ; but before 
he commenced the transfer of his troops a hotly contested 
battle was fought, August 9th, at Cedar Mountain, eight miles 
from Culpepper Court House, between a division of Pope's 
army, commanded by Banks, and a force under Jackson. 
The Confederates, though superior in numbers, were unsuccess- 
ful. The main army of the enemy, commanded by General 
Lee, advanced, and, until the close of the month, the struggle 
between the two great armies was desperate. In a conflict, 
attended with great slaughter, occurring on the 29th and 30th, 
and known as the "second battle of Bull Run," Pope was 
defeated, and at night retreated to Centreville. At Chantilly, 
two days after, a body of Confederate troops was met and at 
last driven back, but not till they had killed two valuable 
Union officers. Generals Stevens^ and Kearny.f 

XVIII. Pope's army fell back to the intrenchments before 
Washington, but Lee's, instead of following, turned northward 
and crossed the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan was then 
in command of all the troops concentrated near Washington 
for its defense. lie pursued Lee, and, on the 14tli of Sep- 



* Isaac Ingalls Stevens was born in Massachusetts, in 1817. He graduated at West Point, was an 
officer in the Mexican war, Governor of Washington Territory, and a delegate in Congress. 

t Philip Kearny was born in the city of New York, June Sd, 1815. He went to Europe by direction 
of the United States Government, to report upon the French cavalry tactics, and was promoted for gal- 
lant conduct in the Mexican war, losing his left arm. His merits as a disciplinarian were very superior. 

XVII. Questions. — 120. What permitted the Confederates to menace the city of 
Washington? 121. What order was given to McClellan ? 122. What took place be- 
fore McClellan's troops began to move ? 123. Give an account of the battle of Cedar 
Wouiitain. 124. Of the other events of the month. 125. Of the battle of Chanlill}-. 
126. Where is Culpepper Court House? (See map, p. 320.) 127. Cedar Mountain? 
12S. Centreville ? (See map, p. 830.) 129. Chantilly ? ("Same map.) 

XVIII. 130. To what position did Pope's army fall back ? 131. What did Lee'a 
army do ? 132. What duty did McClellan have assigned to him just then ? 133. Give 
an account of the battle of South Mountain. 134:. Of the surrender of Harper's 
Ferry. 135. Where is South Motintuin? Ans. In Maryland, near Harper's Ferry. 
136. Harper's Ferry ? (See map, p. 320.) 



316 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 




GENEUAL LEE. 



tember, overtook and successfuUv attacked liim at South 
186^ 

Mountain. At the same time a strong body of the Con- 
federate army was drawing around Harper's Ferry. These 
opened fire, and on the loth the place was surrendered, with 
eleven thousand men and vast munitions of war. 

XIX. The captors of Harper's 
Ferry entered Maryland, and, join- 
ing Lee at Antietam (an-te'-fam), 
were in time to aid him in the great 
battle fought there on the l7th. In 
this contest, which lasted from day- 
light to nightfall, and which resulted 
in favor of the Union cause, not 
less than eleven thousand Federal 
troops were killed or wounded, 
while the loss of the enemy was 
even greater. On the night of the 
18th, Lee withdrew his forces across the Potomac, having lost 
during his campaign in Maryland, in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, more than twenty-five thousand men. 

XX. In Tennessee and Kentucky, the Confederates were 
very active during the summer. General Smith moved north- 
ward, and defeated a body of Union troops at Richmond, 
Kentucky, on the 30th of August. His march thence to 
Frankfort, during which he was joined by a guerrilla force 
under Morgan, caused great excitement in Cincinnati, and 
effectual measures were adopted by General Wallace to repel 
his advance across the Ohio. With the main army, of which 

XIX. Questions.— 137. Give an account of the battle of Antietam. 18S. What 
(lid Loc afterward do ? 139. How many men did Lee lose during his campaign? 
140. Where is Antietam ? (See map, p. 320.) 

XX. 141. Give an account of the battle of Richmond. 142. What was done by 
General Wallace ? 143. Through what place did General Biugg march ? 144. What 
place did he intend to attack? 145. Why did he not do so? 146. What took place 
at Munfordville? 147. At Perry ville? 148. What plunder did Bragg escape with ? 
149. Who succeeded Buell in the command? 150. How is Eichmond, Kentucky, 
situated? Ans. Near Lexington. 151. Frankfort? (Sec map, p. 320.) 152. Louis- 
ville ? (See map, p. 192.) 153. Perry ville ? (Same.) 



Lincoln's administration. 31 7 

Smith's was an advanced division, General Bragg marched 
througli Chattanooga, his point of attack being Louisville. 
Munfordville, after a day's contest, was surrendered to the 
Confederates ; but Buell, who had followed up Bragg from 
the South, finally outstripped him, and, arriving at Louisville, 
put an end to further invasion by the enemy. On his retreat 
Bragg was successfully attacked at Perryville, October 8th, 
but he made good his escape, with nearly four thousand wagon 
loads of plunder. Buell was soon after superseded in the 
command by Rosecrans. 

XXL Although in the capture of New Orleans, and in 
other successes, the Federal Government had made progress 
toward regaining possession of the Mississippi, yet the enemy 
still held Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and consequently their 
communication with States on opposite sides of the river con- 
tinued. An attempt made by Sherman to capture Vicksburg 
failed. Grant, who had advanced to co-operate, having been 
compelled to fall back, his line of communication having been 
cut by the enemy. Sherman's repulse took place on the 29th 
of December. 

XXIL The Army of the Potomac, having made an advance, 
were in the vicinity of Front Royal on the 'Zth of November. 
On that day McClellan was superseded in the command by 
Burnside, and, later in the month, the troops, led by their new 
commander, reached the Rappahannock, the design being to 
march against Richmond by the route from Fredericksburg. 
Owing to delay in the arrival of pontoons necessary for cross- 

XXI. Questions. — 154. To what end did the capture of New Orleans tend ? 155. 
What advantage did the holding of Vicksburg and Port Ihulson give to the Confed- 
erates ? 156. When and whj' did Sherman fail to take Vicksburg? 157. Where is 
Vicksburg ? (See map, p. 800.) 158. What was done by the Confederate cav;ihy? 
Ans. Stuart made a raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania, completely passing arour.d 
the Union lines. 

XXII. 159. Who succeeded McClellan in the command of the army, November 
7th ? 100. Where was the army then ? 161. Where is Front Koyal situated? (See 
map, p. 320.) 162. What plan did Burnside undertake to carry out? 163. Why did 
he not cross the Rappahannock without delay ? 104. Give an account of the further 
operations of Burnside? 165. Where is Fredericksburg? (See map, p. 320.) 



318 Lincoln's administration. 

ino; the rivc", the enemy had tiinlfe to throw up stronor 
186'"''. . 

intrenchmcnts on the hills in the rear of the city. The 

river was finally crossed on the 12th of December, and Fred- 
ericksburg taken possession of; but all attempts to carry the 
enemy's position failed, and on the 15th the army recrossed 
the river, having sustained a loss, in killed, wounded, and 
missing, of over twelve thousand men. 



EVENTS OF 1863. 

I. On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued 
his memorable emancipation proclamation, declaring forever 
free all the slaves in the States then in rebellion, excepting in 
such portions as were occupied by the national troops. This 
step was taken in accordance with a notice given by the Presi- 
dent a hundred days before. By it more than three millions 
of slaves were declared free. On the same day the city of 
Galveston was taken by the Confederates, and the naval force 
before the place captured, destroyed, or dispersed. 

II. In the latter part of 1832, Rosecrans moved from the 
vicinity of Cincinnati, intending to penetrate Alabama, and 
at Murfreesboro' he encountered the enemy under Bragg. 
After a severe struggle, which lasted several days, victory, on 
the 2d of January, 1863, decided in favor of the national 
forces. Rosecrans remained at Murfreesboro' several months. 
In June his army was again put in motion, and by a flank 
movement he compelled Bragg to retreat into Georgia. 



Events of 1S63. — I. Questions. — 1. What Proclamation did President Lincoln 
issue? 2, When did he issue it? 3. Had he given notice of liis intentit^n to issue 
such a document ? 4. When ? 5. What vas the nature of the proclamation ? Ans. 
" It warned all the insurgents to lay down their arms and return to their allegiance, 
under the penalty that, in all the districts where the insurrection should be still 
maintained, with the support of the people, he would, on the first of January then 
next, proclaim, as a military measure, the freedom of the slaves." G. What took 
place at Galveston ? 7. Where is Galveston ? (See map, p. 26S.) 

IL 8. What movement did Eosecrans make? 9. Give an account of the battle ut 
Murfreesboro'. 10. Where is Murfreesboro' ? (See map, p. 192.) 



Lincoln's administration. 



319 




JACKSON (stonewall). 



III. Burnside having, at his own 
request, been relieved of the com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac, 
was succeeded by Hooker. Toward 
the hitter part of April the army 
acrain crossed the Rappahannock, 
but being met by the enemy under 
Lee at Chancellorsville, a severe bat- 
tle was fought on the 2d and 3d of 
May, to the disadvantage of the 

national troops. Hooker recrossed . ^ . • i 

the river, and occupied his former camp opposite Fredericks- 
buro- In this attempt the army sustained a loss of abou 
eleven thousand men; that of the Confederates was less, but 
among their mortally wounded was "Stonewall Jackson, 
one of their ablest generals. 

IV On the 9th of June, Lee's army, numbermg nearly a 
hundred thousand men, began a northward movement. Hooker 
followino-. On the 15th President Lincoln issued a call tor 
one hundred thousand men, to repel the invaders, who cross- 
ino. the Potomac, on the 27th were near Hagerstown. On the 
following day the command of the pursuing army was trans- 
ferred to General Meade. At Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania 
Lee concentrated his forces; and here, on the 1st 2d, and 3d 
of July, one of the most important conflicts of the war took 

of his state. It was remarked ^ V"^ La I' ^'^ , rl knuvvn as " Stonewall Jackson." 

like a stoue wall ;" hence he was alterward populai I, Know 



TIT QUESTIONS -11. Who, after Burnside, commanded the Army of the Puto- 
ill. <4UEbTiojN&. Ai. II ii", „ 1 a 1Q Whnt movement tlul 

mac ' 12. Why was Burnside relieved of the command ? 13. ^\ hat mov 

burg ? (See mar, P- 320.) 22. Hagerstown ? (Same map.) 



320 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 




M £ X / C a ky 



{Questions to he av^ceredfrom the cibove map.) 
Where is Washington? Eichinond? Olustee? Norfolk? Lyncliburg? Peters- 
burg? Fredericksburg? Gettysburg? Eesaca? Winchester? Harper's Ferry? 
Chambersburg ? Monocacy? Strasburg? Front Royal? New Market? Martins- 
burg? Ilagerstown? Cross Keys ? Chantilly ? Philippi ? Williamsburg? 



Lincoln's administration. 321 

place. The invaders were finally defeated, and, with their 
army reduced one-third, they made a rapid retreat into Vir- 
ginia. 

V. In the beginning of the year a plan of attack against 
Arkansas Post was concerted by Sherman and Admiral Por- 
ter. General McClernand arriving and taking the command of 
the Army of the Mississippi, the place, with its garrison of 
five thousand men, was captured on the 11th of January. At 
this time General Banks was in command of the Department 
of the Gulf, he having superseded Butler. After making vic- 
torious incursions over a large part of Louisiana, he proceeded 
to invest Port Hudson. 

VI. It was the chief object of Grant, then in command of 
the Army of the Mississippi, to open the great river. His 
first point of attack was Vicksburg, the strongest post held 
by the enemy on the Mississippi. Failing to get in the rear 
of the city, he moved his army down the west side of the 
river, while Porter's fleet ran by the batteries of Vicksburg. 
The army then recrossed the Mississippi below Vicksburg, 
and, near Port Gibson, May 1st, gained a decided victory. 
General Pemberton, who was the chief in command at Vicks- 
burg, had a force under him of at least thirty thousand men. 
He sallied forth to attack the rear of the investing army, 
when a series of battles took place, from the 12th to the l7th 
of the month, in which he met with defeat. The investment 
was then made more complete, and the city's defenses were 
twice assaulted. Pemberton, however, still held out, hoping 
for relief from General Johnston ; but in vain, and, with an 



Y. Questions.— 23. Give an account of the capture of Arkansas Post. 24. Who, 
after Butler, commanded the Department of the Gulf? 25. What did Banks accom- 
plish in Louisiana ? 

VI. 26. What great object did Grant have in view? 21. How did his army get 
from the east side of the Mississippi to the vicinity of Port Gibson ? 28. What took 
place near the fort? 29. How did Porter's fleet get below Vicksburg? 30. What 
battles took place? 31. Give an account of the surrender of Vicksburg. 82. Where 
is Vicksburg ? (See map, p. 300.) 33. Port Gibson ? (Same map*.) 34. Port Hudson ? 
(Same.) 

14- 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



army on tlie verge of starvation, lie surrendered the 



1863. 



city on the 4th of July. 
VII. Banks's operations against Port Hudson continued 
until its commander was informed of the fall of Yicksburo-, 
wlien he too surrendered. Thus was the Mississippi opened. 
In the assaults which had been made upon the enemy's works 
before Port Hudson, the colored troops, of which there were 
several regiments hi Banks's army, behaved with so much 
bravery as to call forth official commendation. While the 
Union forces were operating against Vicksburg and Port 
Hudson, as just related. Colonel Grierson made a cavalry raid 
of great boldness. Entering the State of Mississippi from the 
north, he broke the communications of the Confederates, 
destroyed stores, and effected captures, finally reaching Baton 
Kouge (bat'-o?i-roozh) without serious loss. The news of the 
victories at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Port Hudson, caused 
great rejoicings among the loyal people of the country. 

YIH. Almost simultaneously with 
Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, a 
bold raid was made into Indiana 
and Ohio by the partisan ranger, 
General Morgan. At first he met 
with considerable success, plunder- 
ing and destroying as he moved 
eastward ; but after having been 
pursued day and night for a dis- 
tance of nearly seven hundred miles, 
and baffled by the gunboats in an attempt to recross the Ohio, 




SEAL OF WEST VTRaiNIA.* 



* West Virginia was admitted into tlie Union in 1863. It includes most of that portion of the old State 
lying west of the Alleghany Mountains—hence its name. The motto of the State, Montani Semper 
Liberi, signifies, Mountaineers are always free. 



VII. QiTESTiONS.— 85. What success did General Banks have ? 86. What was the 
consequence ? 37. "What is said of the conduct of the colored troops ? 38. Give an 
account of Grierson's raid. 39. What effect did the news of victory have ? 

YIII. 40. Into what States did Morgan make a raid ? 41. What success did he 
have ? 42. What p.ursuit was made ? 43. Where was he overtaken ? Ans. Near 
Kyger'a Creek, Ohio. 44. What was the result? 45. What afterward took place? 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 323 

he was overtaken by General Ilobson, July 21st, and a laro-e 
part of his force captured. He and about five hundred men 
succeeding in escaping, and were not taken until five days 
after. 

IX. During the year, the principal operations in the Caro- 
linas took place in the vicinity of Charleston. The Confede- 
rates undertook to recover their lost possessions in North 
Carolina, but without success^ a demonstration which thev 
made on Ncwbern failing, as did also their designs against 
Washington, on the Tar River. On the 7th of April, Admiral 
Dupont, commanding a fleet of iron-clads, made an attack 
upon the fortifications of Charleston harbor, but his vessels 
were driven off". A vigorous attempt to capture Charleston 
was made on the 10th of July, by the Union land and naval 
forces, under General Gillmore and Admiral Dahlgren {dal'- 
gren). Though this also failed, Morris Island, with the 
exception of its northern portion, containing Fort Wagner, 
was gained. Twice afterward, on the 11th and ISth, was the 
fort unsuccessfully assailed. At last the Confederates were 
forced to abandon the island altogether. During seven days 
in August, Fort »Sumter was subjected to a bombardment so 
destructive as to reduce it to a mass of ruins, and shells were 
thrown into the city of Charleston itself. 

X. Bragg, who had been compelled by Rosecrans to retreat 
into Georgia, having been re-enforced by troops from Lee's 

IX. Questions. — 46. What can you state of operations in Nortli Carolina? 47. 
Give an account of the operations of April 7th. 48. July 10th. 49. Of the assault:^. 
50. What noted officer Avas killed ? Ans. Colonel Shaw, " commanding the first 
regiment of colored soldiers from a free State ever mustered into the United States 
service." 51. What took place afterward, during a period of seven days ? 52. Whei(! 
is Charleston? (See maps, pp. 79 and 129.) 53. Morris Island? (See map, p. 129.) 
54. Where was Fort Wagner ? 55. What position on the island, beside Fort Wagner, 
did the Confederates hold? Ans. Battery Gregg, situated on the north point of the 
island. 56. Describe the Tar River. (See map, p. 164.) 

X. 57. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek. 5S. How was Eose- 
crans's army saved from defeat ? 59. What losses were sustained in the battle? 60. 
What movement did Rosecrans make ? 61. Where is Chickamauga Creek ? (See 
map, p. 320.) 62. Chattanooga? (Same map.) 



324 Lincoln's administration. 

army under General Longstreet, turned upon his pur- 
^^^^- suers near Chickamauga Creek. The battle that fol- 
lowed, September 19th and 20th, was furious; and at the close 
of the second day General Thomas held a position from which 
the Confederates vainly by the most desperate efforts endeav- 
ored to force him ; this alone saved the Union army from utter 
defeat. On the following day, the entire army of Rosecrans 
fell back to Chattanooga. In this conflict the loss to the 
national army exceeded sixteen thousand men : the enemy's 
was certainly as large. 

XI. The army of Rosecrans at Chattanooga was for a time 
in danger of starvation. Its lines of communication had been 
cut by the enemy, who also occupied a threatening position 
on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. General 
Hooker, however, opportunely arrived with re-enforcements, 
as also did General Grant, the latter superseding Rosecrans in 
the command. Hooker's troops stormed and carried Lookout 
Mountain, November 24th, and on the following day Missionary 
Ridge was also captured, and Bragg's army routed and driven 
back into Georgia, the losses on both sides being very severe. 

XII. In the mean time Burnside had been sent from Ken- 
tucky to drive the enemy from East Tennessee. Bragg, on 
being informed of this, detached Longstreet against him ; 
consequently Burnside was besieged in Knoxville for a period 
of fifteen days. During the siege the enemy made a fierce 
assault upon Burnside's defenses, November 29th, but were 
repulsed. The victory at Chattanooga having enabled Grant 
to send Sherman to the relief of Burnside, Longstreet was 
compelled/ to flee. He made good his retreat, succeeding at 
last in rejoining Lee's army in Virginia. 

XL QcESTioNs. — 63. What can you state of the coni.ition of the army at Chatta- 
nooga? 64. What relief came ? 65. What oyjerations took place in November ? 66. 
Where are the two mountains spoken of? Ans. Northern part of Georgia. 

XIL 67. On what expedition was Burnside sent? 6S. What can you state of the 
siege and assault ? 69. What compelled Longstreet to retreat ? 70. Where did he 
go? 7L Where is Knoxville ? (See map, p. 192.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 325 

XIII. A great deal of activity was kept up for months by 
Generals Price, Marmaduke, and others, commanding portions 
of the Confederate army west of the Mississippi. They, liow- 
ever, met with but little success. Marmaduke was repulsed 
at Springfield, January 8th, also at Cape Girardeau (jir'-ar-do), 
April 26th, and Price and he at Helena, Arkansas, July 4th. 
General Steele was afterward sent into Arkansas. He pushed 
the Confederates with vigor, and by the close of October re- 
stored most of the State to the national authority. Bands of 
guerrillas, however, continued to plunder and destroy ; the 
sacking of Lawrence in Kansas being one of the many out- 
rages thus committed. 

XIY. The navy of the United States during the year was 
very active. It was divided into six squadrons, and employed 
along the Atlantic seaboard and in the western rivers in 
blockading duties, and in movements co-operating with the 
armies of Banks, Gi-ant, and others. A number of vessels 
Avere also employed from time to time in cruising after Con- 
federate privateers. The blockade became so effective as to 
be fully respected by the nations of Europe, Wilmington 
alone, of all the Confederate ports, on account of its wide and 
numerous inlets, being at all successful in maintaining an in- 
tercourse with Nassau (nas-saiv'), and other British ports. 

XV. Congress, by its several enactments, fully empowered 

XIII. Questions. — 72. What can you state of the activity of the Confederates 
west of the Mississippi? 73. What took place at Springfield? 74. At Cape Girar- 
deau? 75. At Helena? 76. At Lawrence? 77. Where is Springfield? (See map, p. 
300.) 7S. Cape Girardeau? (Same map.) 79. Helena? (Same.) SO. Lawrence? 
(Same.) 

XIV. 81. Into how many sqtmdrons was the United States Navy divided ? 82. 
How was the navy employed? S3. How were other vessels employed? 84. What 
is said of the effectiveness of the blockade? S5. Where is Wilmington ? (See map, 
p. 820.) 86. What is Nassau? Ans. Nassau is the capital of the Bahama Inlands. 
87. Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, p. 10.) 

XV. SS. What power did Congress confer upon the President? 89. How large 
was the navy at the close of the year? 90. How many men were in the army ? 91. 
What power did the conscription act confiT? 92. How was the great ri<;t in New 
York brought about ? 93. Give an account of the riot. 94. When was West Virginia 
admitted into the Union? (See note, p, 322.) 



326 

tlie President to cany on the war, placing at liis disposal 
* all the money and men needed. The navy nnmhered at 
the close of the year nearly six hundred vessels, carrying twenty- 
five thousand seamen, and the army consisted of not less than 
half a million of effective men, of whom above sixty thousand 
were colored troops. Among the congressional enactments was 
a conscription act, empowering the President to recruit the 
army by drafting. By virtue of this authority, he ordered a 
draft of three hundred thousand men. An opposition to this 
measure was at once excited, which culminated in a riot in the 
city of New York, commencing July 13th, while the draft 
was in progress, and continuing four days. Buildings were 
sacked and burned, the Colored Orphan Asylum among the 
number, and the most fiendish acts were committed, particu- 
larly against the colored people. At length the police, aided 
by a military force, quelled the riot, but not before at least a 
hundred of those engaged in it had beeii killed. 

EVENTS OP 1864. 
I. In February, 1864, Sherman, at the head of twenty-five 
thousand men, marched eastward from Vicksburg, nearly 
across the State of Mississippi. An expedition from Mem- 
phis, designed to co-operate with him, met with so much op- 
position from the enemy as to be compelled to put back. 
Sherman effected the destruction of many miles of railroad, 
and on his march back to Vicksburg was accompanied by 
about six thousand of the slaves whom he had liberated. In 
the same month an expedition from Port Royal, under Gen- 
eral Seymour, was made into Florida, wdiich resulted in severe 
disaster, the Union force being defeated at Olustee, on the 
20th inst., with terrible slaughter. 

Events of 1SG4. — I. Questions. — 1. W^hat inarch did Sherman make early in 
IS&t? 2. What destruction did he elfect? 3. What is stated of the slaves ? 4. Give 
an account of the battle of Olustee. 5. Where is Vicksburg? (See map, p. 300.) 6. 
Memphis? (Same map.) 7. To what place did Sherman's expedition extend? Ans. 
Meridian. (See map, p. 300.) S. Where is Olustee ? (See map, p. 320.) 



Lincoln's administration. 327 



II. A concentration of forces took place at Nev/ Orleans 
early in 1864 : tliese, according to the plan of General Banks, 
were to co-operate with Porter's fleet in an expedition np the 
Red River as far as Shreveport. General Smith, commanding 
about ten thousand troops from Vicksbnrg, preceded Banks, 
took Fort De Rnssy, March 14th, and, two days after, entered 
Alexandria. A column from the main army here joined the 
expedition. At Cane River the enemy undertook to check 
the further advance of the Unionists, but they were repulsed. 
Near Mansfield, on the 8th of April, they were entirely suc- 
cessful, and the Union army during the night reti'cated to 
Pleasant Hill : the enemy, following, renewed the attack on 
the following day, not, however, with a like result. Though 
the Unionists were successful in this last battle, their losses 
during the campaign were severe, and Banks ordered the army 
to fall back to the river. 

III. Meanwhile the fleet had made progress up the river, 
but the retrograde movement of the army decided Porter to 
return. On his way back he was almost constantly annoyed 
by the enemy's batteries and sharpshooters on the banks of 
the stream. The water too had fallen so much that, when his 
vessels approached the rapids near Alexandria, they could not 
pass. In this emergency, a plan proposed by Lieutenant-Col- 
onel Bailey was adopted, and under his direction a dam was 
constructed across the river, by which the boats were enabled 
to go over the falls. The army returned to New Orleans and 
the fleet to the Mississippi. General Banks during this expc- 

II. Questions. — 9. Of what forces was the Eed River expedition composed? 10. 
How far up the river did General Banks design to go ? 11. What did General Smith 
accomplish alone? 12. What took place at Cane Kiver? 13. At Mansfield? 14. At 
Pleasant Hill ? 15. Describe the Red River. (See map, p. 300.) 16. Where is Shreve- 
port ? (Same map.) 17. Fort De Russy ? (Same.) IS. Alexandria ? (Same.) 19. 
Mansfield? (Same.) 20. Pleasant Hill? (Same.) 21. Camden? (Same.) 22. Little 
Eock? (Same.) 

III. 23. What effect did Banks's retreat have upon Commodore Porter? 24. "What 
annoyance did Porter experience ? 25. What ditticulty did he meet near Alexamlria ? 
26. How was the difticulty overcome ? 27. W^hat movements did the army and fleet 
then make? 28. What account can you give of General Steele's movements? 



328 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

dition liad expected the co-operation of General Steele, 
* from Arkansas. That officer made a successful advance 
as far as Camden, but the failure experienced by Banks left 
liim no alternative other than a return to Little Rock. On his 
way he was harassed by the Confederates, and though lie 
defeated them in a battle fought on the 30th of May, his losses 
were severe. 

IV. The withdrawal of forces from Vicksburo- to eno-ajre in 
the Red River expedition emboldened the Confederates under 
General Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten- 
nessee and Kentucky. The garrison at Union City surren- 
dered after a slight resistance. On the following day, March 
25th, two unsuccessful attacks were made upon Fort Ander- 
son, near Paducah. Early on the morning of the 12th of 
April an attack was made on Fort Pillow. The garrison, con- 
sisting of between five and six hundred men, more than half 
of whom were colored troops, made a brave resistance, but 
the place at last was carried by assault, and three hundred of 
its defenders massacred. In North Carolina the Confederate 
soldiers were also successful, capturing Plymouth with the aid 
of the iron-clad ram Albemarle. In October, a little more 
than six months afterward, the Albemarle was sunk by Lieu- 
tenant Gushing, by means of a torpedo. The main defense 
of Plymouth beiug thus removed, the town was retaken on 
the 31st of the same month. 

Y. The services which General Grant had rendered the 
country, added to his peculiar fitness as a commander of large 
armies, induced Congress to revive the grade of Lieutenant- 
General, with special reference to him. This grade had been 



IV. Questions. — 29. Why did Forrest decide upon making a raid? 30. What 
took place at Union City ? 31. At Fort Anderson ? 32. At Fort Pillow? 33. Give 
an account of the loss and recapture of Plymouth. 34. Where is Union City? (See 
map, p. 300.) 35. Paducah ? (Same map.) 36. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) 37. Plymouth ? 
(See map, p. 320.) 

V. 38. Why did Congress revive the grade of Lieutenant-General ? 39. Give the 
previous history of the grade. 40. What was done in reference to General Grant? 
41. What preparations were begun ? 




LIEUT. -GEN. GRANT. 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 329 

previously conferred on only one person, General Scott, and 
on the retirement of that officer had become extinct. Accord- 
ingly the President nominated Gen- 
eral Grant for this position, the 
highest in the military service of 
the country, and the nomination 
was confirmed by the Senate on 
the 3d of March. Vast prepara- 
tions were at once commenced for 
two campaigns, one against Rich- 
mond by the Army of the Potomac; 
and the other against Atlanta by an 
army of a hundred thousand men under General Sherman. 
Early in May both armies began to move forward. 

VI. To oppose Sherman was an array sixty thousand 
strong, commanded by General Johnston. The Union troops 
advanced from Cliattanooga, and, by a flank movement, com- 
pelled Johnston to fall back to Resaca. From this position, 
after a severe contest of two days. May 14th and 15th, he was 
also obliged to retreat. Other battles were fought, the Union 
troops carrying line after line of rifle-pits, intrenchmcnts, and 
fortifications — most of the time through a mountain region — 
outflanking the enemy and pursuing him to the strong fortifi- 
cations of Atlanta. Johnston's "retreating policy" was 
loudly condemned by the Confederates, and he was conse- 
quently superseded in the command by General Hood. 

VII. From the 20th to the 28tli of July, Hood made three 



VI. Questions. — 42. What army did Sherman have ai^'ainsthim? 43. From what 
place did Sherman commence his movement? 44. "What took place at Eesaca? 45. 
What account can you give of the operations before the fortifications of Atlanta 
were reached ? 4G. Who succeeded Johnston in tlie command of the Confederate 
army ? 4T. Why was Johnston removed ? 48. Where is Chattanooga? (See map, p. 
820.) 49. Resaca? (Same map.) 50. Atlanta ? (Same.) 

VII. 51. What can you state of the assaults made by Hood ? 52. Of Stoneman's 
expedition? 53. How did Sherman manage to divide the Confederate army ? 54. 
What took place at Jonesboro' ? 55. Why was Hood compelled to evacuate Atlanta? 
56. What were the losses of both sides ? 57. Where is Jonesboro' ? 



330 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



1864. 



furious assaults iipou the Union troops before Atlanta, 
but eacli time lie was defeated witli heavy loss. Wliile 
besieging Atlanta, Sherman sent out cavalry expeditions to de- 
stroy the railroads by which it received re-enforcements of troops 
and supplies. General Stoneman, commanding one of these, 
not only failed to perform the task assigned him, but was de- 
feated, and thus the most important road remained in possession 
of the Confederates. This road Sherman, however, determined 
to cut. Moving with nearly the whole of liis army for the 
purpose, he succeeded in getting between Atlanta and a large 
portion of Hood's army at Jonesboro, which force he defeat- 
ed ; and llood, his army being severed, was compelled, Sep- 
tember 2d, to evacuate Atlanta. Sherman thus gained the 
object of his campaign, but at a loss in killed, wounded, and 
missing, of thirty thousand men : the enemy's loss during the 
same period exceeded forty thousand. ,\,'[ 

VIII. As has been previously stated, 
the Army of the Potomac began to move 
toward Richmond early in May, crossing 
the Rapidan on the 4th of that month. 
Though General Meade commanded the 
army, General Grant was in the field and 
planned its movements, as well as the 
movements of the otlier armies. Lee, wdio 
held a position south of tlie Rapidan, rather than retreat, pre- 
pared to resist the progress of the advancing army. The conse- 
quence was a fierce contest, known as the battle of the Wilder- 
ness, which, commencing on the morning of the 5th of May, 
did not end till the close of the Yth, when Lee fell back toward 



oaiANTILL Y ^.ffe-.^ 

IRFAX C.H! 
o 
QCBirREVILie 




VIII. Questions. — 5S. When did the army of the Potomao cross tlio Eapidan? 
59. By what other name is the Eapidan also known ? Ans. The Eapid Anna or the 
llapid Ann. 60. Into what river does the Eapidan flow ? (See map, p. 330.) CL 
Who commanded the Army of the Totomac? 62. "What was done by General Grant ? 
63. Give an account of the battle of the Wilderness. 64. What Union ofhc'^r of note 
fell in that battle? Ans. General Wadsworth. 65. How manj' men were engaged in 
the conflict ? 66. What recommendation did the President make ? 67. Where is the 
Wilderness ? (See map, p. 330.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 331 



Richmond. Probably not less than two hundred and fifty thou- 
sand men on both sides were engaged in it, and the slaughter 
was terrible. The favorable result of the three days' conflict 
called forth a proclamation from the J*resident, recommending 
the following Sunday, May ] 0th, as an occasion of " thanks- 
giving and prayer to Almighty God." This recommendation 
was generally complied with. 

IX. Near Spottsylvania Court House, Lee made a stand, 
and liere, during six days, some of the severest fighting of 
the war took place. The result was again to the advantage 
of the national arms, and once more the enemy fell back. 
By a series of successful attacks and flank movements, Lee 
was driven from one position after another, until, early 
in June, he was within a short distance of Richmond. In 
the mean time, important movements in co-operation with 
Meade were made by the forces in the Shenandoah valley 
and West Virginia. It had been designed to act against 
Lynchburg, but reverses prevented the execution of the plan. 
General Sigel, wdio was to have cut the western communica- 
tion of Lee, having met with defeat, on the 15th, near New 
Market. 

X. Another movement, in co-operation with Meade, was 
made by General Butler, from Fortress Mojiroe up the James 
River. Landing at a point on the south side of tlie river, 
just above the Appomattox, he made his position secure by 
strong intrenchments, and thus threatened both Petersburg 
and Richmond. Expeditions sent by liim to cut the enemy's 

IX. Questions. — 68. Where did Loe make his next stand? G9. Where is Spott- 
sylvania Court House? (See map, p. 330.) 70. What account can j'ou £:ive of the 
struggle there? 71. What Union officer of note was killed during the contest? 
Ans. General Se^igwick, on the 9th of May. 72. What movement, in co-operation 
with Meade, was planned? 73. Where is Lynchburg? (Se*; map, p. 820.) 

X. 74 What movement did Gen. Butler make ? 75. Wh'vt is the name of the j)lace 
which Butler occupied ? Ans. Bermuda Hundred. 7G. Give an account of Butler's 
operations while he was in command there. 77. What change in position was 
effected by the Army of the Potomac? 78. Where is Fortress Monroe? (See map, 
p. 320.) 79. Describe the Appomattox. (Same map.) 80. The James. (Same.) 81. 
Where was Fort Darling? (See map, p. 313.) 



332 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



coramuiiications were not entirely successful, nor was an 
attempt made against Fort Darling. He also fViiled in 
demonstrations against Petersburg, ]>eauregard, on his way 
from the Carolinas to join Lee, having arrived there with a 
strong force to oppose him. His success, however, in gaining the 
position he did, was important to a movement made by Grant, 
by wdiich the Army of the Potomac was transferred across 
the James to the south side of that river. 

XI. The career of three English-built privateers sailing 
under the Confederate flag was terminated this year. They 
had for months roamed the seas, and by avoiding armed 
antaofonists had succeeded in pillao-ino; and destroyino- a larofc 
number of American merchantmen. More than sixty vessels, 
estimated with their cargoes as worth not less than $10,000,000, 
had been destroyed by the Alabama alone. This privateer 
was at last discovered by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow, 
in the French port of Cherbourg [sher'-hoorg). Off that har- 
bor an action took place between the two vessels on the 15th 
of June, resulting in the sinking of the Alabama. Her com- 
mander. Captain Semmes, with forty of his crew, was picked 
up by a British vessel, and, without authority from Winslow, 
they were all carried to England. The Florida and Georgia 
were captured, the first by the Wachusett and the second 
by the Niagara. 

XII. A new expedition against Lynchburg was organized, 
General Hunter taking the place of Sigcl. Moving up the 
Shenandoah valley. Hunter gained a victory over the enemy 
at Piedmont, June 5th, whence he marched on Lynchburg. 



XI. Questions. — 82. What is said of the career of three privateers ? 83. What 
had they done ? 84. What destruction had the Alabama alone oflFected ? 85. Give 
an account of the action between the Kearsarge and the Alabama. 8G. What were 
the names of the other privateers? 87. By what vessels were they captured ? 

XII. 8S. What took place at Piedmont? 89. What can you say of Hunter's fur- 
ther movements ? 90. What invasion followed ? 91. W^hat took place at Monocacy ? 
92. What danger was apprehended? 93. Where is the Shenandoah valley? (See 
map, p. 320.) 94. Piedmont? (Same map.) 95. Martinsburg? (Same.) 96. llagers- 
town? (Same.) 97. Monocacy? (Same.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION, 333 



Findmg that rc-cnforcements from Lee were arriving there, he 
withdrew, closely followed by a Confederate force, into West 
Virginia. The valley being thns open, Lee detached twenty 
thousand men, under General Early, to invade Maryland. 
Passing througli Martinsburg, the invaders crossed tlie Poto- 
mac to Ilagerstown, scouring the country in all directions for 
horses, forage, provisions, and money. With overwhelming 
numbers. Early defeated General Wallace at Monocacy [?no- 
noc'-ah-se), July 9th, producing great excitement in Washing- 
ton and throughout the Northern States, it being feared that 
the National Capital itself was in danger. 

XIIL Grant hurried otf troops for the defense of Wash- 
ington, and these were rapidly joined by others from the 
loyal States. After threatening both Baltimore and Wash- 
ington, the Confederates, loaded with plunder, recrossed the 
Potomac. They were pursued by General Averill, and de- 
feated at Winchester, July 20th, but were in turn victorious 
on the 24th, their cavalry pursuing the Union troops to j\Iar- 
tinsburg. Again did they invade Maryland, penetrating even 
to Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania. This town they oifered 
to spare upon the payment of $500,000, but, not receiving the 
money, they burned more than half of the place. On their way 
back into Virginia they met with opposition from bodies of 
Union troops, and were badly defeated by Averill, losing their 
artillery and many prisoners. 

XIV. For the defense of the Shenandoah valley, a strong force 
was at length organized, and put under the conmiand of General 



XIII. Questions.— 9S. What action did Grant take ? 99. What large cities did 
the Confederates threaten ? 100. What then did they do ? 101. What tool^ place at 
Winchester? 102. What, four days after ? 103. In which direction did the Confed- 
erates then go ? 104. How was Clianibersburg made to suffer ? 105. Were the Con- 
federates pursued? 106. With what result? 107. Where is Winchester? (See map, 
p. 320.) lOS. Chambersburg ? (Same map.) 

XIV. 109. What was at length done for the defense of the Shenandoah valley ? 
110. Give an account of Sheridan's first battle there. 111. Of his second. 112. His 
third, 113. Where is Fisher's Hill? (See map, p. 320.) 114. Staunton ? (Same map.) 
115. Cedar Creek ? (Same.) 



334 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 




MAJOK-GENilUAL SHERIDAN. 



Sheridan. On the morning 
* of the 19th of September, 
Sheridan marched to attack Early, 
who, with an army largely re-en- 
forced, was near Winchester. After 
a stnbborn engagement, occm-ring 
on the same day, the Union 
troops gained a complete victory. 
On the 22d, at Fisher's Hill, 
they achieved another signal vic- 
tory, following up their success by a pursuit of the enemy 
as f-dv as Staunton. After destroying barns and flour-mills, 
two thousand in all, so as to make the country untenable by 
a Confederate army, Sheridan returned northward. Before 
daylight, October 19th, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were 
suddenly attacked, he at the time being absent at Winches- 
ter, and were driven back four miles. Sheridan, arriving at 
this critical time, arranged his lines, repulsed an attack of the 
enemy, and, becoming the assailants in return, completely 
routed the enemy. The Confederates made no further at- 
tempt to invade the North by way of the Shenandoah val- 
ley. 

XY. Immediately after crossing the Army of the Potomac 
to the south side of the James, as previously stated. Grant 
laid siege to Petersburg. On the 30th of July a mine was 
exploded under one of the enemy's forts, so that a storming 
party might rush through the gap thus made, and, with the 
co-operation of other movements, the city be captured. The 
assault was, however, a disastrous failure. On the 18th of 
August an important advantage was gained by the seizure of 
the Weldon Railroad. To regain possession of it, the Con- 



XV. Questions. — 116. After crossing the James, to what place did Grant lay 
siege? 117. Give an account of the attempt made in connection with the mine ex- 
plosion. 118. The Weldon Railroad. 119. What can you state of other conflicts? 
120. How is Petersburg situated? (See map, p. 320.) 



lintcoln's administration. 335 




REAR-ADMIRAL FARRAGUT. 



federates made repeated and desperate assaults, but ^Yere as 
often repulsed. A number of conflicts took place by the 
two great armies of Grant and Lee, on both sides of the 
James, in September and October, yet Petersburg and Rich- 
mond, at the close of the year, were still held by the Con- 
federates, though it was evident their grasp upon it was daily 
becoming less firm. 

XVL Of all the achievements of 
the army or navy of the United 
States during the war, none w^ere 
perhaps more brilliant than that of 
Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay. 
On the morning of the 5th of 
August, his fleet of monitors and 
wooden vessels, two abreast and 
lashed together, moved up the bay, 
the admiral being on board his flag- 
ship, the Hartford, lashed to the 
main-top, the better to observe the operations, and give the 
necessary orders. The vessels succeeded in passing Forts 
Morgan and Gaines, with no serious disaster beyond the loss 
of the monitor Tecumseh, which was sunk by a torpedo. An 
engagement then took place with the enemy's fleet, consisting 
of the iron-clad ram Tennessee and three gunboats. After a 
brief encounter, the Tennessee surrendered. Admiral Buchanan, 
the Confederate commander, being severely wounded ; one of 
the gunboats was captured, but the other two escaped. Mean- 
while a co-operative body of troops was landed, and Fort 
Gaines was taken on the 8th. Fort Morgan held out till the 
23d, when it too surrendered. 

XVI. Questions. — 121. How is Farragufs achievenifiit in Mobile Bay spoken of 
in comparison with otiicr achievements? 122. W^hat was the name of Farragnfs 
flag-ship? 123. Where did Farragut take a position during the battle? 124. What 
disaster befell one of the fleet? 125. State what aftei-M-ard took place. 126. WMiat 
at Fort Gaines. 127. At Fort Morgan. 128. Did the two vessels that escaped reach 
Mobile? Ans. One was so badly injured that she had to be destroyed. 129. Where 
is Mobile ? (See map, p. 300.) 1:30. Fort Morgan ? (Same.) 131. Fort Gaines? (Same.) 



336 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



1864. 



XYIT. After tlic fall of Atlanta, Hood, with increased 
forces, assumed the offensive by attempting to destroy 
Sherman's communication ; but being followed by the latter he 
withdrew into noi'thern Alabama. Leaving General Thomas 
to watch Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta, which city he 
destroyed, and on the loth of November commenced his 
memorable march to the sea-coast. His army advanced 
through Georgia, living upon the country. The State capital 
and other large towns were occupied by him, and on the lOtli 
of December the vicinity of Savannah was reached. Three 
days after, Fort McAllister was carried by assault, and by this 
achievement a communication was opened with the Heet. 

General Hardee, in command at 
Savannah, perceiving the prepara- 
tions which Sherman was making 
for a grand assault, effected his 
escape on the night of the 
20th, and on the following morn- 
ing the Union army entered the 
city. 

XVHI. In the mean time Hood 
advanced into Tennessee, while 
Thomas fell back toward Nashville. At Franklin, November 
30th, a fierce battle was fouo-ht, at the close of which the 




Nevada. — This State derived its name from the S erra Nevada, the mountain range bounding it on 
the west. The two words, sierra and nevada, are Spanish, the former sismifying mountain range, and 
the latter snow-clad or snow-covered. The State was admitted into the Union in 1864. 



XVII. Questions.— 132. "What did General Hood do after the fiill of Atlanta? 
183. Why did he withdraw Into northern Alabama? 134. What great movement did 
Sherman then commence ? 135. Give an account of his march. 136. Who, com- 
manding the cavalr3', rendered important service ? Ans. General Kili)atrick. 187. 
W^hen did Sherman's army reach the vicinity of Savannah ? 13S. What success was 
had soon after? 139. What success followed a few days later? 140. Where is Sa- 
vannah? (Sec map, p. 320.) 141. Fort McAllister? 

XVIII. 142. What advance did Hood make ? 143. What took place at Franklin ? 
144. Give an account of Ihe further movements. 145. Of the battle near Nashville. 
146. What movement did Hood then make? 147. Where is Nashville? (See map, p. 
192.) 148. Franklin ? (Same.) 149. Describe the Cumberland lliver. (Same.) 



Lincoln's administration. 337 

Union army fell back to the outer Jine of the Nashville in- 
trenchraents, three miles from the city. With a view to com- 
pel Thomas to abandon the defense of Nashville, Hood made 
preparations to blockade the Cumberland, and cut the railroads 
leading' to the city ; but, before he could put his plan into 
execution, Thomas attacked him, December 15th, renewing the 
battle on the following day, and finally routing him with very 
great loss. Hood, with the remnant of his army, retired to 
Alabama. 

EVENTS OF 1865. 

I. The active operations of 1865 began with the reduction 
of Fort Fisher, situated at the mouth of Cape Fear River. 
This was the main defense of Wilmington. In December, 
1864, General Butler, with about six thousand troops, had 
eifected a landing near the fort, for the purpose of operating 
in conjunction with Admiral Porter's fleet ; but, deeming the 
works too strong to be carried by his force, returned to Fort- 
ress Monroe. In January, 1865, the enterprise was renewed 
by General Terry, with eight thousand men, including Butler's 
force. Under cov^er of a fire from the fleet, the troops were 
landed on the morning of the 13th, and on the 15th the works 
were carried, after desperate hand-to-hand fighting. The fall 
of Foi-t Fisher carried with it the other defenses on the river, 
the Confederates were driven from Wilmington, and the city 
was occupied by the Federal troops on the 22d of February. 

II. General Sherman, having halted at Savannah only long 

Events of 1S65.— I. Questions.—!. How is Fort Fisher situated? 2. Describe 
the Cape Fear Eiver. (See map, p. 164.) 3. "What can you state of Butler's prepara- 
tions to attack Fort Fisher? 4. "Why did he not make the attack? 5. "What force 
afterward made a successful attack ? 6. Give an account of the capture. 7. "What 
were the consequences of the capture ? 

II. S. "When did Sherman move from Savannah ? 9. When did he take Cohimbia ? 
10. How was the capture of Charleston effected ? 11. "What is said of Fort Sumter? 
12. Give a further account of Sherman's march northward. 13. At what place did 
the battle on the 16th of March occur ? Ans. Averysboro'. 14. The battle on the 
19th and 20th ? Ans. Bentonville. 15. What place did Sherman reach on the 13th 
of April? 16. What retreat did Johnson make? 17. "Where is lialeigh? (See map, 
p. 320.) IS. Goldsborough ? (Same map.) 19. Ilillsboro' ? 
15 




338 Lincoln's administration. 

enoiio;h to refit his armv, 
1885. , ^ , 

entered upon a campaign 

through the Carolinas, and by the 1st 
of February his whole force was again 
in motion. On the l7th lie captured 
Cohimbia, thus rendering it necessary 
for the Confederates to evacuate 
Charleston. General Gillmore, com- 
manding the land forces operating 
MAJOK-GENEEAL 8HEKMAN. ^gaiust Charlcstou, from the coast, 
took possession of the city on the 
18th, and the national flag floated once more from Fort Sum- 
ter. Sherman continued his march northward, entering North 
Carolina, while General Schofield from Newbcrn, and General 
Terry from Wilmington, co-operated wntli him. On the 16th 
of March, and on the 19th and 20th, he encountered the enemy, 
repulsing them in both engagements. On the 21st he occupied 
Goldsborough, and on the 13th of April reached Raleigh, 
Johnson retreating beyond Hillsboro'. 

Ill, Sheridan, in the mean time, was making a raid up the 
Shenandoah valley. At Waynesborough, March 2d, he 
attacked and routed Early. Marching onward, through 
Charlottesville, he destroyed the railroads and the canal by 
which Richmond and Lee's army received supplies, and finally 
formed a junction with the Army of the Potomac south of 
Petersburg. As the issue of the great struggle became more 
dubious to the Confederates, their Congress, after considei'able 
opposition, passed a bill to increase their military forces by 
arming the slaves. Lee, seeing that he was hemmed in, deter- 
mined, if possible, to divide Grant's army, and, by getting into 

IIL Questions.— 20. What was Sheridan doing in the moan time ? 21. Give an 
account of his victory there in March. 22. "What destruction did he effect? 23. 
What junction did he form? 24. What extraordinary measure did the Confederate 
Congress pass? 25. What determination did Lee form? 26. Give an account of the 
attempt made by him to carry out his i)lan. 2T. Whore was Fort Steadman ? Ans. 
East of and near Petersburg. 



LINCOLN S ADMINLSTRATION. 339 



its rear, force it to abandon its lines. Witli this intention he 
made a sudden dash at Fort Steadman, and captured it ; but 
there his success ended, for on the same day, March 25th, the 
fort was retaken, and, stiU later in the day, a forward move- 
ment, ordered by General Grant, was completely successful. 

IV. On the 29th of March the final movement of the 
national forces around Richmond began, and, after ten days' 
marching and fighting, the campaign Avas finished. On the 
3d of April both Petersburg and Richmond were occupied by 
Grant's victorious troops, Lee and his army having fled the 
day before toward Lynchburg, and Jefi'erson Davis toward 
the sea-coast. The retreating troops were hotly pursued by 
Sheridan, and, on the 9th of April, Lee surrendered what 
remained of his army to General Grant. From this period 
the history of the war is but a record of national successes, 
in the surrender of the several remaining Confederate com- 
mand ere;. 

V. The hearts of the loyal people were throbbing with 
ecstasy at a triumph so long struggled for, and the dawn of 
peace appeared ; but this feeling of joy was suddenly turned 
into mourning. In less than one week after Lee's surrender, 
April ] 4th, President Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado 
acting in sympathy with the Confederate cause, and an attempt 
was also made upon the life of Mr. Seward, the Secretary of 
State. 

VI. The intelligence of this sad event filled every loyal 

IV. Questions. — 28. When did the great final military movement commence ? 
29. How long did it continue? 80. In what direction did General Lee retreat? 81. 
When were Petersburg and Richmond captured ? 32. What direction did Jefferson 
Davis take? 33. What further account can you give of Davis? Ans. He was cap- 
tured at a place in Georgia, and then, at Fortress Monroe, put in close confinement. 
84. After Lee's surrender, what did the other Confederate commanders do ? 

V. 35. What sad event took i)lace ? 36. When was President Lincoln assassin- 
ated? 3T. When did he die? Ans. He lingered a few hours in an insensible con- 
dition, expiring on the morning of the loth. 38. WHiat attempt at assassination 
was made, but without success ? 

VI. 39. How did the news of the Presidenfs death afi'ect the people? 40. How 
did the people manifest their grief? 41. What may be truly said of Mr. Lincoln ? 



340 Johnson's administration. 



heart throughout the land with overwhelming sorrow ; 
^^^^' and even those against whom the murdered President 
had so long contended, expressed the strongest feeling of regret 
that so wicked and, to them, useless, if not baneful, an act 
should have been committed. The demonstrations of grief 
throuo-hout the North were unprecedented, and for several 
weeks all the great cities were draped in badges and emblems 
of mourning. The funeral cortege of the deceased President 
was followed by hundreds of thousands of the citizens of the 
republic, as it wended its way from the capital to his former 
home at Springfield, where the remains were deposited ; and 
it may be truly said that upon no President' since Washing- 
ton, and no personage in the history of the country, Avere the 
affections of the people more warmly bestowed, and that none 
was ever more generally or more sincerely lamented. 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. Upon the death of Mr. Lincoln, which occurred on the 
morning of the loth of April, the Vice-President, Andrew 
Johnson, of Tennessee, was sworn into office, and thereupon 
assumed the duties of President of the United States.* The 
assassin of the lamented President eluded pursuit until the 
26th, when, on boing tracked to his hiding-place and refusing 
to surrender, he was shot. It appearing that the assassination 
was part of a conspiracy to disorganize the Government, by 
the simultaneous destruction of its principal executive officers, 
a trial was had ; and, of the seven persons tried and found 
guilty, four were hanged and the others imprisoned. 

* President Johnson retained the Cabinet of his predecessor, which then consisted of William H. 
Seward, Secretary of State ; Hugh McCuUoch, Secretary of the Treasury ; Kdwin M. Stanton, Secretary 
of War; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; James Harlan, Secretary of the Interior; James Speed, 
Attorney-General ; and William Dennison, Postmaster-General. 



Johnson's Administration.— I. Questions.— 1. When did Mr. Lincoln's death 
occur? 2. Who then became President? 3. What was the fiite of the person who 
shot Mr. Lincoln? 4. What can you state of the conspiracy? 



JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



341 



II. Hostilities having 
ceased, tlie work of 
" Reconstructing llie 
Union " began. On 
the 29th of April, the 
President issued a pro- 
clamation removing re- 
strictions on commerce 
in the South ; and, a 
month after, a procla- 
mation of amnesty was 
addressed to a large 
class of those who had 
been concerned in the <;f 
rebellion. Three- % 
fourths of the States 
having ratified the reso- 
lution of Congress pro- 
posing an amendment 
to the Constitution, 
by which slavery should 
be abolished, the formal 
announcement that slavery was constitutionally abolished was 
made on the 18th of December. 

III. Upon the assembling of Congress, in December, 1865, 
it appeared that the entire debt of the Government amounted 
to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars, the 
great bulk of which had been contracted in the prosecution 
of the war. To raise the enormous sums required during the 
contest, loans were ofiered, and were freely taken by the 





ANDREW .ToIIX'iOIT 
Was b,>ni in K ileuli, iN. C, Dec. 
ISOS. bM\c(i nine > tars at the busi- 
ness of a tiilii. ^\ as fi\e times a[ 
Representatne iii Congress, and twice 
Governor of Tennesbte. 




II. Questions. — 5. As soon as hostilities were ended, what began ? 6 What 
proclamation was issued April 29th ? 7. May 29th? 8. What can you state in rela- 
tion to the abolition of slavtM-y? 

III. 9. The debt of the Government? 10. Of loans? 11. Duty on importations ? 
12. Taxes on incomes? 13. Eevenue-stamps ? 14. Gold, as an article of merchan- 
dise? 



342 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 

loyal people. Still further to increase the ability of the trea- 
sury to meet the heavy drain upon it, the duty on importa- 
tions had been increased, taxes had been imposed on incomes 
and manufactures, and revenue-stamps required to be placed 
on bonds, mortgages, and other documents. A general sus- 
pension of specie payments by the banks of the North having 
taken place at the close of 1861, specie circulation soon gave 
way to that of paper, and gold became an article of merchan- 
dise, commanding a high premium. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 345 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 

OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 

1492. America discovered by Christopher Cohimbus, Oct. 4. 

1497. Labrador discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot, . . . July 3. 

1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 
Continent of South America discovered by Columbus, Aug. 10. 

1499. South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512. Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon, April 6. 

1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Sept. 29. 

1520. Carolina visited by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon. 

1521, Mexico conquered by Fernando Cortez. 

1524. Coast of North America explored by John Yerrazani. 
1528. The conquest of Florida undertaken by Pamphilo de 

Narvaez. 
1534. The St. Lawrence River discovered by James Cartier,. June. 
1539. Ferdinand de Soto undertook to conquer Florida. 
1541. The Mississippi River discovered by De Soto. 
1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance, 

1564. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 

1565. St. Augustine, Florida, founded by the Spaniards, Sept. 18. 

Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards, Oct. 1. 

1583. Newfoundland taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert.. 

1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of North Caro- 

lina. 

1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 

1602. Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold, May 24, 

1605. Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, settled by the French. 

1606. London and Plymouth Companies received charters, . . April 20. 

1607. Jamestown settled by the London Company, May 23. 

The Plymouth Company began a settlement on the 

Kennebec River, Aug. 21. 

1608. Quebec settled by the French, under Champlain* July 3. 

1609. Virginia received its second charter, June 2. 

The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson, . . . Sept. 21. 

1610. "The Starving Time" in Virginia. 

1612. Virginia received its third charter, March 22. 

1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe, April. 



346 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1613. French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia destroyed 

by Samuel Argall. 

1614. The coast of New England explored by John Smith. 
New York settled by the Dutch. 

1616. The culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 

1620. Commencement ofNegroslaveryin the English colonies, Aug. 

Charter granted to "The Council of Plymouth," Nov. 3. 

Massachusetts settled at Plymouth, Dec. 21. 

1621. Treaty with Massasoit made, April 1. 

1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia, April 1. 

1623. New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and Dover. .. 

1633. Connecticut settled at Windsor, Oct. 

1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's, April 6.. 

1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence- 
Harvard College founded. 

163Y. The Pequod War. 

1638. Delaware settled near Wilmington, April. 

J 641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts . 

1643. Union of New England colonies formed, May 29. 

1644. Second Indian massacre in Virginia, April. 

1645. Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland. 

1650. North Carolina settled on the Chowan River. 

1651. The " Navigation Act" passed by Parliament. 

1652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts. 
1655. Civil War in Maryland. 

New Sweden conquered by the Dutch, Oct. 

1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 

1664. New York became an English Province, Sept. 8. 

New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 

1670. South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 
16*13, Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 

1675. King Philip's war commenced, by an attack upon Swan- 

zey, July 4. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 
1680. Charleston founded. 

New Hampshire made a Royal Province, Sept. 28. 

1682. Pennsyl\^nia settled. 

Delaware granted by the Duke of York to William Penn, Aug. 3 1 . 

1686. Andros arrived at Boston as governor of New England, Dec. 30 

1689. King William's War commenced. Attack upon Dover, July 7. 

1690. Schenectady, burned by the French and Indians, Feb. 8. 

Port Royal taken by the English under Phipps, May. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 347 

1692. " Salem Witchcraft" delusion prevailed. 

1621. King William's War terminated by the "Treaty of 

Ryswick," Sept. 20. 

1102. Queen Anne's War commenced. 

niO. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, captured by the EngHsh, . . . Oct. 13. 

1713. Queen Anne's War terminated by the "Treaty of 

Utrecht," April 11. 

1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces, July. 

1732. Washington born in Westmoreland county, Yirgina, . Feb, 22. 

1733. Georgia settled at Savannah, Feb, 12. 

1741, "The Negro Plot" in New York. 

1744. King G-eorge's War commenced in America. 

1745. Louisburg captured by the English, June 28. 

1748. King George's War terminated by the "Treaty of Aix 

la Chapelle," Oct. 18. 

1753. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie, Oct. 31. 

1754. Washington delivered St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddie,. Dec. 11. 

The battle of the G-reat Meadows, May 28. 

Congress of Commissioners met at Albany June. 

The battle of Fort Necessity, July 4. 

1755. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monckton, .... June. 

Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela, July 9, 

The British defeat by Dieskau near Lake George, Sept. 8. 

Dieskau defeated by the British at Lake George, Sept, 8. 

1756. Great Britain declared war against France, May 17. 

France declared war against Great Britain, June 9. 

The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego, Aug. 14. 

Indians defeated at Kittaning, Sept. 8. 

1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, Aug. 9. 

'the massacre at Fort William Henry, ^ug. 1 0. 

1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonderoga, .... July 6. 
Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, . ., July 8. 

Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 20. 

Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Aug. 27. 

Grant defeated by Aubury near FortDuquesne Sept. 21. 

1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French. 
Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson,... July 25. 

Battle of Montmorenci, July 31. 

Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 

Quebec surrendered to the English, , . . . , Sept. 18, 

1760. The French, under De Levi, attempted the recovery of 

Quebec (battle three miles above the city), April 28. 



348 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1760. Montreal and the rest of Canada surrendered to the 

English, Sept. 8. 

1763. The peace of Paris between Great Britain and France, Feb. 10. 

Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain, Feb 10. 

1765. The Stamp Act passed by Parliament, March 8. 

A colonial Congress met at New Yoik, Oct. 7. 

1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March 18. 

1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed,.. .. June 20. 

1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston, Sept. 27. 

1770. " The Boston Massacre," March 5. 

All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament, April 12. 

1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, Dec. 16. 

1774. " Boston Port BiU" passed by Parliament, March. 

"The First Continental Congress" met at Philadelphia,. Sept. 5. 

1775. The battle of Lexington, April 19. 

Ticonderoga, New York, captured by AUen and Arnold, May 10. 

Crown Point, New York, captured by the Americans,.. May 12. 

"Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 15, 

The battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 

Washington took command of the army, July 12. 

Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Nov. 13. 

Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 

1776. Norfolk, Virginia, destroyed by Lord Dunmore, Jan. 1. 

Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 1. 

The battle of Fort Moultrie, South Carolma, June 28. 

The Declaration of Independence, July 4. 

The battle of Long Island, New York, Aug. 27. 

The city of New York abandoned by the Americans,... Sept. 15.' 

The battle of White Plains, New York, Oct. 28. 

The battle of Fort Washington, New Y'ork, Nov. 16. 

Fort Lee, New Jersey, taken by the British, Nov. 18. 

Gen. Lee surprised and taken prisoner, Dec. 13. 

The battle of Trenton, New Jersey, Dec. 26. 

1777. The battle of Princeton, New Jersey, Jan. 3. 

Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut, April. 

Meigs's expedition against the British at Sagg Harbor,. May 23. 

Invasion of New York by Burgoyne, June. 

Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans, July 5. 

The battle of Hubbardton, Vermont, July 7. 

Gen. Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, July 10. 

Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward, July 27. 

Fort Schuyler, New York, besieged by St. Leger, .... Aug. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 349 



1177. The battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler, Aug 6. 

The battle of Fort Schuyler, Aug. 6. 

The battle of Bennington, Yermout, : . . . Aug. 1 G. 

The battle of Brandy wine, Pennsylvania, Sept. 1 1 . 

The battle of Bemis Heights, or first of Stillwater, . . . Sept. 1 9. 

The battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania, Sept. 20. 

Philadelphia entered by the British, Sept. 26. 

The battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania, Oct. 4. 

Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British,.. Oct. 6. 

The battle of Saratoga, second of Stillwater, Oct. 7. 

The surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. 

The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, New Jersey,.. . . Oct. 22. 
The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania,... . Oct. 22. 

Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, Nov. 15. 

Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, Nov. 1 G. 

Washington encamped at Yalley Forge, Pennsylvania, Dec. 11. 

1778. American Independence acknowledged by France,. . .. Feb. 6. 

Treaty of Alliance with France, Feb. G. 

British commissioners sent to America. 

Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. 

The battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, June 28. 

The battle of "Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and massacre, July 3. 

The French fleet under D'Estaing arrived, July 11. 

The battle of Rhode Island, Aug. 29, 

Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward, Sept. 

Ferguson's expedition against Egg Harbor, Oct. 

The massacre at Cherry YaUey, New York, Nov. 11, 12 

The battle of Savannah, Georgia, Dec. 29. 

1779. Sunbur}^, Georgia, captured by the British, Jan. 9. 

The battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia, Feb. 14. 

The battle of Brier Creek, Georgia, March 3. 

Tyron's second expedition against Connecticut, March. 

Stony Point, New York, captured by the British, May 3 1 . 

Yerplanck's Point, New York, captured by the British, June 1. 

War declared against Great Britain by Spain, June 2G. 

The battle of Stono Ferry, South Carolina Juno 20. 

Tryon's third expedition against Connecticut July. 

The battle of Stony Point, New York, July 15. 

British Garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee,. . July 19. 

The battle of the Penobscot, Maine, Aug. 13. 

Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. 

" The battle of the Chemung," New York, Aug. 29. 



350 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1779. Savannah besieged by the French and Americans, .... Sept. Oct. 

Jones's naval battle off' the coast of England, Sept. 23, 

D'Estaiyg and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, Oct. 9. 

1780. Charleston besieged by the British, Ap. May. 

The battle of Monk's Corner, South Carolina, April 14. 

Charleston surrendered to the British, May 12. 

The battle of \Yaxhaw, South CaroUna, May 29. 

The battle of Springfield, New Jersey, June 23. 

French fleet arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, July 10. 

The battle of Rocl^y Mount, South Carolina, July 30. 

The battle of Hanging Rock, South Carolina, Aug. 6. 

The battle of Sanders Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 16. 

The battle of Fishing Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 18. 

Arnold's treason. 

Andre executed as a spy at Tappau, New York, Oct. 2. 

The battle of King's Mountain, South Carolina, Oct. 7. 

The battle of Fishdam Ford, South Carohna, Nov. 12. 

The battle of Blackstocks, South Carolina, Nov. 20. 

1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1. 

The battle of the Cowpens, South Carolina, Jan. 17. 

The revolt of New Jersey troops, Jan. 18. 

Arnold's depredation in Yirginia, Jan. 

CornwaUis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene, Jan. Feb. 

Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. 

The battle of Gruilford Court-House, North Carolina,. . March 15. 

The battle of Ilobkirk's Hill, South Carolina, April 25. 

Siege of Ninety-Six by General Greene May, Jun. 

The battle of Ninety-Six, South Carolina, June 18. 

Colonel Hayne executed by the British at Charleston, July 31. 

Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, Sept. 

The battle of Fort Griswold, Connecticut, Sept. 6. 

The battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, Sept. 8. 

The siege of Yorktown, Virginia, Oct. 

The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 10. 

1782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, Nov. 30, 

Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American 

army, . April 19. 

Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British, July 11. 

Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. 

American army disbanded by orders of Congress,. . . . Nov. 3. 

New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25. 

Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the British, Dec. 14. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 351 

ITS?). Washington resigns his commission, Dec. 23. 

11S1. Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts. 

Constitution of the United States agreed on by the 

convention of delegates at Philadelpliia, Sept. 17. 

1789. The first Congress under the Constitution met at New 

York, March 4. 

"Washington inaugurated President of the United States, April 30. 

1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana, Oct.17,22 

1791. United States Bank established at Philadelphia. 

Vermont admitted into the Union, Feb. 1 8. 

St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, Nov. 4. 

1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

1793. The difficulties with France. 

1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, Aug- 20. 

" Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 

1795. " Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain ratified, June 24. 

Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain, and Algiers, 

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June. 

1797. John Adams inaugurated President of the United 

States, March 4. 

1799. The death of Washington, Dec. 14. 

J 800. The seat of government removed to Washington. 

Treaty of peace conducted with France, Sept. 30. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 4. 

War declared against the United States by Tripoli June 10. 

1802. Ohio admitted into the Union. 

1 803. Louisiana purchased of France, April 30. 

Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli. 

1804. The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, Feb. 15. 

The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11. 

1805. Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, April 27, 

Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 

1806. British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared, May 16. 

Bonaparte issued his " Berlin Decree," Nov. 21. 

American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leopard. . June 22. 

1807. British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade 

with France, Jan. 7. 

British armed vessels ordered to leave the United States, July. 
British " Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with 

France and her allies, Nov. 11. 

Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted, Sept. 

Bonaparte issued his " Milan Decree," Dec. 17. 



352 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1807. Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, Dec. 22. 

1809. Commerce with Great Britain and France interdicted 

by Congress, Marcli ] . 

James Madison inaugurated President, Marcli 4. 

1811. Action between the President and Little Belt, May 16. 

Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, Nov. 7. 

1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union. 

War against G-reat Britain proclaimed by the United 

States, June 19. 

Invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull, July 12. 

Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Michigan, July 17. 

The first battle of Brownstown, Michigan, Aug. 5. 

The second battle of Brownstown, Aug. 9. 

Surrender of Detroit, Michigan, by Gen. Hull, Aug. 16. 

British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, Aug. 13. 

British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution,. . Aug. 19. 

The battle of Queenstown, Canada, Oct. 13. 

British brig Frohc taken by the Wasp, Oct. 18. 

British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States, Oct. 25. 
British frigate Java taken by the Constitution, Dec. 29. 

1813. The battle of Frenchtown, Michigan, Jan. 22. 

British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb. 24. 

Madison commenced a second presidential term, March 4. 

The battle of York, Canada, April 27. 

Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor, . . . May 1. 

The battle of Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 5. 

Fort George, Canada, taken by the Americans, May 27. 

The battle of Sackett's Harbor, New York, May 29. 

American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon, . . June 1 . 

The battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, Aug. 2. 

American brig Argus taken by the Pelican, Aug. 14. 

Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mims, Aug. 30. 

British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise, Sept. 5. 

Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10. 

The battle of the Thames, Canada, Oct. 5. 

The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, Nov. 11. 

1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War,..-. March 27. 
American frigate Essex taken by the British war ves- 
sels Phoebe and Cherub, March 28. 

The battle of La Colle MiU, Canada, March 30. 

British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, April 29. 

British sloop Reindeer taken by the Am. sloop Wasp . June 28. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 353 

1814. Fort Erie captured by the Americans, July 3. 

The battle of Chippewa, Canada, July 5. 

The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridge water, Canada, July 25. 

The first battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Aug. 15. 

The battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, Aug. 24. 

The city of Washington taken by the British, Aug. 24. 

British sloop Avon taken by the Am. sloop Wasp,.. . Sept. 1. 

McDonough's victory on Lake Charaplain, Sept. 11. 

The battle of Plattsburg, New York, Sept. 11. 

The battle of North Point, Maryland, Sept. 12. 

The battle of Fort McHenry, Maryland, Sept. 13. 

The battle of Fort Bowyer, Alabama, Sept. 15. 

The second battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Sept. 1 T. 

The British driven from Pensacola by Gen. Jackson, . Nov. V. 

The battle on Lake Borgne, Louisiana, .... Dec. 14. 

Hartford Convention, Dec. 

The battle nine miles from New Orleans, Dec. 23. 

Treaty of peace between the United States and Great 

Britain, Dec. 24. 

1815. The battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. " 

The U. S. frigate President captured by a British 

squadron, Jan. 15. • 

The Cyane and Levant taken by the Constitution,.. . . Feb. 20, 

The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, March 23. 

War with Algiers declared by Congress, March. 

Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, May. 

1816. Bank of United States rechartered for twenty years, . . . April 10. 
Indiana admitted into the Union,. Dec. 

1817. James Monroe inaugurated President, March 4. 

Mississippi admitted into the Union, Dec. 

The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. 

1818. General Jackson went against the hostile Indians, . March. 

Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed, April 30. 

Pensacola seized by General Jackson, , May 24. 

Illinois admitted into the Union, Aug. 

1819. Alabama admitted into the Union Dec. 

1820. Maine admitted into the Union,. March. 

Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, Oct. 

1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, Aug. 

1824. Lafayette visited tlie United States, , Aug. 

1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President, March 4. 

1826. Death of the two ex-presidenta, Adams and Jefferson, July 4. 



354 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4. 

1831. Death of Ex-president Monroe, July 4. 

1832. " The Black Hawk War." 

" NuUifieaiion" in South Carolina. 

1833. Eemoval of the Government funds from the U. S. Bank, Oct. 

1835. War with the Seminoles commenced. 

Gen. Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles, Dec. 28. 
Major Dade and party massacred by the Seminoles, . . . Dec. 28. 

1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union, Sept. 

183T. Michigan admitted into the Union, . . Jan. 

Martin Van Buren inaugurated President, March 4. 

The battle of Okechobee, Florida, Dec. 25. 

1838. "The Canadian RebeUion." 

1841. William Henry Harrison inaugurated President, March 4. 

Death of William Henry Harrison, April 4. 

John Tyler inaugurated President, April 6. 

1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. 
The " Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island, 

1845. Joint resolutions for the annexation of Texas signed by 

President Tyler, March 1. 

James K. Polk inaugurated President, March 4. 

Florida admitted into the Union, March 3. 

Texas admitted into the Union, July. 

1846. Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, Texas,.. . Anril 26. 

Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. 

The battle of Palo Alto, Texas, May 8. 

The battle of Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 9. 

Congress declared " war existed by the act of Mexico," May 11. 

Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras, . . May 18. 

Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Gen. Taylor, Sept. 24. 

The battle of Bracito, Mexico, Dec. 25. 

Iowa admitted into the Union, Dec. 28. 

■• 847. The battle of Buena Yista, Mexico, Feb 23. 

The battle of Sacramento, Mexico, Feb. 28. 

The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott, March 2T 

The battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico, April 18. 

The battle of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico, .... Aug. 20. 

The battle of Molino del Rey, Mexico, Sept. 8. 

The battle of Chapultepec, Mexico,.. Sept. 13. 

City of Mexico entered by the Americans under Scott, Sept. 14. 

The battle of Huamantla, Mexico, Oct. 9. 

1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupei, Hidalgo, Feb. 2. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 85i 



1848. Wisconsia admitted into the Union, May 29. 

1849. Zaehary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5. 

1850. The death of President Tiiylor, July 9. 

Millard Fillmore inaugurated President, July 10. 

California admitted into the Union, Sept. 9. 

1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 

1854. " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " passed, June. 

1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. 

1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union, May 11. 

1859. Oregon admitted into the Union, Feb. 14. 

John Brown's raid into Virginia, Oct. Ifi. 

186 \ Secession Ordinance passed by South Carolina, Dec. 20, 

1861. Secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, and North 
Carolina declared. 

Steamer Star of the West, off Charleston, fired. in to,. Jan. 9. 

Kansas admitted into the Union, Jan. 29. 

" Southern Confederacy " formed at Montgomery, 

Ala., Feb. 4. 

Jeff". Davis inaugurated President of the " Confed- 
eracy," Feb. 18. 

Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the 

United States, March 4. 

Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates, A p. 1 2, 13. 

President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. 

Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 1 9. 

The President issues a second call for troops, May 4. 

Union victory at Philippi, Virginia, June 3. 

Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia, Tune 10. 

Union victory at Romne}', Virginia, June 11. 

Union victory at Booneville, Mis ouri, June 1 Y. 

Meeting of Congress in Extra Session, July 4. 

Battle of Carthage, Missouri, July 5. 

Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia.. July 11. 

Battle near Centreville, Virginia, July 18. 

Confederate Congress meets at Richmond, July 20. 

Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, July 21. 

Battle of Dug Spring, Missouri, -^I'g- 2. 

Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, Aug. 10. 

Forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C, cai)ture(l Aug. 29. 

Confederates take Lexington, Missouri, Sept. 20. 



356 CHRONOLOGICAL, TABLE. 

1861. Battle of Edward's Ferry, or BaU's Bluff, Virginia,. . Oct. 21. 

Capture of Port Royal entrance by Union fleet, Nov. 7. 

Battle of Belmont, Missouri, Nov. 8. 

Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer, Nov. 8. 

1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, Jan. 19. 

Fort Henry captured by Union fleet, Feb. 6. 

Roanoke Island captured by Union forces, .Feb. 8. 

Fort Donelson captured by Union forces, Feb. 16. 

Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., Mar. 6, 8. 

Frigates Congress and Cumberland sunk by the 

Merrimac, March 8. 

Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac,. . . March 9. 

Newborn, N C, captured by Union troops, March 14. 

Battle at Winchester, Virginia, March 23. 

Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tenn., Ap. 6, 7. 

Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, April 7. 

Fort Pulaski, GTa., captured by Union fleet, April 11. 

New Orleans captured by Union forces, April 25. 

Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5. 

Norfolk, Va,, surrendered to the Unionists, May 10. 

Confederates retreat from Corinth, Miss., May 28, 29. 

Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, May 31, June 1. 

Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Unionists, June 6. 

Seven days' contest on the Virginia peninsula, June 25 to July 2. 

The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July 1. 

Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Aug. 9. 

Pope's battles between Manassas and Washington, . .Aug. 23, 30. 

Battle near Richmond, Kentucky, Aug. 30. 

Invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, Sept. 5. 

Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, Sept. 14. 

Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates,.. . Sept. 15. 

Battle of Antietam, Maryland, Sept 17. 

Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky, Sept. 17. 

Battle of luka, Mississippi, Sept, 1 9. 

Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, Oct. 4. 

Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky, Oct. 8. 

Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dec. 1 3. 

Union Repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi, Dec. 29. 

Battle of Stone River, or Murfroesboro', Tennessee,. Dec. 31. 

1863. The President's Emaiicipation Proclamation issued,. Jan. 1. 
Battle of Murfreesboro' resumed and ended, Jan. 2. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 357 

1863. Arkansas Post captured by Union forces, Jan. 11. 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 1. 

Union cavalry raid, under Grierson, in Mississippi,. . April. 

Battle at Port Gibson, Mississippi, , . May 1. 

Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2, .3. 

Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, May 1 2. 

Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi, May 14. 

Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi, May 1 6. 

Battle at Big Black River, Mississippi, May 11. 

Second invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, June. 

"West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20. 

Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1-3. 

Vicksburg surrendered by the Confederates, July 4. 

Port Hudson surrendered by the Confederates, July 8. 

Great riot in 'New York city, Jidy 1 3-16. 

Morgan defeated near Kyger's Creek, Ohio, July 21. 

Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26. 

Fort Wagner, S. C, captured by Union troops, Sept. 6. 

Battle of Chickamanga, Georgia, Sept. 19, 20. 

Knoxville, Tenn., invested by the Confederates,. . . . Nov. 18. 

Union victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia, Nov. 24. 

Union victory at Missionary Ridge, Georgia, Nov. 25. 

Union victory at Knoxville, Kentucky, Nov. 29, 

1864. President orders a draft for more men, Feb. 1. 

Battle of Olustee, Florida, Feb. 20. 

Grant created Lieutenant-General, March 3. 

Fort De Russy, La., captured by Union troops, March 14. 

Battle of Cane River, Louisiana, '. March 26. 

Battle of Mansfield, or Sabine Cross Roads, La., .... April 8. 

Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9. 

Fort Pillow, Tenn., captured by the Confederat;es, , . . April 12. 
Plymouth, N. C, surrendered to the Confederates, . . April 20. 
Army of the Potomac commenced a forward move- 
ment, May 3. 

Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5-7. 

March from Chattanooga against Atlanta commenced. May I. 

Battles near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia, . . May 1, 12. 

Battle of Resaca, Georgia, May 15. 

Battle of New Market, Virginia, May 15. 

Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the 

James, June 14. 



358 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



1864. Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama, June 15. 

Invasion of Maryland by Early's army, July 5. 

Battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9. 

President calls for 500,000 volunteers, July 18. 

Battles before Atlanta, Georgia, July 20, 22, 28. 

Chambersburg, Pa., sacked and burned, July 30. 

Explosion of mine and Union repulse at Petersburg, July 30. 

Confederates defeated in Mobile Bay, Ala., Aug. 5. 

TVeldon railroad seized by Union troops, -Aug. 18. 

Atlanta, Ga., captured by Union army, Sept. 2. 

Battle of Winchester, Yirginia, Sept. 19. 

Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia, Sept. 22. 

Battle of Cedar Creek, Yirginia, Oct. 1 9. 

Confederate ram Albemarle destroyed by torpedo, . Oct. 28. 

Plymouth, N. C, recaptured by Union troops, Oct. 31. 

Nevada admitted into the Union, Oct. 31. 

Battle of Frankhn, Tennessee, Nov. 30. 

Battle near Nashville, Tennessee, Dec. 16. 

Savannah, Ga., captured by Union army, Dec. 21. 

1865. Fort Fisher, N. C, captured by Union troops, Jan. 15. 

Constitutional Amendment abolishing slavery passed 

by Congress, Jan. 31. 

Columbia, S. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 17. 

Charleston, S. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 18. 

"VVilmiugton, N. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 22. 

Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, Mar. 19, 20. 

Battle near Goldsboro', North Carolina, March 21. 

Battle of Fort Steadman, Yirginia, March 25. 

Petersburg and Eichmond captured, April 3. 

Surrender of Lee's army, April 9. 

Mobile, Ala., captured by Union forces, April 13. 

President Lincoln assassinated April 14. 

Andrew Johnson inaugurated President, April 15. 

Surrender of Johnston's army, April 26. 

Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia, . , May 10. 

Close of the Great Ptebellion. 

Slavery declared abolished, Dec. 18. 



SUCCESSION OF PRESIDENTS. 



359 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE 


UNITED STATES. 






OF WHAT 






NO. 


PRESIDENTS. 


STATE. 


INAITGTTRATED. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 


1. 

2. 


George Washington. 
John Adams 


Virginia 

Massachusetts 


April 80, 1789 
March 4, 1797 . . 


John Adams. 
Thomas Jefferson. 


3. 


Thomas Jefferson . . . 


Virginia 


March 4, 1801 | 


Aaron Burr. 
George Clinton. 


4. 


James Madison 


Virginia 


March 4, 1809 \ 


Georse Clinton 
Elbridge Gerry. 


5. 
6. 

7. 


James Monroe 

John Q. Adams 

Andrew Jackson 


Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Tennessee . . . 


March 4,1817... 
March 4, 1825 . . 

March 4, 1829 -j 


Daniel D. Tompkins. 
John C. Calhoun. 
John C. Calho'-n. 
Martin Van Buren. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


Martin Van Buren... 
William H. Harrison. 
John Tyler 


New York 

Ohio 


March 4,1837... 
March 4, 1841... 
April 6, 1841 .... 
March 4, 1845... 
March 5, 1849... 
July 10, 1850.. . 
March 4, 1853... 
March 4, 1S57.. 


Richard M. Johnson. 
John Tyler. 

George M. Dallas. 
Millard Fillmore. 

William R. King. 
Jno. C. Breckinridge. 


Virginia 


James K.Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millar(i Fillmore.... 
Franklin Pierce. ... 
James Buchanan 


Tennessee 

Louisiana 

New York . . . 
N. Hampshire 
Pennsylyania. 


IG. 
IT. 


Abraham Lincoln... 
xVndrew Johnson.. . 


Illinois 

Tennessee 


March 4, 1861 -j 
April 15,1865.. 


Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson. 



{Questions to he answered from the above Talile, and in connection with the 
preceding one.) 

1. When was Y/ashington inaugurated President of the United States? 2. How 
many years did he serye? 3. Who, during the same period, was Vice-President? 
4. What States were admitted into the Union while Washington was President? 5. 
W^ho succeeded Washington in the presidency? 6. When was John Adams inaugu- 
rated? 7. How many years did he serye? 8. Who, during the same period, was 
Vice-President ? 9. Were any States admitted into the Union while John Adams 
was President? 10. Who succeeded John Adams in the presidency? 11. When 
was Jefferson inaugurated? 12. How many years did Jefferson serye? 13. Who 
was the Vice-President during his first term of office? 14. Who, during the second ? 
15. What State was admitted into the Union while he was President? 16. By whom 
was he succeeded? 17. When was James Madison inaugurated? 18. For how many 
years was he President? 19. Who were the Vice-Presidents during that period? 

20. Name the two States that were admitted into the Union during his presidency? 

21. Who was his successor in office ? 22. When was Monroe inaugurated ? 23. How 
many years Avas Monroe President? 24. Who, during the same period, was Vice- 
President? 25. Name the flye States that were admitted into the Union during 
Monroe's presidency? 26. Who succeeded Monroe in the presidency? 27. When 
was John Quincy Adams inaugurated? 2S. Did he serve four or eight years? 
29. Who was Vice-President during that time? 30. Were any States admitted into 
the Union while John Quincy Adams was President? 31. Who succeeded him in 
the presidency ? 32. When was Jackson inaugurated ? 33. Was he President four or 
eight years? 34. What two States were admitted during Jackson's administration? 
35. What two during Tyler's? 36. What two during Polk's? 37. Which one dur- 
ing Fillmore's? 88. W^ere any admitted during Pierce's? 39. What three were 
admitted during Buchanan's ? 40. What was the length of Jackson's administra- 
tion? 41. Of Van Buren's? 42. Harrison's? 43. Tyler's? 44. Polk's? 45. Tay- 
lor's? 46. Fillmore's? 47. Pierce's? 48. Buchanan's? 49. Who were Vice-Presi- 
dents during Jackson's administration? 50. Who was during Harrison's? 51. 
Tyler's? 52. Polk's? 53. Taylor's? 54. Fillmore's? 55. Pierce's? 



360 



SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. 



SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 







SETTLED. 






STATES. 








ADVITTED 




When. 


Where. 


By Whom. 




Virginia 


1607 


Jamestown 


English . . . 


W* 


New York 


IGU 


New York 


Dutch 


2* 


Massachusetts . . . 


1620 


Plymouth 


English . . . 




New Hampshire . 


162.3 


Little Harbor . . . 


English . . . 


Connecticut 


1633 


Windsor 


Enghsh . . . 


C* 


Maryland 


1634 


St. Mary's 


English . . . 


.^* 


Rhode Island . . . . 


1636 


Providence 


English . . . 


O* 


Delaware 


1G38 


Wilmington . . . . 


Swedes . . . 


?* 


North Carolina. . . 


16:0 


Chowan River . . 


English . . . 


1* 


New Jersey 


1G64 


Elizabeth 


Dutch 


•S* 


South Carolina . . . 


1G70 


Ashley River. . . 


English . . . 


H* 


Pennsylvania- . . . . 


1G82 


Philadelphia 


English . . . 


s* 


Georgia 


1733 


Savannah 


English . . . 
English . . . 


1791 


Vermont 


1724 


Fort Dummer. . . 


Kentucky 


1775 


Boonesboro 


English . . . 


1792 


Tennessee 


1757 


Fort Loudon. . . . 


Enghsh . . . 


1796 


Ohio 


1788 
1699 


Marietta 

Iberville 


Enghsh . . . 
French .... 


1802 


Louisiana 


1812 


Indiana 


1730 
1716 


Vincennes 

Natchez 


French .... 
French 


1816 


Mississippi ..... 


1817 


Illinois 


1720 
1711 
1625 
1764 


Kaskaskia 

MobQe 


French .... 
French .... 
French .... 
French .... 


1818 


Alabama 

Maine . . . 


1819 


Bristol 


1820 


Missouri 


St. Louis 


1821 


Arkansas 


1685 


Arkansas Post . . 


French .... 


1836 


Michigan 


1670 


Detroit 


French .... 


1837 


Florida 


1565 


St. Augustine . . . 
S. A. De Bexar. . 


Spaniards . 
Spaniards . 


1845 


Texas 


1692 


1845 


Iowa ... 


1833 


Burlington 

Green Bay 


Enghsh . . . 
French .... 


1846 


Wisconsin 


1669 


1848 


California 


1769 


San Diego 


Spaniards . 


1850 


Minnesota 


1846 
1811 


St. Paul 


Americans . 
Americans. 
Americans . 


1858 


Astoria 


1859 


Kansas 


1861 


West Virginia 






1862 


Nevada 




Carson City 


Americans. 


1864 • 





















(Questions to be answered from the above TaMe.) 

When and where was Virgina settled? New York? Massachusetts? New 
Hampshire ? Connecticut ? Maryland ? Rhode Island ? Delaware ? North Caro- 
lina? New Jersey? South Carolina ? Pennsylvania? Georgia? When was Ver- 
mont admitted into the Union? Kentucky? Tennessee? Ohio? Louisiana? 
Indiana? Which five States were admitted during the five succeeding years? 
When were Arkansas and Michigan admitted ? Florida and Texas ? Iowa? Wis- 
consin? California? Minnesota? Oreson? Kansas? West Virginia? 



GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 361 

GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
(One of these questions, in most cases, is sufficient for a lesson; and then the pupil 
had better answer it in writing, in the form of a composition.) 

PAGB 

1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1524 298 

2. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 11, 12, 13 

3. Of the Cabots and their American discoveries i:], 14 

4. Of Amerigo Vespucci and his two voyages to South America. . 13 

5. Of Ponce de Leon and his two voyages to Florida 14, 15 

6. Of Balboa and his discovery of the Pacific 15 

7. Of De Ay Hon and his two expeditions to Carolina 15, 16 

8. Of Cortez and his conquest of Mexico 16, 17 

9. Of Narvaez and his expedition to Florida 17 

10. Of De Soto and his expedition for conquest and wealth 17, 18 

11. Of Verrazani and his North American explorations 18 

12. Name in order the principal events from 1524 to 1583 208 

13. Give an account of Cartier and his two voyages to America. . . 18 

14. Of the Huguenots and their settlements in America 19, 20 

15. Of the two attempts 'made by Gilbert to settle in America. . 20, 21 

16. Name in order tlie principal events from 1583 to 1608 298 

17. Give an account of Raleigh and his attempts at settlement. . 21, 22 

18. Of Gosnold, his voyage in 1602, and efforts in Virginia.. .22, 27, 23 

19. Of the origin of the London and Plymouth Companies 23, 24 

20. Name in order the principal events from 1603 to 1616 298, 299 

21. Give tlie history of Jamestown to tlie end of Ratcliffe's rule 25, 27, 28 

22. Give the further history to the close of Smith's rule. 28, 30, 31, 32 

23. Till the commencement of the Revolution.. . 32, 33, 34, 35, 3G, 37 

24. Name in order tlie principal events from 1616 to 163 7 299 

25. Giveanaccountof Captain John Smith. 27, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 33 

26. Of the Pilgrims and their settlement in New England. 38, 39, 40, 41 

27. Of New Hampshire till the beginning of the Revolution. ... 43, 44 

28. Of Connecticut till the beginning of the Revolution. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 

29. Of Roger Williams, and Rhode Island till the Revolution. 49, 42, 50 

30. Name in order the principal events from 1637 to 1663 299 

31. Give an account of the "Union of the New England Colonies." 52 

32. Of the persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts 52, 53 

33. Of King Phihp's War 53, 54, 55—34. King WiUiam's War 56, 57, 58 
35. Of Queen Anne's War, 58, 59—36. Of King George's War, 59, 65 

37. Of Henry Hudson, his voyage and discoveries 60 

38. Give the history of New York under the Dutch governors 61, 62, 63 

39. Its subsequent history till the Revolution 63, 64, 65 

40. Name in order the principal events from 1663 to 1682 299 



362 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

41. Give the colonial history of New Jersey 66, 67, 68 

42. Name the events in the colonial history of Maryland. .70, 71, 72, 73 

43. In the colonial history of Pennsylvania 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 

44. Name in order the principal events from 1682 to 1710 299, 300 

45. In the colonial history of North and South Carolina. .78, 79, 80, 81 

46. In the colonial history of Georgia 81, 82, 83 

47. Name in order the principal events from 1710 to 1753 300 

48. Of 1754, p. 300.— 49. Of 1755, p. 300.— 50. Of 175G 300 

51. Of 1757, 300.— 52. Of 1758.-53. Of 1759 300 

54. Give an account of Gen. Wolfe 100, 104, 105, 106 

55. Give an account of Gen. Montcalm 106, 95, 96, 97, 101, 106 

56. Give the causes of the Eevolution.il 0, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, IIG 

57. Name in order the principal events from 1760 to 1775 301 

58. Name in order the principal events of 1775 301 

59. Of 1776, 301.— 60. Of 1777, 301, 302.— 61. Of 1778 302 

62. Of 1779, 302, 303.-63. Of 1780, 303—64. Of 1781 303 

65. Of 1782, 303.-66. Of 1783 304 

67. Give an account of Gen, Joseph Warren 121 

68. Of Gen. Schuyler 123, 146, 148, 149 

69. Of Gen. Montgomery 124, 100, 123 

70. Of Gen. Putnam 131, 120, 132, 133 

71. Of Gen. Charles Lee 134, 128, 135, 138, 139, 155, 156 

72. Of Gen. Gates 151, 149, 150, 165, 166, 167, 175 

73. Of Gen. Sullivan, 135, 157, 158, 162.— 74. Gen. Lincoln, 159, 160, 164 

75. Sir Henry Clinton, 119, 121, 128, 130, 131, 140, 150, 151, 155, 156, 

158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 170, 174, 182, 187. 

76. Gen. Howe 119, 120, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 140, 142,155 

77. Cornwallis, 128, 134, 136, 137, 140, 165, 166, 167, 176, 177, 1^78, 

179, 182, 185. 

78. Arnold, 172, 119, 123, 124, 125, 148, 150, 169, 170, 171, 183, 175, 184 

79. Gen. Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 157, 175, 252 

80. Gen. Greene. 178, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 

81. Gen. Morgan 177, 124, 125, 176, 177 

82. Gen. Marion,168, 165, 180.— S3. Gen. Sumter. . .180, 165, 168, ISO 

84. Name the battles of 1775.— 85. Of 1776.— 86. Of 1777 191 

87. Of 1778.— 88. Of 1779.— 89. Of 1780.-90. Of 1781 191 

91. Name the events of Wasliington's administration, 194, 195, 196, 

197, 198, 199, 200. 

92. Of John Adams's administration 200, 201, 202 

93. Of Jefferson's administration 203, 204, 205, 20G, 207, 208 

94. Name m order the principal events from 1782 to 1787 303, 304 



GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 363 

PAGE 

95. From Il8l to 1*192, 304.— 96. From 1^92 to 1799 304 

97. From 1799 to 1805, 304.— 98. From 1805 to 1809 -.304, 305 

99. From 1809 to 1812 305 

100. Name in order the principal events of 1812 305 

101. Of 1813, 305.— 102. Of 1814, 305, 306.-103. Of 1815 306 

104. Name in order the principal events from 1815 to 1818 306 

105. From 1818 to 1826, 306.-106. From 1826 to 1836 307 

107. Give an account of Gen. Wayne 160, 142, 161, 197, 198 

108. Of Gen. St. Clair 145, 146, 197 

109. Of Dr. Benjamin Franklin 129, 90, 137, 186 

110. Name the battles of 1812.— 111. Of 1813.— 112. Of 1814... 243 

113. Give an account of the war with Algiers 244, 245, 246 

114. Give an account of Henry Clay 242, 243, 257, 288, 289 

115. Of John C. Calhoun 256, 257, 298 

116. Name the events of Monroe's administration 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 

117. Give an account of Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 252 

118. Name the events of John Quincy Adams's administration 253, 254 

119. Of Jackson's administration 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,259, 260, 261 

120. Account of Jackson 255, 223, 224, 240, 241, 249, 254, 256, 257 

121. Of Yan Buren and his administration 262, 254, 261 

122. Of Harrison and his administration 263, 211, 218, 219, 220 

123. Of Tyler and his administration 264, 265, 266 

124. Name in order the principal events from 1836 to 1845 307 

125. Name in order the principal events of 1845 307 

126. Of 1846, 307.-127. Of 1847 307 

128. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1846 284 

129. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1847 285 

130. Give an account of Gen. Taylor 286, 260, 270, 271, 287 

131. Of Fillmore and his administration 288, 289 

132. Of Pierce and his administration 289, 290, 291 

133. Of Buchanan and his administration 292, 269, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296 

1 34. Of President Lincoln 297 

135. Name in order the principal events from 1847 to 1860 308 

136. Name the presidents in the order of their succession 309 

137. Name, in order of settlement, the thirteen original States. . . . 310 

138. State when and where each was settled 310 

139. Name the events connected with the early history of Boston 42, 

55, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127. 

140. New York.— 141.— Baltimore.— 142. Philadelphia. 
143. Charleston. — 144. Savannah. — 145. Albany. 

146. Give an account of Gen. Wasliington 194, 88, 89, 90, &c. 

14 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4TH, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- 
nected them with another, and to assume, amoni^ the powers 
of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws 
of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to 
the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : — that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer- 
tain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern- 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers 
from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form 
of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new gov- 
ernment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing 
its povvers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to 
effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic- 
tate that governments long established, should not be changed 
for light and transient causes ; and, accordingh^, all experience 
hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while 
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train 
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, 



4 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has 
been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to alter their former sys- 
tems of government. The history of the present king of 
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, 
all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute 
tyranny over these States. To prove this, let focts be submit- 
ted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation 
till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, 
he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish 
the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestima- 
ble to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public 
records, for the sole purpose of ftitiguing them into compliance 
with his measures. 

He lias dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for oppo- 
sing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the 
people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, in- 
capable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large 
for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, ex- 
posed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convul- 
sions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; 
for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of for- 
eigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration 
hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of 
lands. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing 
his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the 
tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
stance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
without the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and 
superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with- others to subject us to a jurisdiction 
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for 
any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of 
these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 
jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
offenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- 
boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, 
and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an ex- 
ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern- 
ments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- 
selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what- 
soever. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of 
his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroj^ed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and 
tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and per- 
fidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the 
high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the 
executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall them- 
selves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and lias 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for 
redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have 
been answef'ed only by repeated injur\^ A prince whose char- 
acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, 
is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nbr have we been wanting in attention to our British breth- 
ren. "We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts 
made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- 
tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these 
usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
justice and consanguinity. We must therefore acquiesce in the 
necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as 
we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war — in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Su- 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of 
these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- 
ish crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; 
and that, as free and independent States, they have full power 
to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- 
merce, and to do all other acts and things which independent 
States may of right do. And, f n* the support of this declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi- 
dence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, 
and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- 
grossed, and signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



Neio Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
•Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge G-erry. 

Rhoda Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Slierman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott, 

New York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Cyesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone. 



Charles Carroll, of Car- 
roUton. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Tliomas Jefterson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyw^ard, jun., 
Thomas Lynch, jun., 
Arthur Middletou. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 




UNITED STATES. 



The device of tine Seal of the United States was adopted June 20, 1789, as follows: "Arms— Pale- 
wajj of thirteen jneccs, ar-jeiit and gules; a chief azure; the escutcheon on the breast of the American 
eagle displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive-branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thir- 
teen arrows, all proper, and in his beak a scroll, inscribed with this motto, " E flaribus Unum." For 
the Crest — over the head of the eagle a glory, on breaking through a cloud, proper, ana surround- 
ing thirteen stars, foruiing a constellation, argent, on an azure tiel J."' 



ORIGIN OP THE 

COXSTITIJTIOK OF THE UOTTED STATES. 

I. When tlie Revolutionary struggle commenced, there 
were three forms of Colonial government in force among the 
colonies, namely : the Provincial or Royal, the Proprietary, 
and the Charter. 

II. The Provincial or Royal government was that which 
was under the control of a governor, who, appointed by the 
king, administered affairs according to instructions from his 
royal master. The colonies of this class were New Hamp- 
shire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia. 

Origin of the Constitution. — I. Questions. — 1. "What forms of government 
existed among the colonies previous to the Eevolution ? 

II. 2. What -was the Provincial or Koyal government? 3. Which of the colonies 
were Provincial or Roval ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



III. The Proprietary government was that wliich was under 
the control of one or nioi-e proprietors, who derived their 
authority by grant and privileges conferred by the king. 
Pennsjdvania, Delaware, and Maryland, were subject to the 
proprietary rule. 

TV. The Charter government was that wherein certain 
political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. 
Massachusetts, Khode Island, and Connecticut, were chailcr 
governiuents. 

V. In Jnly, 11 75 — a year before the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence — Dr. Franklin submitted to Congress a sketch of 
Articles of Confederation between the colonies. By this plan 
it was proposed to establish a Confederation, and continue it 
until a reconciliation with Great Britain should take place ; 
or, in the failure of that event, to make it perpetual. It ap- 
pears, however, that Franklin's plan was never discussed. 

VI. On the 11th of June, 1776, — the very day on wdiicli 
the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence 
was chosen — Congress resolved that a committee should be 
appointed to prepare and digest a fonu of Confederation, to 
be entered into by the colonies. 

YII. On the 12th of July following, this committee, con- 
sisting of one from each State, reported a draft of Articles of 
Confederation, which was considered and debated from time 
to time, until the 15th of November, 1777, when, with some 
amendments, it was adopted. 

VIII. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 
by all the States except Delaware and Maryland, and by 

III. Questions. — i. What was the Proprietary goTernmciit? 5. Which of tiie 
colonies were subject to the Proprietary rule ? 

IV. 6. What was the Charter Government? T. Which of the colonies were pro- 
vided with charters ? 

V. 8. When was a sketch of Articles of Confederation first submitted to Coiiirress ? 
9. By whom Avas it submitted? 10. What was proposed by Dr. Franklin's plan? 

yi. 11. When was the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence 
nppointed? 12. What resolution was passed by Congress on that da}'? 

VII. 18. Of how many persons did the committee consist ? 14. When did they 
submit their report ? 15. What was done with the report ? 
*1 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Delaware, in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on the 
part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until the 1st of 
March, 1781, the day on which they were signed by the 
delegates from that State. 

IX. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation 
were not adequate to the wants of the Government. They 
were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the 
settling of controversies between the States, and the making 
of treaties with foreign nations; and especially deficient in 
not conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liquidate 
the debts incurred during the war. 

X. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the 
States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, 
for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ; but 
it was thought best by a majority of the delegates to adopt an 
entirely new form of government, instead of making any at- 
tempts to amend the defective one then in existence. Accord- 
ingly, after four months' deliberation, the present Constitution, 
— except some changes which were made in after years, — was 
adopted by the Convention on the l7th of September, 1787. 

XI. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, who, 
in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it 
with earnestness and thoroughness. It met with considerable 
opposition, but, by the 4th of March, 1789, when it went 
into operation, it had been adopted by all the States, with 
the exception of North Carolina and Rhode Island.* 

* Delaware adopted it on the 7th of December, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, on the ]2th of December ; New 
Jersey, on the 18th of December; Georgia, on the 2d of January, 1788; Connecticut, on the 9th of Janu- 
ary ; Massachusetts, on the 6th of February ; Maryland, on the 28th of April ; South Carolina, on the 23d 
of May ; New Hampshire, on the 21st of June ; Virginia, on the 26th of June ; New York, on the 26th of 
July ; North Carolina, on the 21st of November, 1789 ; and Rhode Island, on the 29th of May, 1790. 



YIII. Questions. — 16. "When did the States ratify the Articles of Confederation? 
17. When did the Articles of Confederation go into effect? 

IX. 18. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera- 
tion? 19. In what respects were they deficient? 

X. 20. What convention was held in May, 17S7? 21. "What was done by the 
convention ? 

XI. 22. To whom was the Constitution submitted? 23. Where was it discussed ? 
24. When did it go into operation? 25. Which of the States had adopted it at that 
time? 



THIi: COlSrSTITTJTIOlSr 



THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, 
provide for the common defense, promote the general wel- 
fare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our 
posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the 
United States of America. 

ARTICLE L 
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

Preamble. — 26. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called? 27, 
"What is the object of the preamble ? J.?i.s\ — To state the purposes of the Constitution. 
28. How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? 29. By whom was 
the Constitution ordained and established? 80. Eecite the preamble. 31. How 
many and what departments of government are established under the Constitution ? 
Ans.— Three: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 32. What is the legis- 
lative department? Aiis. — The power that enacts the laws. 33. What is the execu- 
tive department? Ans. — The power that enforces the laws. 34. What is the judi- 
cial department ? Ans. — The pov/er that interprets the laws. 
AETICLE I. 

THE LE(JISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. I. — 35. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? 86. In whom 
is the legislative power vested ? 37. Of how many and what branches does Congress 
consist ? 



12 CONSTITUTTOlSr OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION II. 

1st. Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen every second year by the people of 
the several States, and the electors in each State shall ha^'e 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the State legislature, 

2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall 
not have attained to the age of twenty-five yeai's, and been 
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

2d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor- 
tioned among the several States which may be included within 
this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall 
be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, 
including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- 
cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The 
actual enumeration shall be maiie within three years after the 
first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within 
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not 

Sec. II.— 1«^ Clmine. — 3S. By whom are the representatives chosen ? 39. How 
often are they chosen ? 40. What qualifications are requisite for electors or repre- 
sentatives ? 41. What is an elector ? Ans. — One who has the risht to vote in choos- 
ing an officer. 2d Clause. — 42. How old must a person be before he can be a repre- 
sentative? 43. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 44. What 
is the requisite in regard to his habitation ? 45. Novv name the three qualifications 
requisite for a representative. Zd Clause. — 46. How are representatives and direct 
taxes apportioned among the States ? 47. How are the respective numbers of the rep- 
resentative population of the several States to be determined? 48. What provision is 
made in regard to Indians? 49. W'hat is meant by "all other persons?"" Ans. — Slaves. 
50. When was the first census or enumeration to be made ? 51. How often thereafter is 
the census to be made ? 52. How many inhabitants at least are required for one rep- 
resentative? 53. If a State should not have that number, what is the law? 54. Was 
the first representation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several 
States? 55. Which State at first sent the greatest number of representatives ? 56. 
Which two States sent the smallest number? 57. Of how many members did the 
first House of Representatives consist? 53. Of how many does the present House 
consist? Ans. — 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 

exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall Iiave 
at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations one, Connecticut live, New York six, New 
Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, 
Virginia ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and 
Georgia three. 

4:th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation 
from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs 
of election to fill such vacancies. 

5lh Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other oflicers ; and shall have the sole power 
of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. The Senate of the Unit.ed States shall be com- 
posed of two senators from each State, chosen by the leo-is- 
lature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one 
vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as 

Ath Clause. — 59. How are vacancies in the representation of a State to be filled ? 5th 
Clause.— GO. By whom is tlie speaker of the House of Eepresentatives chosen? 
61. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen? 62. What sole power has 
the House? 63. What is meant by impeachment? Ans.—An impeachment is an 
accusation against a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of 
liis ofBcial duties. 

Seo. III. — 1st Cknise. — 64. Of whom is the Senate composed? 65. By M-hom are 
the senators chosen? Gi]. For how long a period are they chosen? 67. How does 
the mode of electing a senator differ from that of a representative ? Ans. — A senator 
of the United States is chosen by the legislature of his State ; a representative is 
chosen by the people. 68. How do their terms of office differ? Ans. — A senator is 
chosen for six years ; a representative for only two. 69. How many votes is each 
senator entitled to ? TO. Have the large States any more senators than the small 
ones? 2d Clause. — 71. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? 
72. In what order were their seats of office vacated ? 73. What proportion of the 
Senate is elected every second year? 74. How often is one-third elected? 75. 
When may the executive of a State fill a vacancy in Ihe Senate? 76. For how long 
a time does a senator so appointe<l hold his office ? 77. How is the vacancy then 
filleTl ? 78. Now st.ate how vacancies In the Senate are filled. 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators 
of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the sec- 
ond year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, 
so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if 
vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, daring the re- 
cess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may 
make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the 
leo-islature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

3d Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citi- 
zen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be 
an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be 
president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be 
equally divided. 

5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and 
also a president jjro tempore, in the absence of the vice-presi- 
dent, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the 
United States. 

6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all 
impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all 
be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United 
States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person 
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
members present. 

Sd Clause. — T9. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? SO. How 
long must he have been a citizen of the United States? SI. What is requii-ed of 
him in regard to residence? S2. Now name the three requisites for a senator. So. 
How do they diflfer from those of a representative ? (See page 12.) ith Clause. — 
St. Who is president of the Senate? 85. When only is he entitled to vote? btli 
Clause. — S6. What otRcers are chosen by the Senate? ST. What is meant by a 
•• president pro tempore ?"' Ans. — A " president pro tempore"' is one chosen only for 
the time being. SS. When does the Senate choose a " president 2^t'o tempore V GtJi 
Clause. — S9. What sole power has the Senate ? 90. What sole power has the House ? 
(See page 13.) 91. Under • what solemnity does the Senate sit for the tri.al of 
impeachment? 92. When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? 93. Who 
presides when the president of the United States is tried? 94. What proportion 
of the Senate is necessary to a conviction ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 

7/A Clmise. Jndginent in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal fi-om office, and disqualification 
to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the 
United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and sul)ject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish- 
ment, according to law. 

SECTION IV. 

Ist Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding elec- 
tions for senators and representatives, shall be presci'ibed in 
each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at 
any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the places of choosing senators. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in 
December, unless they sliall by law appoint a difi:erent day. 

SECTION V. 

1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
returns, and quahfications of its ovni members, and a majority 
of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in 
such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may 
provide. 

^d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- 

WiCUtu.'ie. — 95. How fur may judgment cxtenrl in cases of impeachment? 96. To 
what is the convicted party further liable? 

Skc. IV.— l.s^ ClciiHe. — 97. What is prescribed by each State legislature in regard 
to elections for senators and representatives? 98. "What power has Congress over 
such regulations? 2d Clause. — 99. IIow often docs Congress assemble? lOO. On 
what day is it prescribed that the meeting shall take place? 101. May a different 
day be appointed ? 102. IIow? 

^vA\\.—\ntCl(tme. 103. Of Avhat is each house constituted the judge? 104. What 
proportion constitutes a quorum? 105. What is meant by a quorum ? Ai^s. — By a 
quorum is meant a sufficient number to do business. 106. What power do a smaller 
number possess, as regards adjourning? 107. What else may they do, as regards ab- 
sentees? 2d Clause. — 108. What power has each house, over the rules of its pro- 
ceedings? 109. What power docs each house possess for enforcing its rules? 



16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ceedinfijs, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with 
the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3c? Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed 
incrs, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas 
and nays of the members of either house on any question, 
shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on 
the journal. 

Ath Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than 
three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two 
houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

\st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a" 
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and 
paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in 
all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be 
privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session 
of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from 
the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they 
shall not be questioned in any other place. 

3(Z Clause. — 110. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal ? 
111. How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? 112. What part of its 
journal may either house withhold from publication? 113. When shall the yeas and 
nays be entered on the journal? Ath Clause. — 114. For what length of time may 
either house adjourn without the consent of the other? 115. How is each house 
restricted, as regards the place to which it may adjourn ? 

Sec. YI. — 1st Clause.— 1\G. Are members of Congress compensated for their ser- 
vices? 11". How is the compensation determined ? IIS. Are members of Congress 
paid by their States, respectively, or by the general government? Ans. — The sena- 
tors and representatives in Congress are not compensated for their services by the in- 
dividual States, but by the general government, out of the treasury of the United 
States. 119. What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to? 120. 
What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution allows 
to Congressmen? 121. In what does treason consist ? (See page 32.) 122. What is 
felony? Ans.—X felony is understood to mean a crime punishable with death. 123. 
What is meant by a breach of the peace? Ans.—^'A breach of the peace is a viola- 
tion of the public order." 124 For what are members of Congress not to be ques- 
tioned? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. l7 

2g? Clause. No senator or representative shall,^ during the 
time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office 
under the authority of the United States, which shall have been 
created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, 
during such time ; and no person holding any office under the 
United States, shall be a member of either house during his 
continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

Is^ Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a 
law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if he 
approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his 
objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who 
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed 
to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of 
that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together 
with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall like- 

2c? Clmifse. — 125. To what offices cannot members of Consress be elected? 
126. Suppose that a person holds an office under the United States, Avhatthen? 

Sec. VII. — I'S-^ Clause. — 127. In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising 
revenue originate ? 128. AVhat power has the Senate over such bills? 2d Clause. 
—129. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be done with it? 
130. What must the president do with the bill ? 1-31. What is the president's act of 
objecting to a bill called? Ans. — The president's act of returning a bill with his ob- 
jections, is called a veto. 132. Why was the veto power given to the president? 
Ana. — The veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the execu- 
tive department of the government against the encroachments of the legislature ; also 
with a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. 133. When 
the president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent? 134. 
"When is the bill sent to the other house? 135. What accompanies the bill to the 
other house? 13G. Then what does that other house do with the bill? 18T. If two- 
thirds approve of the bill, what then ? 13S. Now state how a bill may become a 
law, notwithstanding the veto of the president. 139. When the two houses re- 
consider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes ? 140. What record of names 
is imperative ? 141. State how a bi'l may become a law, even though the president 
has neither signed nor vetoed it. 142. In- what case does a bill fail to become a law, 
though it has passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed? 



18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

wise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that 
house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes 
of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be 
entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill 
shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sun- 
days excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, un- 
less the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in' 
which case it shall not be a law. 

3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be 
presented to the president of the United States ; and before 
the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being 
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules 
and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall have power 

\st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex- 
cises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defense 
and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 

od Claune. — 143. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, and votes, 
requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect? 144. What is 
the object of the provision ? Ans. — If it were not for the provision, Congress might 
pass law3, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the president's A'cto. 
145. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it 
take ? 14fi. In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the 
president no veto power? 

Sec. YIII. — \8t Clause. — 147. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, 
imposts, and excises? 148. What are taxes? Ans. — Contributions of money exacted 
by government from individuals, for public purposes. 149. How many kinds of taxes 
are there? Ans. — Two kinds; direct and indirect. 150. What are direct taxes? 
Ans. — Those laid directly on the person or property of individuals. 151. What are 
indirect taxes? Ans. — Those laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption 
of goods. 152. What are duties? Ans. — Taxes on the importation and exportation 
of goods. 153. What are imposts? Ans. — Taxes on goods imported. 1 51-. What are 
excises? Ans. — Taxes on froods produced or manufactured in the countiy. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 

posts, and excises shall be imifonn throughout the United 
States ; 

2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States ; 

od Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

Atli Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 
and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout 
United States ; 

bth Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and 
of foreiofn coin, and to fix the standard of weio-hts and meas- 
ures ; 

G/A Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit- 
ing the securities and current coin of the United States ; 

7 /A Clause. To establish post-offices and post- roads ; 

8/A Clause. To promote the progre^ of science and use- 
ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors 
the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 

9/A Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
Court ; 



2d Claufte. — 155. "What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money? Zd 
Clause.— IbG. What, in regard to regulating commerce? ith Clause.— 151. What, in 
regard to a rule of naturalization ? 15S. What is meant by naturalization ? Ans.— 
The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 159. IIow 
long must a person res^ide in the United States before he can be naturalized? Ans. — 
Five years at least. 160. What power has Congress in regard to bankruptcies? IGl. 
What is meant by bankruptcies? A7is. — A person is a bankrupt when he is unable 
to pay his j list debts. 5th Clause. — 162. What power has Congress in regard to coining 
money? 163. What, in regard to the value of money? 164. What, in regard to for- 
eign coins? 165. What, in regard to weights and measures? Gth Clause. — 166. 
What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting? Till Clause.— 1G1. What, in 
regard to post-offices and post-roads? Sth Clause.— l&S. In what way may Congress 
promote the progress of science and arts? 169. For how long at me is the author 
of a book entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it ? J,?is.— Twenty-eight years. 
170. What is the right called? ^«6\— A copyright. 171. May a copyright be renewed? 
Ans. — At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, the copyright may bo renewed 
for the further period of fourteen years. 172. For how long a time is the inventor 
of a machine entitled t.> the exclusive right of manufacturing it? Jot.s.— Fourteen 
years. 173. What is the right called? Aus.—X patent right. 174 Can a patent 
right be extended? Ans. — The commissioner of patents is authorized, at the 
end of the fourteen years, to extend the i)atent right fur the further period of seven 
years. 



20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

10th Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of 
nations; 

Wth Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and wa- 
ter ; 

l^th Clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appropri- 
ation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two 
years ; 

\?>th Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; 

\ith Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- 
lation of the land and naval forces; 

\bth Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
repel invasions ; 

16^/i Clause. To f)rovide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as 
may be employed in the service of the United States, reserv- 
ing to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, 
and the authority of training the militia according to the dis- 
cipline prescribed by Congress ; 

\lth Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cas€S 

9^/i Clause. — 175. What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals? lOth 
Clause. — 176. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc. ? 177. What is piracy? 
Ans. — Robbery on the high seas. 178. What is meant by the term "high seas?" 
An. — The "high seas" are all the waters oft he ocean beyond the boundaries of low- 
water-mark. IWi Clause. — 179. What power has Congress in regard to declaring 
war? ISO. What, in regard to "letters of marque and reprisal?" ISl. What are 
" letters of marque and reprisal ?" Ans. — Commissions granted by the government to 
individuals, authorizing them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or 
subjects of a nation that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has 
committed. 182. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning captures? 
V2th Clause. — 183. What power has Congress in regard to armies? 184. In what 
way is such power restricted ? loth Clause. — 185. What power has Congress in regard 
to a navy ? lUh Clause. — 186. What power, in regard to the government of the land 
and naval forces? 15^/i Clause. — 1S7. What power, in regard to calling forth the 
militia, etc. ? l&th Clause. — ISS. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and 
disciplining the militia? ISO. What, in regard to governing the militia? 100. AVhat 
reservations are secured to the respective States ? 17^.'i Clause. — 191. What power has 
Congress in regard to the seatof government, and to places purchased for certain pur- 
poses set forth ? 192. What is the district occupied by the seat of government called ? 
Ans. — The District of CohimMa. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 



whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) 
as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance 
of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased 
by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
dock yards, and other needful buildings ; — and 

I8th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and 
all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Govern- 
ment of the United States, or in any department or officer 
thereof. 



SECTION IX. 

1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons 
as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, 
shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for 
each person. 

2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall 
not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva- 
sion, the public safety may require it. 

193. How large was the District of Columbia orig-inally ? Aris. — A tract ten miles 
square. 194. From what States had it been derived ? Ans. — Maryland and Virginia. 
195. Is the District of Columbia at present tan miles square? Ans. — The portion 
which had been derived from Virginia having been ceded back to that State in 1846, 
the District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Potomac. 196. 
What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property in a State, 
for the erection of forts, magazines, etc.? 18^/i Clause. — 197. What general poAvers 
are conferred upon Congress in regard to making laws? 

Sec. IX. — 1st Clause. — 103. Whatrestriction was imposed upon Congress, in regard 
to the migration or importation of certain persons ? 199. Who were meant by " sucli 
persons?" Ans. — Slaves. 200. What was the great object of the clause? Ans. — To 
enable Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United States, 
after the year 1808. 201. In what way was Congress left to restrain the importation, 
without actually forbidding it? 202. When was the importation actually prohibited ? 
Ans. — On the first of January, 1808. 2d Clause.— 203. What is said of the writ of 
habeas corpus ? 



22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
be passed. 

4:lh Clause. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, 
unless in proportion, to the census or enumeration herein be- 
fore directed to be taken. 

5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
from any State. 

Gih Clause. No preference shall be given, by any regulation 
of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those 
of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be 
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

^th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, 
but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States : and no person holding any office of profit or 
trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

204. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Aiis. — A written command from a judge or 
other magistrate, directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before 
him. 205. What is the object of the writ ? Ans. — The object of a writ of habeas corpus 
is to provide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 206. Eepeat 
the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 207. In what cases may the privi- 
lege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended ? Sd Clause. — 208. What is said of 
bills of attainder or ex2)ost fiicto laws ? 209. What is a bill of attainder? Ans.—\a 
act of the legislature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons 
supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 210. What is an ex post facto law? A}is. — A 
law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it Avas not punishable at 
the time of its commission. 4t7i Cldnse. — 211. In what way may Congress lay a capi- 
tation or other direct tax ? 212. What is meant by a capitation ? Ans. — A direct tax 
upon individuals. 218. How is the census to betaken? (See page 12.) bth Cluu'ie. 
— 214. What jjrohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles exported 
fi'om any State ? dth Clause. — 215. What preference is forbidden in relation to a reg- 
ulation of commerce or revenue? 216. What freedom have vessels that are bound 
from one State to another? 1th Clause. — 217. Under what circumstances only can 
money be drawn from the national treasury ? 21S. What publication must be made 
in regard to receipts and expenditures of all public money? %th Clause. — 219. What 
is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 220. What is said of office-holders 
accepting presents, etc. ? 221. Under what circumstances may an office-holder ac- 
cept a present? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 



SECTION X. 

1st Clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin 
money ; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and sil- 
ver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attain- 
der, ex jjost facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of the Con- 
gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except 
what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection 
laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by 
any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be 
subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

3d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, 
lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time 
of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another 
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu- 
ally invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of 
delay. 

222. Repeat the clause relating to titles and presents. 

Sec. X. — Ut Clause.— 22S. What prohibition is placed upon the several States as 
regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 224. What, as regards letters of marque 
and reprisal ? 225. What, as regards the coining of money ? 226,. What, as regards 
bills of credit? 227. What is meant by bills of credit? ^/is.^— Bills of credit, within 
the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the 
people. 22S. What is constituted a. legal tender in payment of debt ? 229^ What 
prohibition is placed upon individual States, in regard to a bill of attainder? 230. 
What, in regard to an expost/acto law ? 231. What, in regard to a law impairing an 
obligation? 232. What, in regard to a title of nobility? 233. Eecite the clause just 
considered. 2d Clause. — 234. What prohibition are individual States under, as re- 
gards imposts or duties? 235. In what case only, may a State lay any imposts or 
duties? 236. What are inspection laws ? Ans.— Laws requiring certain articles o{ 
commerce to be examined by officers called insi)ectors. 237. W^hat is the •object of 
inspection laws ? Aiis. — To protect the public against fraud or imposi-tion on the part 
of the producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of articles 
produced. 238. What disposition must be made of the net produc.e.of all duties and 
imposts laid by individuals ? 239. What are the inspection laws of individual States, 
as regards imports or exports, subject to? Sd Clause. — 240. What prohibition are 
individual States under, as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ? 



24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE IL 

THE EXECUTTV^E DEPARTMENT. 
SECTION I. 

1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a presi- 
dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his 
office during the term of four years, and, together with the 
vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as fol- 
lows : 

2c? Clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the 
legislature thereof may dimctj a number of electors, equal to 
the whole number of senators and representatives to which 
the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or 
representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit 
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

241. Wbat is a^ duty of tonnage ? Ans. — A duty of tonnage^ or a tonnage duty, is a 
tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 242. What prohibition are individual 
States tinder as to. the keeping of troops? 24?. What, as to the keeping of ships of 
war ? 244 What, as to. an agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
power? 245. What, as to engaging in war? 246. Under what circumstances, then, 
may a State engage in. war? 

ARTICLE IL 

TIIE EXECUTI\E BEPAETMETfT. 

Sec. 1.-16/ Clame.—2il. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat ? 248. 
In whom is the executive power of the United States vested 2 249. W^hat is the 
president's term; of office? 253. How often may a president be re-elected? Ans. — ^Tbe 
Constitution does not limit the numbt^r of terms for which a president may be re- 
elected. 251. Who was the- first president of the United States? An»^ — Washington. 
252. For how many terms did W^ashingtott serve? Ans. — Two^ 25;3. WHiy was not 
Washington elected for a thin! term ? Ans. — At the close of his second term of office, 
Washington declined to bo a candidate for a third term.. 251. — What has been the effect 
of his declination ? Ans. — ^Washington's example, in declining to be elected for a third 
term, has become a precedent by which subseq;uent presidents have been guide<]. 
255. IIow many and what presidents, have served two terms each ? (See History, p. 
809.) 256. Which has the longest term: of office; the president, a senator,, or a repre- 
sentative ? 25T. Wh.it term has- each ? 25S. What is the vice-[>resident's term of 
office? 259. Who was the first vice-pTOsident of the United States? An». — John 
Adams. 260. By whom sire the preskTent and vice-i^resident chosen? Anif. — The 
president and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors, 'id 
Clause.— 261. In what mamier does each. State appoint electors? 262. What num- 
ber of electors is. each State entitled to? 268. Wha are prohibited from being 
electors? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 

[The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per- 
sons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. 
And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes 
for each ; which list they shall si;j:n and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of 
government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The presi- 
dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person hav- 
ing the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who 
have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Eepre- 
sentatives shall immedifitely choose by ballot one of them for president ; and if no 
person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in 
like manner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for 
this purpose shall consist of a membeY or members from two-thirds of the Stales, 
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after 
the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the 
electors shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more who 
have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president] 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective States, 
and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of 
whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State 
with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person 
voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted 
for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all 
persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as 
vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of 
the government of the United States, directed to the president 
of the Senate ; — the president of the Senate shall, in the pres- 
ence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
cei'tificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the person 
having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be 
the president, if such number be a majority of the whole num- 

TIIK TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

2C4. "What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution prescribing 
the proceedings to betaken to electa president and vice-president? Ans. — It has 
been repealed, and its place sujjplied by the twelfth amendment to the Constitution. 
265. Where do the electors for president and vice-president meet? 266. In what 
way do they vote ? 267. What is [>rescribed respecting one of the persons for whom 
they shall not vote ? 26S. How is it required ihat their ballots shall be made out? 



26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ber of electors appointed : and if no person have such major- 
ity, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not 
exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, 
the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
be taken by States, the representation from each State having 
one vote : a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- 
ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority 
of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a president, when- 
ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president 
shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other con- 
stitutional disability of the president. 

'2d Clause. Tlie person having the greatest number of votes 
as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on 
the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president : a quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 

269. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 270. What provision 
must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their hands? 271. After the 
lists are signed, certified, and scaled, to whom are they directed '? 272. To what place 
are they then transmitted? 273. "What does the president of the Senate do with the 
certiticates ? 274. How is it determined who is elected president? 275. Now de- 
scribe the manner in which the electors choose a president. 276. In the event of no 
choice being made by the electors, by "vvhom is the president chosen? 277. From 
how many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi- 
dent ? 278. In what way must the choice be made ? 279. How are the votes taken 
in choosing the president ? 280. How many votes is each State entitled to ? 281. 
How many is each entitled to, when voting by electors? 2S2. In choosing the presi- 
dent by the House of Eepresentatives, how many cons'.itute a quorum ? 283. In such 
case, how many States are necessary to a choice? 284. Whenever the right of choos- 
ing a president devolves upon the House of Representatives, till what time may the 
right be exercised? 285. Now describe the manner in which the House of Repre- 
sentatives choose a president. 286. In the event of both the electors and House of 
Representatives failing to choose a president, what takes place ? 2S7. How is it deter- 
mined whom the electors have chosen for vice-president? 288. In the event of no 
person having a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? 

289. When choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum ? 

290. How many are necessary to a choice ? 291. What is said of the eligibility to the 
office of president, as compared with that of vice-president? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 



of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be 
necessary to a choice. 

3d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the 
office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of 
the United States. 



Sd Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choos- 
ing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their 
votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United 
States. 

4:th Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither 
shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years 
a resident within the United States. 

bth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the 
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on 
the vice-president, and the Congress may by law provide for 
the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of tlie 

Zd Clause.— 1^-2. What power has Congress over the time of choosing the electors? 
293. What, as to the day on which the electors shall vote ? 294. In the event of Con- 
gress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness 
is prescribed ? 295. When are the electors chosen ? Ans. — On the Tuesday next after 
the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 296. Where do the 
electors meet to give their votes? ^?i.s.— In their respective States, at a place ap- 
pointed by the legislature thereof. 297. What place is usually appointed for their 
meeting ? Ans.— The capital of their State. 298. When do the electors meet to give 
their votes ? Am. — On the first Wednesday in the last December of each presidential 
term. Ath Clause.— 2^^. What person, as regards his place of birth, cannot be eligible 
to the office of president? 300. How old must a person be to be eligible to that 
office? 301. How many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have 
resided within the United States? 302. Now state the legal qualifications of a 
president. 303. Recite the clause relating to the qualifications. 5^/i CTrntse.— 304. 
In what contingencies does the oftiee of president devolve on the vice-president? 
805. What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or death, 
etc., of the president ? 



28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then 
act as president, and such officer shall act accordingl}^ until 
the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. 

Qth Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive for 
his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased 
nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been 
elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

^th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
the office of president of the United States, and will, to the 
best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitu- 
tion of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of 
the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of 
the several States, when called into the actual service of the 
United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the 
principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any 
subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and 
he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for of- 
fences against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
ment. 

806. What, for the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president ? 307. 
In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, Avhat oflicer shall, 
by law of Congress, act as president? Ans. — The president of the Senate, jjro tem- 
pore, shall act as president. 303. What is to be done, in case there is no president 
of the Senate? Ans.— Then the speaker of the House of Eepresentatives shall act as 
president. 309. How long shall such oflicers, acting as president, continue to act ? 
6th Clame. — 310. What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensation 
to be allowed to the president? 311. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any 
other emolument? 312. Eecite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 
318. What is the salary of the president? .4 ??.s.— $25,000 a year, together with the 
use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 314. What is the salary of the 
vice-president? Aits. — $8,000 a year. 1th Clan i<e. — 315. What does the ])resid(nt 
do, just before entering on the execution of his office? 316. Eepeat the oalh or 
affii-mation taken bv the President. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 

2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of 
the senators present concur; and lie shall nominate, and, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
supreme court, and all other officers of the United States whose 
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which 
shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest 
the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, 
in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of 
departments. 

^d Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen daring the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information 
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 



Sec. II. — 1st (7/aii.se.— 317. In what relation does the presklent stand toward the 
army and navy ? 318. When only can he eomniuiid the militia? 319. Whose opin- 
ions may he require in writing? 320. Upon whatsuhjeets may he require the opin- 
ions? 821. Is he bound to be guided by such opini<His? Am. — He is not. 822. What 
executive departments have been established by Ck>ngress? ^;i.s.— Six, namely: (1) 
Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of W^ar, (4)*De- 
partment of the Treasurj^ (5) Post-office Department, and (6) Department of the 
Interior. 323. For what purpose were they established? Ans. — For the purpose of 
aiding the pi-esident in the executive and administrative business of the govern- 
ment 824. How are the heads of the departments appointed? Ans. — By the presi- 
dent, with the advice and consent of the Senate, 825. How is the attorney -general 
appointed? Ana. — In like manner with the heads of the departments. 326. Of 
whom does the president's cabinet consist? Ans. — Of the heads of the Departments 
and the attorney-general of the United States. 327. "What power has the president 
in relation to reprieves and pardons? 328. What is a reprieve? Ann. — .V limited 
suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 829. With 
what exception is the president vested wrth the power to grant reprieves an 1 
pardons? 2(Z Claufie. — 330. What power has the president relative to treaties? 
831. In whom is the appf>inting power vested ? 832. What is the first step in 
making an appointment? 383. What offices are enumerated, for which the presi- 
dent and Senate make ajjpointments? 334 What may Congress do in relation to 
the appointment of infern)r officers? Zd Clause. — 385. What vacancies can the presi^ 
dent fill? 83<5. When does such appointment expire? 



30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he 
may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either 
of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to 
such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors 
and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

SECTION IV. 

The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment 
for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 
THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 

Skc. III. — 337. What information is the president required to give to Congress? 
338. What recommendations is he required tamake? 839. In what way are the re- 
commendations made ? Atis. — iiy nieans of written messages. 340. Was the read- 
ing of written messiiges always the i>ractice '? Ans. — The first two presidents, 
Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses of Congress, and make their 
recommendations by verbal addresses. 341. Is Congress obliged to adopt the presi- 
dent's recommendations ? Ans — Congress is under no obligation to adojit the recom- 
mendations of the president. 342. When may the president convene both houses? 
843. May he convene only one house? 344. When? 345. When may the president 
adjourn Congress? 346. What is the duty of the president respecting ambassadors, 
etc. ? 347. What is his duty respecting the execution of the laws ? 34S. What is 
his duty respecting the granting of commissions? 

Sec. IV. — 349, For what crimes may government officers be removed from office ? 
850. How may the removal be etteeted ? 

ARTICLE III. 

THE JUDICIAL DEPAKTMKNT. 

SEn. I.— 351. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? 352. In what is 
the judicial power of the United States vested? 353. How long do the judges hold 
their offices ? 354. What is established as to the compensation of the judges ? 855. 
How can the judges be removed from office? (See page 14.) 356. How is the su- 
preme court of the United States organized? Atis. — The supreme court of the Uni- 
ted States is composed of one chief-justice and eight associate justices, any five of 
whom constitute a quorum. 857. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Atift. — 
$6,500 a year. 35S. What is the salary of each associate justice ? Ans. — $6,000 a year. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 

one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress 
mav from time to time ordain and establish. The iudo-es, 
both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall liokl their offices 
during good behavior , and shall, at stated times, receive for 
their services a compcLsation, which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in 
law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the 
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under 
their authority ; to all cases aifecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime 
jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall 
be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; be- 
tween a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens 
of different States ; between citizens of the same State claim- 
ing lands under grants of different States ; and between a State, 
or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 

2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, 
the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the 
other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have 

Sec. II. — Ist Clause. — 359. Nairie the first of the nine subjects in which the United 
States courts have jurisdiction. 360. Name the second, concerning ambassadors, etc. 
361. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 3G2. The fourth, concerning 
controversies with the United States. 363. The fil'th, concerning controversies be- 
tween States. 364. The sixth, concerning controversies between a State and citi- 
zens. 365. The seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. 366. The 
eighth, concerning controversies between citizens claiming lands. 367. What is the 
last of the nine subjects? 2d Clause. — 363. In what cases has the supreme court 
original jurisdiction? 369. "What is meant by original jurisdiction ? Ans. — The 
original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or commences. STO. 
What is meant by appellate jurisdiction? Ans. — The appellate jurisdiction of a 
court is that in which the decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal, Sd 
■C/diise.—oll. Before whom must the '-trial of all crimes" be held? 372. What 
cases are exceptions to the law? 373. By whom are impeachments tried? (Seo 
page 14.) 374. Where must the trial of a crime committed within a State be held? 
375. Where, when not committed within a State ? 376. Eepeat the entire clause just 
considered. 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such excep- 
tions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make. 
Sd Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the 
State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but 
when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such 
place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

SECTION III. 

Ist Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist 
only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their ene- 
mies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- 
victed of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work 
corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the 
person attainted. 

ARTICLE lY. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the pub- 
lic acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner 

Sec. III. — Ist Clause. — 3T7. Of how many things does treason against the United 
States consist ? 3T8. What are the two tilings ? 879. What is necessary to a con- 
viction of treason? 2d Clause. — 3S0. What power has Congres« relative to the 
punishment of treason ? 3S1. What punishment has Congress accordingly de<-lared? 
Ans. — Congress has declaj-ed that the punishment of treason shall be death by hang- 
ing. 3S2. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 3S3. 
What is meant by attainder? A)ts. — Attainder means a staining, corruption, or 
rendering impure. 884. What is meant by corruption of blood ? Ans. — By "cor- 
ruption of blood''' a person is disabled to inherit lands from an ancestor; nor can 
he either retain those in his possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. 

ARTICLE IT. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

Sec. I. — 385. Of what does Article IV. treat? 886. How are the public acts, etc., 
of the several States, to be treated in each State ? 887. How are they to be proved 9 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, 
and the eifect thereof. 



SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each State sliall be entitled to 
all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found 
in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of 
the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed 
to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one State, 
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- 
quence of any lavi^ or regulation therein, be discharged from 
such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of 
the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

SECTION III. 

\st Clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress 
into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected 
within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be 
formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of 
States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States 
concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of 
and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter- 
ritory or other property belonging to the United States ; and 

Sec, 11.— Ut Clause.— ^SS. What privileges nnd immunities are the citizens of each 
State entitled to? 2d «a«w.— 3S9. What is said of persons charged with crime, 
fleeing into another State? Sd Claui^e.SOO. What is said of i)ers()ns es-^aping- 
from service or labor ? 391. What persons are referred to in the third clause ? Auk—. 
Fugitive slaves, and persons bound by indentures of apprenticeship. 

Skc. III.— 1.s-^ Clause. — 392. By whom may new States he admitted into the 
Union? 393. What is said of the formation of new States? 894. Ilow many States, 
belonged to the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? (See page 10.) 89^, 
Ilow many belong to the Union now? 2d Clan.^e.—'iQ(J. What power ha.s Congress 
respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States? 89T. 
What construction as to claims is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution? 

3* 



?J4 constitution of the united states. 

nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to preju- 
dice any claims of the United States, or of any particular 

State. 

section IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 
each of them against invasion ; and, (>n application of the 
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot 
be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitu- 
tion ; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of 
the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amend- 
ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and 
purposes, as a part of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conven- 
tions in three-f )urths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
ratification may bo proposed by the Congress ; provided, that 
no amendment which may be made prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect 
the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be 
deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

Sec. IV. — 393. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the several States 
in respect to their form of government ? 399. In what two events are the United 
States bound to protect individual States? 

AETICLE V. 

MODE OF AMENDING TUE CONSTITUTION. 

^00, Of \yhat does Article Y. treat? 401. In what two ways may amendments to 
|;he G()nstjtutjon be proposed? 402. What two ways are provided for ratifying 
jjmeijdmepts? 4Q3. Wh;ft three restrictions upon the power of making amendments 
wen originally in^posed by the Constitution ? 404. Why have two of the restric- 
tions lost their force ? 405. What do " the first and fourth clauses" refeiTcd to, de- 
clare ? 406. What permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments 
still exists in full force? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 

ARTICLE VI. 

Is^ Clause. All debts contracted, and engagements entered 
into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid 
against the United States under this Constitution as under the 
Confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United 
States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in 
every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitu- 
tion or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3cf Clause. The senators and representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and 
all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States 
and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirma- 
tion to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall 
ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust 
under the United States. 

ARTICLE YIL 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
the States so ratifying the same. 

ARTICLE VI. 

ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

1st Clause. — 407. What debts and engagements does the Constitution, recognize? 
2d Clause. — 408. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land ? 409. By what 
are the judges in every State bound? Zd Clause. — 410. Who, besides the judges, 
are bound to sujjport the Constitution? 411. In what way shall they be bound? 
412. What prohibition is made in regard to religious tests ? 

ARTICLE VIL 

413. How many States were necessary to ratify the Constitution, in order to its 
establishment? 414. Where did the Convention meet which framed the Constitu- 
tion? — Ans. Philadelphia. 415. In what year was it framed? (See p. 10.) 416. 
Who was the president of the convention? Ans. — George Washington. 417. IIow 
many delegates signed the Constitution? 418. Which of the thirteen States was 
not represented in the convention ? Ans. — Rhode Island. 419. IIow many States 
ratified the Constitution before it went into etfect? Ans. — Eleven. 420. Which 
of the thirteen States did not ratify the Constitution until afterward ? Ans. — North 
Carolina and Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been 
/atified by the other eleven States and had gone into operation. 



36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



AMENDMENTS, 

PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIKD BY THE LEGISLATCRKS OF THE SEVERAL 
STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION, 

ARTICLE I. 
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg- 
ing the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of 
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern- 
ment for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of 
a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms 
shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
without the consent of tlie owner ; nor in time of war, but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and 
seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but 
upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and par- 
ticularly describing the place to be searched, and the person 
or things to be seized. 

AMENDMENTS. 

421. How may the ameudments to the Constitution be regarded? Ans.—A\l the 
amendments to the Constitution, with the exception of the 12th, may be regarded as 
a declaration, securing to the people and States certain rights, beyond the possibility 
of being encroached upon by Congress. 1st Article. — 122. What declaration does the 
first amendment make, respecting religion? 423. What, respecting the freedom of 
speech? 424. What, respecting the freedom of the press? 425. What, respecting 
the riffht of petition? 2d Article. — 426. What is the declaration respecting the right 
of the people to keep and bear arms? Sd Article. — 427. What is said of quartering 
soldiers? 4th, Article. — 423. What is said of searches and seizures? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 

ARTICLE y. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of 
a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or 
in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public 
danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense 
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be com- 
pelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor 
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process 
of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
"without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VL 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the ri^ht 
to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
State and distiict wherein the crime shall have been committed, 
which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, 
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; 
to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have com- 
pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VIL 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be 
preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise 
re-examined, in any court of the United States, than according 
to the rules of the common law. 



429. What is said of the issuing of warrants ? Uh Article.— Jti^. What is said of 
holding persons to answer for crimes? 4;31. What is said of a second trial for the 
same offense? 432. What is the meaning of the clause, that no person shall "be 
twice put in jeopardy." etc. ? ^l«.s\— It means that no i)ers()n shall be a second time 
tried for the same offense, of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 433. 
When shall not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 434. What guar- 
antee of protection to life, liberty, and property is given? 435. When only can 
private property be taken for public use ? Uh Article.— 4S6. What right shall a per- 
son accused of crime enjoy ? 437. What right, as to the witnesses against him ? 438. 
What right, as to the witnesses in his favor ? 439. What right, as to the assistince of 
counsel? 1th Article.— 440. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be pre- 
served ? 



38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall 
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 
people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- 
stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
States respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or 
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of 
another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 
ARTICLE XIII.* 

Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, 
or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. II. — Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
by appropriate legislation. 



For the twelfth amendment, see ftage 25. 



411. In what vvay only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made? 
8!:/i Article.— U'2. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments? 9fh Article.— 4AS. 
What is said of rishts retained by the people ? 10i!/i Article. — 144. What is said of 
the powers reserved to the States ? Wth Article. — 145. What is said of the restriction 
upon the judicial power? ISth Article. — Section I. — 446 What is said of slavery 
and involuntary servitude? Sec. II. — What power has Congress with reference to 
1hls subject? 



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